nach oben

Internal and Emergency Medicine

Erschienen in:

18.10.2020 | IM - REVIEW

Anticoagulation in patients with advanced liver disease: an open issue

verfasst von: Francesco Violi, Lorenzo Loffredo, Daniele Pastori

Erschienen in: Internal and Emergency Medicine | Ausgabe 1/2021

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Liver disease has been long considered as a risk factor for bleeding for the presence of prolongation of global tests of clotting activation and low platelet count. For this reason, the use of anticoagulants in patients with liver disease and an indication to anticoagulation, such as atrial fibrillation of venous thrombosis, has been poorly considered. Furthermore, recent studies underscored the fact that patients with chronic liver disease may experience thrombosis in portal as well as systemic circulation and treatment with anticoagulants should be considered. The introduction of direct oral anticoagulants has increased therapeutic options for thromboprophylaxis; however, evidence on their safety and efficacy in specific populations, such as patients with liver disease, is still scarce and needs further investigation. Thus, atrial fibrillation patients with coexistent liver disease have been excluded from clinical trials with direct oral anticoagulants. Here, we provide an overview on mechanisms of thrombosis in patients with advanced chronic liver disease and a summary of evidence on the use of oral anticoagulants in patients with liver disease and portal vein thrombosis or atrial fibrillation.

Pimpin L, Cortez-Pinto H, Negro F, Corbould E, Lazarus JV, Webber L, Sheron N, EHS Committee (2018) Burden of liver disease in Europe: epidemiology and analysis of risk factors to identify prevention policies. J Hepatol 69(3):718–735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2018.05.011CrossRefPubMed

Violi F, Ferro D (2013) Clotting activation and hyperfibrinolysis in cirrhosis: implication for bleeding and thrombosis. Semin Thromb Hemost 39(4):426–433. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1334144CrossRefPubMed

Violi F (2015) Should the term coagulopathy in cirrhosis be abandoned? JAMA Intern Med 175(5):862–863. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.90CrossRefPubMed

Violi F, Basili S, Raparelli V, Chowdary P, Gatt A, Burroughs AK (2011) Patients with liver cirrhosis suffer from primary haemostatic defects? Fact or fiction? J Hepatol 55(6):1415–1427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2011.06.008CrossRefPubMed

Ruberto MF, Marongiu F, Sorbello O, Civolani A, Demelia L, Barcellona D (2019) Are prothrombin time and clot waveform analysis useful in detecting a bleeding risk in liver cirrhosis? Int J Lab Hematol 41(1):118–123. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijlh.12934CrossRefPubMed

Violi F, Ferro D, Basili S, Lionetti R, Rossi E, Merli M, Riggio O, Bezzi M, Capocaccia L (1997) Ongoing prothrombotic state in the portal circulation of cirrhotic patients. Thromb Haemost 77(1):44–47CrossRef

Tripodi A, Primignani M, Lemma L, Chantarangkul V, Mannucci PM (2013) Evidence that low protein C contributes to the procoagulant imbalance in cirrhosis. J Hepatol 59(2):265–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2013.03.036CrossRefPubMed

Kovacs MJ, Wong A, MacKinnon K, Weir K, Keeney M, Boyle E, Cruickshank M (1994) Assessment of the validity of the INR system for patients with liver impairment. Thromb Haemost 71(6):727–730CrossRef

Lisman T, Caldwell SH, Burroughs AK, Northup PG, Senzolo M, Stravitz RT, Tripodi A, Trotter JF, Valla DC, Porte RJ, Coagulation in Liver Disease Study G (2010) Hemostasis and thrombosis in patients with liver disease: the ups and downs. J Hepatol 53(2):362–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2010.01.042CrossRef

10.

Under the auspices of the Italian Association for the Study of Liver D, the Italian Society of Internal M (2016) Hemostatic balance in patients with liver cirrhosis: report of a consensus conference. Dig Liver Dis 48(5):455–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2016.02.008CrossRef

11.

