Background
Methods
Plant material
Preparation of crude extract
Preparation of hot aqueous extract
Preparation of cold aqueous extract
Preparation of ethanol extract
Microorganisms tested
Determination of antibacterial assay
Inoculum standardization
Assay of antibacterial activity using agar well diffusion method
Antibiotic susceptibility test
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
Phytochemical screening
Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR) analysis
Statistical analysis
Results
Bacterial strains | Diameter of inhibition zone(mm) | Antibiotics a | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude extract | Cold aqueous extract (μg/ml) | Hot aqueous extract (μg/ml) | Ethanol extract (μg/ml) | Distilled water | DMSO | Ampicillin | Gentamycin | Penicillin G | Erythromycin | Tetracycline | Amoxicillin | ||||||||||
0.1% | 50 | 100 | 200 | 400 | 50 | 100 | 200 | 400 | 50 | 100 | 200 | 400 | 100 μl/well | 100 μl/well | (10 μgdisc) | (30 μg/disc) | (10 μg/disc) | (5 μg/dics) | (10 μg/disc) | (30 μg/disc) | |
Human pathogens | 100 μl/well | ||||||||||||||||||||
B. subtilis (MTCC 441) | 20.33 ± 0.33 | 21.33 ± 0.33 | 23.00 ± 0.58 | 24.33 ± 0.33 | 26.00 ± 0.58 | 18.00 ± 0.58 | 18.67 ± 0.33 | 19.67 ± 0.33 | 22.67 ± 0.33 | 23.67 ± 0.33 | 24.33 ± 0.33 | 25.67 ± 0.33 | 27.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | NA | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 29.67 ± 0.33 | 29.00 ± 0.00 | 15.33 ± 0.33 |
E. coli (MTCC 739) | 21.00 ± 0.00 | 16.33 ± 0.33 | 17.00 ± 0.00 | 18.33 ± 0.33 | 21.67 ± 0.88 | 16.67 ± 0.33 | 17.67 ± 0.33 | 18.33 ± 0.33 | 22.33 ± 0.67 | 17.33 ± 0.67 | 20.00 ± 0.58 | 21.67 ± 0.33 | 23.67 ± 0.33 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | NA | 23.67 ± 0.88 | NA | 23.00 ± 0.58 | 24.00 ± 0.00 | NA |
P. aeruginosa (MTCC 2453) | 22.00 ± 0.58 | 16.67 ± 0.33 | 17.67 ± 0.67 | 19.33 ± 0.33 | 21.00 ± 0.58 | 16.33 ± 0.33 | 17.33 ± 0.67 | 18.67 ± 0.33 | 20.33 ± 0.33 | 20.00 ± 0.58 | 22.33 ± 0.33 | 24.33 ± 0.33 | 27.33 ± 0.33 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | NA | 27.33 ± 0.67 | NA | 23.33 ± 0.67 | 14.33 ± 0.67 | NA |
Fish pathogens | |||||||||||||||||||||
B. licheniformis (MTCC 530) | 22.33 ± 0.33 | 17.67 ± 0.33 | 19.00 ± 0.00 | 19.67 ± 0.33 | 21.00 ± 0.00 | 18.67 ± 0.33 | 19.00 ± 0.00 | 20.33 ± 0.33 | 21.00 ± 0.58 | 22.00 ± 0.58 | 22.33 ± 0.33 | 25.33 ± 0.33 | 27.67 ± 0.33 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | NA | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 18.66 ± 0.33 | 22.00 ± 0.58 | 17.33 ± 0.33 |
B. mycoides (MTCC 7343) | 21.33 ± 0.33 | 17.67 ± 0.33 | 20.33 ± 0.33 | 21.00 ± 0.58 | 22.33 ± 0.33 | 16.67 ± 0.33 | 18.33 ± 0.33 | 19.67 ± 0.33 | 22.00 ± 0.58 | 19.33 ± 0.67 | 20.67 ± 0.33 | 22.00 ± 0.58 | 24.67 ± 0.33 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | NA | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 26.00 ± 0.58 | 15.00 ± 0.00 | 12.00 ± 0.58 |
P. putida (MTCC 1654) | 16.67 ± 0.33 | 16.00 ± 0.58 | 17.00 ± 0.58 | 18.00 ± 0.58 | 20.33 ± 0.33 | 16.67 ± 0.33 | 17.67 ± 0.33 | 19.00 ± 0.58 | 20.00 ± 0.58 | 16.33 ± 0.33 | 18.00 ± 0.00 | 19.67 ± 0.33 | 21.33 ± 0.33 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | NA | 26.67 ± 0.33 | NA | 25.33 ± 0.33 | 14.33 ± 0.33 | NA |
P. fluoroscens (MTCC 103) | 22.00 ± 0.00 | 17.33 ± 0.67 | 19.67 ± 0.33 | 21.67 ± 0.67 | 23.33 ± 0.33 | 21.00 ± 0.58 | 22.33 ± 0.67 | 23.00 ± 0.58 | 24.00 ± 0.58 | 21.33 ± 0.33 | 23.33 ± 0.33 | 25.00 ± 0.00 | 26.67 ± 0.33 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | NA | 23.67 ± 0.33 | NA | 29.67 ± 0.33 | 14.00 ± 0.88 | NA |
Bacterial strains | Minimum inhibitory concentration (μg/ml) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Cold water extract | Hot water extract | Ethanol extract | |
B. subtilis (MTCC 441) | 25.00 ± 0.00 | 25.00 ± 0.00 | 15.00 ± 0.00 |
P. aeruginosa (MTCC 2453) | 20.00 ± 0.00 | 15.00 ± 0.00 | 5.00 ± 0.00 |
E coli (MTCC 739) | 30.00 ± 0.00 | 20.00 ± 0.00 | 15.00 ± 0.00 |
B. licheniformis (MTCC 530) | 20.00 ± 0.00 | 15.00 ± 0.00 | 5.00 ± 0.00 |
B. mycoides (MTCC 7343) | 35.00 ± 0.00 | 25.00 ± 0.00 | 20.00 ± 0.00 |
P. putida (MTCC 1654) | 30.00 ± 0.00 | 20.00 ± 0.00 | 10.00 ± 0.00 |
P. fluoroscens (MTCC 103) | 25.00 ± 0.00 | 25.00 ± 0.00 | 15.00 ± 0.00 |
Phytochemicals | Ethanol extract |
---|---|
Tannins | +Ve |
Saponins | -Ve |
Steroids | -Ve |
Terpenoids | -Ve |
Glycosides | -Ve |
Alkaloids | + Ve |
anthraquinones | -Ve |
Flavonoids | +Ve |