Davi G, Ferro D, Basili S, Iuliano L, Camastra C, Giammarresi C, Santarone S, Rocca B, Landolfi R, Ciabattoni G, Cordova C, Violi F (1998) Increased thromboxane metabolites excretion in liver cirrhosis. Thromb Haemost 79(4):747–751CrossRef

12.

Raparelli V, Basili S, Carnevale R, Napoleone L, Del Ben M, Nocella C, Bartimoccia S, Lucidi C, Talerico G, Riggio O, Violi F (2017) Low-grade endotoxemia and platelet activation in cirrhosis. Hepatology 65(2):571–581. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.28853CrossRefPubMed

13.

Basili S, Raparelli V, Riggio O, Merli M, Carnevale R, Angelico F, Tellan G, Pignatelli P, Violi F, Group C (2011) NADPH oxidase-mediated platelet isoprostane over-production in cirrhotic patients: implication for platelet activation. Liver Int 31(10):1533–1540. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-3231.2011.02617.xCrossRef

14.

Basili S, Ferro D, Leo R, Juliano L, Alessandri C, Cordova C, Violi F (1996) Bleeding time does not predict gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis. The CALC Group. Coagulation abnormalities in liver cirrhosis. J Hepatol 24(5):574–580CrossRef

15.

Basili S, Raparelli V, Napoleone L, Talerico G, Corazza GR, Perticone F, Sacerdoti D, Andriulli A, Licata A, Pietrangelo A, Picardi A, Raimondo G, Violi F (2018) Platelet count does not predict bleeding in cirrhotic patients: results from the PRO-LIVER Study. Am J Gastroenterol 113(3):368–375. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2017.457CrossRefPubMed

16.

Nocella C, Carnevale R, Bartimoccia S, Novo M, Cangemi R, Pastori D, Calvieri C, Pignatelli P, Violi F (2017) Lipopolysaccharide as trigger of platelet aggregation via eicosanoid over-production. Thromb Haemost 117(8):1558–1570. https://doi.org/10.1160/TH16-11-0857CrossRefPubMed

17.

Basili S, Merli M, Ferro D, Lionetti R, Rossi E, Riggio O, Valeriano V, Capocaccia L, Violi F (1999) Clotting activation after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunt. Thromb Haemost 81(5):711–714CrossRef

18.

Violi F, Ferro D, Basili S, Saliola M, Quintarelli C, Alessandri C, Cordova C (1995) Association between low-grade disseminated intravascular coagulation and endotoxemia in patients with liver cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 109(2):531–539. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(95)90342-9CrossRefPubMed

19.

Ferro D, Basili S, Pratico D, Iuliano L, FitzGerald GA, Violi F (1999) Vitamin E reduces monocyte tissue factor expression in cirrhotic patients. Blood 93(9):2945–2950CrossRef

20.

Saliola M, Lorenzet R, Ferro D, Basili S, Caroselli C, Santo AD, Sallese M, Violi F (1998) Enhanced expression of monocyte tissue factor in patients with liver cirrhosis. Gut 43(3):428–432. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.43.3.428CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

21.

Carnevale R, Raparelli V, Nocella C, Bartimoccia S, Novo M, Severino A, De Falco E, Cammisotto V, Pasquale C, Crescioli C, Scavalli AS, Riggio O, Basili S, Violi F (2017) Gut-derived endotoxin stimulates factor VIII secretion from endothelial cells Implications for hypercoagulability in cirrhosis. J Hepatol 67(5):950–956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2017.07.002CrossRefPubMed

22.

Praktiknjo M, Trebicka J, Carnevale R, Queck A, Ettorre E, Violi F (2019) Von willebrand and factor viii porto-systemic circulation gradient in cirrhosis. Clinical and translational gastroenterology (in press)

23.

Zheng XL (2015) ADAMTS13 and von Willebrand factor in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Annu Rev Med 66:211–225. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-061813-013241CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

24.

Lancellotti S, Basso M, Veca V, Sacco M, Riccardi L, Pompili M, De Cristofaro R (2016) Presence of portal vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis is strongly associated with low levels of ADAMTS-13: a pilot study. Intern Emerg Med 11(7):959–967. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11739-016-1467-xCrossRefPubMed

25.

Lemoinne S, Thabut D, Housset C, Moreau R, Valla D, Boulanger CM, Rautou PE (2014) The emerging roles of microvesicles in liver diseases. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 11(6):350–361. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2014.7CrossRefPubMed

26.

Basili S, Carnevale R, Nocella C, Bartimoccia S, Raparelli V, Talerico G, Stefanini L, Romiti GF, Perticone F, Corazza GR, Piscaglia F, Pietrangelo A, Violi F, P-L Collaborators (2019) Serum albumin is inversely associated with portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis. Hepatol Commun 3(4):504–512. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep4.1317CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

27.

Pastori D, Menichelli D, Gingis R, Pignatelli P, Violi F (2019) Tailored practical management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a risk factor-based approach. Front Cardiovasc Med 6:17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2019.00017CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

28.

Menichelli D, Ettorre E, Pani A, Violi F, Pignatelli P, Pastori D (2019) Update and unmet needs on the use of nonvitamin K oral anticoagulants for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation. Curr Probl Cardiol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2019.02.002CrossRefPubMed

29.

Pokorney SD, Piccini JP, Stevens SR, Patel MR, Pieper KS, Halperin JL, Breithardt G, Singer DE, Hankey GJ, Hacke W, Becker RC, Berkowitz SD, Nessel CC, Mahaffey KW, Fox KA, Califf RM, Committee RAS, Investigators, Investigators RASC (2016) Cause of death and predictors of all-cause mortality in anticoagulated patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: data from ROCKET AF. J Am Heart Assoc 5(3):e002197. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.115.002197CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

30.

Gomez-Outes A, Lagunar-Ruiz J, Terleira-Fernandez AI, Calvo-Rojas G, Suarez-Gea ML, Vargas-Castrillon E (2016) Causes of death in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 68(23):2508–2521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2016.09.944CrossRefPubMed

31.

Long MT, Ko D, Arnold LM, Trinquart L, Sherer JA, Keppel SS, Benjamin EJ, Helm RH (2019) Gastrointestinal and liver diseases and atrial fibrillation: a review of the literature. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 12:1756284819832237. https://doi.org/10.1177/1756284819832237CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

32.

Granger CB, Alexander JH, McMurray JJ, Lopes RD, Hylek EM, Hanna M, Al-Khalidi HR, Ansell J, Atar D, Avezum A, Bahit MC, Diaz R, Easton JD, Ezekowitz JA, Flaker G, Garcia D, Geraldes M, Gersh BJ, Golitsyn S, Goto S, Hermosillo AG, Hohnloser SH, Horowitz J, Mohan P, Jansky P, Lewis BS, Lopez-Sendon JL, Pais P, Parkhomenko A, Verheugt FW, Zhu J, Wallentin L, Committees A, Investigators (2011) Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 365(11):981–992. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1107039CrossRefPubMed

33.

Giugliano RP, Ruff CT, Braunwald E, Murphy SA, Wiviott SD, Halperin JL, Waldo AL, Ezekowitz MD, Weitz JI, Spinar J, Ruzyllo W, Ruda M, Koretsune Y, Betcher J, Shi M, Grip LT, Patel SP, Patel I, Hanyok JJ, Mercuri M, Antman EM, Investigators EA-T (2013) Edoxaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. New Engl J Med 369(22):2093–2104. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1310907CrossRefPubMed

34.

Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S, Eikelboom J, Oldgren J, Parekh A, Pogue J, Reilly PA, Themeles E, Varrone J, Wang S, Alings M, Xavier D, Zhu J, Diaz R, Lewis BS, Darius H, Diener HC, Joyner CD, Wallentin L, Committee R-LS, Investigators (2009) Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. New Engl J Med 361(12):1139–1151. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0905561CrossRefPubMed

35.

Patel MR, Mahaffey KW, Garg J, Pan G, Singer DE, Hacke W, Breithardt G, Halperin JL, Hankey GJ, Piccini JP, Becker RC, Nessel CC, Paolini JF, Berkowitz SD, Fox KA, Califf RM, Investigators RA (2011) Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. New Engl J Med 365(10):883–891. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1009638CrossRefPubMed

36.

Pastori D, Sciacqua A, Marcucci R, Farcomeni A, Perticone F, Del Ben M, Angelico F, Pignatelli P, Violi F, group A-As (2019) Prevalence and impact of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in atrial fibrillation. In collaboration with the ATHERO-AF cohort. Mayo Clinic proceedings (in press)

37.

Tirona RG, Kassam Z, Strapp R, Ramu M, Zhu C, Liu M, Schwarz UI, Kim RB, Al-Judaibi B, Beaton MD (2018) Apixaban and rosuvas—tatin pharmacokinetics in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Drug Metab Dispos 46(5):485–492. https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.117.079624CrossRefPubMed

38.

Lee SJ, Uhm JS, Kim JY, Pak HN, Lee MH, Joung B (2015) The safety and efficacy of vitamin K antagonist in patients with atrial fibrillation and liver cirrhosis. Int J Cardiol 180:185–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.11.183CrossRefPubMed

39.

Efird LM, Mishkin DS, Berlowitz DR, Ash AS, Hylek EM, Ozonoff A, Reisman JI, Zhao S, Jasuja GK, Rose AJ (2014) Stratifying the risks of oral anticoagulation in patients with liver disease. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 7(3):461–467. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.113.000817CrossRefPubMed

40.

Kuo L, Chao TF, Liu CJ, Lin YJ, Chang SL, Lo LW, Hu YF, Tuan TC, Liao JN, Chung FP, Chen TJ, Lip GYH, Chen SA (2017) Liver cirrhosis in patients with atrial fibrillation: would oral anticoagulation have a net clinical benefit for stroke prevention? J Am Heart Assoc. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.116.005307CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

41.

De Gottardi A, Trebicka J, Klinger C, Plessier A, Seijo S, Terziroli B, Magenta L, Semela D, Buscarini E, Langlet P, Gortzen J, Puente A, Mullhaupt B, Navascues C, Nery F, Deltenre P, Turon F, Engelmann C, Arya R, Caca K, Peck-Radosavljevic M, Leebeek FW, Valla D, Garcia-Pagan JC, Investigators V (2016) Antithrombotic treatment with direct-acting oral anticoagulants in patients with splanchnic vein thrombosis and cirrhosis. Liver Int. https://doi.org/10.1111/liv.13285CrossRefPubMed

42.

Hum J, Shatzel JJ, Jou JH, Deloughery TG (2017) The efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants vs traditional anticoagulants in cirrhosis. Eur J Haematol 98(4):393–397. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejh.12844CrossRefPubMed

43.

Goriacko P, Veltri KT (2018) Safety of direct oral anticoagulants vs warfarin in patients with chronic liver disease and atrial fibrillation. Eur J Haematol 100(5):488–493. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejh.13045CrossRefPubMed

44.

Pastori D, Lip GYH, Farcomeni A, Del Sole F, Sciacqua A, Perticone F, Marcucci R, Grifoni E, Pignatelli P, Violi F, group A-As (2018a) Incidence of bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation and advanced liver fibrosis on treatment with vitamin K or non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants. Int J Cardiol 264:58–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.01.097CrossRefPubMed

45.

Pastori D, Lip GYH, Farcomeni A, Del Sole F, Sciacqua A, Perticone F, Marcucci R, Grifoni E, Pignatelli P, Violi F, group A-As (2018b) Data on incidence of bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation and advanced liver fibrosis on treatment with vitamin K or non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants. Data Brief 17:830–836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.01.109CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

46.

Violi F, Vestri A, Menichelli D, Di Rocco A, Pastori D, Pignatelli P (2020) Direct oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation and advanced liver disease: an exploratory meta-analysis. Hepatol Commun 4(7):1034–1040. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep4.1513CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

47.

Bos S, Potze W, Siddiqui MS, Boyett SL, Adelmeijer J, Daita K, Lisman T, Sanyal AJ (2017) Changes of in vitro potency of anticoagulant drugs are similar between patients with cirrhosis due to alcohol or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Thromb Res 150:41–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2016.12.008CrossRefPubMed

48.

Steffel J, Verhamme P, Potpara TS, Albaladejo P, Antz M, Desteghe L, Haeusler KG, Oldgren J, Reinecke H, Roldan-Schilling V, Rowell N, Sinnaeve P, Collins R, Camm AJ, Heidbuchel H, Group ESCSD (2018) The 2018 European Heart Rhythm Association Practical Guide on the use of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 39(16):1330–1393. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehy136CrossRef

49.

Prisco D, Ageno W, Becattini C, D’Angelo A, Davi G, De Cristofaro R, Dentali F, Di Minno G, Falanga A, Gussoni G, Masotti L, Palareti G, Pignatelli P, Santi RM, Santilli F, Silingardi M, Tufano A, Violi F, Simi F, SISET (2017) Italian intersociety consensus on DOAC use in internal medicine. Intern Emerg Med 12(3):387–406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11739-017-1628-6CrossRefPubMed

50.

Lisman T, Violi F (2017) Cirrhosis as a risk factor for venous thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 117(1):3–5. https://doi.org/10.1160/TH16-10-0782CrossRefPubMed

51.

Zanetto A, Campello E, Spiezia L, Burra P, Simioni P, Russo FP (2018) Cancer-associated thrombosis in cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancers. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers10110450CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

52.

Chawla YK, Bodh V (2015) Portal vein thrombosis. J Clin Exp Hepatol 5(1):22–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jceh.2014.12.008CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

53.

Loffredo L, Pastori D, Farcomeni A, Violi F (2017) Effects of anticoagulants in patients with cirrhosis and portal vein thrombosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 153(2):480-487.e481. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2017.04.042CrossRefPubMed

54.

Kumar A, Sharma P, Arora A (2015) Review article: portal vein obstruction–epidemiology, pathogenesis, natural history, prognosis and treatment. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 41(3):276–292. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.13019CrossRefPubMed

55.

Violi F, Corazza GR, Caldwell SH, Perticone F, Gatta A, Angelico M, Farcomeni A, Masotti M, Napoleone L, Vestri A, Raparelli V, Basili S (2016) Portal vein thrombosis relevance on liver cirrhosis: Italian venous thrombotic events registry. Intern Emerg Med 11(8):1059–1066. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11739-016-1416-8CrossRefPubMed

56.

Lang SA, Loss M, Wohlgemuth WA, Schlitt HJ (2014) Clinical management of acute portal/mesenteric vein thrombosis. Viszeralmedizin 30(6):394–400. https://doi.org/10.1159/000369896CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

57.

Weinberg EM, Palecki J, Reddy KR (2019) Direct-Acting Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs) in cirrhosis and cirrhosis-associated portal vein thrombosis. Semin Liver Dis 39(2):195–208. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1679934CrossRefPubMed

58.

Qi X, Guo X, Yoshida EM, Mendez-Sanchez N, De Stefano V, Tacke F, Mancuso A, Sugawara Y, Yang SS, Teschke R, Arora A, Valla DC (2018) Transient portal vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis. BMC Med 16(1):83. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-018-1069-8CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

59.

Stine JG, Shah PM, Cornella SL, Rudnick SR, Ghabril MS, Stukenborg GJ, Northup PG (2015) Portal vein thrombosis, mortality and hepatic decompensation in patients with cirrhosis: a meta-analysis. World J Hepatol 7(27):2774–2780. https://doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v7.i27.2774CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

60.

Maruyama H, Okugawa H, Takahashi M, Yokosuka O (2013) De novo portal vein thrombosis in virus-related cirrhosis: predictive factors and long-term outcomes. Am J Gastroenterol 108(4):568–574. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2012.452CrossRefPubMed

61.

Intagliata NM, Caldwell SH, Tripodi A (2019) Diagnosis, development, and treatment of portal vein thrombosis in patients with and without cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 156(6):1582-1599.e1581. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2019.01.265CrossRefPubMed

62.

Zocco MA, Di Stasio E, De Cristofaro R, Novi M, Ainora ME, Ponziani F, Riccardi L, Lancellotti S, Santoliquido A, Flore R, Pompili M, Rapaccini GL, Tondi P, Gasbarrini GB, Landolfi R, Gasbarrini A (2009) Thrombotic risk factors in patients with liver cirrhosis: correlation with MELD scoring system and portal vein thrombosis development. J Hepatol 51(4):682–689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2009.03.013CrossRefPubMed

63.

Violi F, Pastori D, Farcomeni A, Loffredo L (2018) Reply. Gastroenterology 154(3):761-762.e761. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2018.01.021CrossRefPubMed

64.

Violi F, Corazza GR, Caldwell SH, Talerico G, Romiti GF, Napoleone L, Perticone F, Bolondi L, Pietrangelo A, Vestri AR, Raparelli V, Basili S (2019) Incidence and recurrence of portal vein thrombosis in cirrhotic patients. Thromb Haemost 119(3):496–499. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1676981CrossRefPubMed

65.

Wu M, Schuster M, Tadros M (2019) Update on management of portal vein thrombosis and the role of novel anticoagulants. J Clin Transl Hepatol 7(2):154–164. https://doi.org/10.14218/JCTH.2018.00057CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

66.

Noronha Ferreira C, Seijo S, Plessier A, Silva-Junior G, Turon F, Rautou PE, Baiges A, Bureau C, Bosch J, Hernandez-Gea V, Valla D, Garcia-Pagan JC (2016) Natural history and management of esophagogastric varices in chronic noncirrhotic, nontumoral portal vein thrombosis. Hepatology 63(5):1640–1650. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.28466CrossRefPubMed

67.

Pirisi M, Avellini C, Fabris C, Scott C, Bardus P, Soardo G, Beltrami CA, Bartoli E (1998) Portal vein thrombosis in hepatocellular carcinoma: age and sex distribution in an autopsy study. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 124(7):397–400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004320050189CrossRefPubMed

68.

Sharma AM, Zhu D, Henry Z (2016) Portal vein thrombosis: when to treat and how? Vasc Med 21(1):61–69. https://doi.org/10.1177/1358863X15611224CrossRefPubMed

69.

Lee AY, Levine MN, Baker RI, Bowden C, Kakkar AK, Prins M, Rickles FR, Julian JA, Haley S, Kovacs MJ, Gent M (2003) Low-molecular-weight heparin versus a coumarin for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. N Engl J Med 349(2):146–153. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa025313CrossRefPubMed

70.

Priyanka P, Kupec JT, Krafft M, Shah NA, Reynolds GJ (2018) Newer oral anticoagulants in the treatment of acute portal vein thrombosis in patients with and without cirrhosis. Int J Hepatol 2018:8432781. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8432781CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

71.

Qi X, Ren W, Guo X, Fan D (2015) Epidemiology of venous thromboembolism in patients with liver diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intern Emerg Med 10(2):205–217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11739-014-1163-7CrossRefPubMed

72.

Yang Y, Zhang XZ, Ng HS, Fong JC, Lee LH (2015) The effect of chronic liver disease on venous thromboembolism among medically managed patients in Singapore General Hospital. Thromb Res 136(3):548–551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2015.06.033CrossRefPubMed

73.

Bikdeli B, Jimenez D, Garcia-Tsao G, Barba R, Font C, Diaz-Pedroche MDC, Mazzolai L, Little DHW, Tufano A, Tafur AJ, Siegal D, Lip GYH, Monreal M, Investigators R (2019) Venous thromboembolism in patients with liver cirrhosis: findings from the RIETE (Registro Informatizado de la Enfermedad TromboEmbolica) registry. Semin Thromb Hemost 45(8):793–801. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1697682CrossRefPubMed

74.

Ali M, Ananthakrishnan AN, McGinley EL, Saeian K (2011) Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis: a nationwide analysis. Dig Dis Sci 56(7):2152–2159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-011-1582-5CrossRefPubMed

75.

Aldawood A, Arabi Y, Aljumah A, Alsaadi A, Rishu A, Aldorzi H, Alqahtani S, Alsultan M, Felemban A (2011) The incidence of venous thromboembolism and practice of deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis in hospitalized cirrhotic patients. Thromb J 9(1):1. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-9560-9-1CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

76.

Yang LS, Alukaidey S, Croucher K, Dowling D (2018) Suboptimal use of pharmacological venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in cirrhotic patients. Inter Med J 48(9):1056–1063. https://doi.org/10.1111/imj.13766CrossRef

77.

Gomez Cuervo C, Bisbal Pardo O, Perez-Jacoiste Asin MA (2013) Efficacy and safety of the use of heparin as thromboprophylaxis in patients with liver cirrhosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thromb Res 132(4):414–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2013.08.001CrossRefPubMed

78.

Moorehead KJ, Jeffres MN, Mueller SW (2017) A retrospective cohort analysis of pharmacologic VTE prophylaxis and padua prediction score in hospitalized patients with chronic liver disease. J Pharm Pract 30(1):58–63. https://doi.org/10.1177/0897190015611570CrossRefPubMed

79.

Barclay SM, Jeffres MN, Nguyen K, Nguyen T (2013) Evaluation of pharmacologic prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism in patients with chronic liver disease. Pharmacotherapy 33(4):375–382. https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.1218CrossRefPubMed

80.

Loffredo L, Arienti V, Vidili G, Cogliati C, Battaglia S, Perri L, Di Giulio R, Bernardini S, Summa ML, Sciacqua A, Perticone F, Boddi M, Di Minno G, Lodigiani C, Pietrangelo A, Farcomeni A, Violi F, Group AS (2019) Low rate of intrahospital deep venous thrombosis in acutely Ill medical patients: results from the AURELIO study. Mayo Clin Proc 94(1):37–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.07.020CrossRef

81.

Hoolwerf EW, Kraaijpoel N, Buller HR, van Es N (2018) Direct oral anticoagulants in patients with liver cirrhosis: a systematic review. Thromb Res 170:102–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2018.08.011CrossRefPubMed

Titel: Anticoagulation in patients with advanced liver disease: an open issue
verfasst von: Francesco Violi
Lorenzo Loffredo
Daniele Pastori
Publikationsdatum: 18.10.2020
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Erschienen in: Internal and Emergency Medicine / Ausgabe 1/2021
Print ISSN: 1828-0447
Elektronische ISSN: 1970-9366
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11739-020-02526-6

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

^{Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag}

Kostenlos registrieren

Neu im Fachgebiet Innere Medizin

Echinokokkose medikamentös behandeln oder operieren?

06.05.2024 DCK 2024 Kongressbericht

Die Therapie von Echinokokkosen sollte immer in spezialisierten Zentren erfolgen. Eine symptomlose Echinokokkose kann – egal ob von Hunde- oder Fuchsbandwurm ausgelöst – konservativ erfolgen. Wenn eine Op. nötig ist, kann es sinnvoll sein, vorher Zysten zu leeren und zu desinfizieren.

Umsetzung der POMGAT-Leitlinie läuft

03.05.2024 DCK 2024 Kongressbericht

Seit November 2023 gibt es evidenzbasierte Empfehlungen zum perioperativen Management bei gastrointestinalen Tumoren (POMGAT) auf S3-Niveau. Vieles wird schon entsprechend der Empfehlungen durchgeführt. Wo es im Alltag noch hapert, zeigt eine Umfrage in einem Klinikverbund.

Proximale Humerusfraktur: Auch 100-Jährige operieren?

01.05.2024 DCK 2024 Kongressbericht

Mit dem demographischen Wandel versorgt auch die Chirurgie immer mehr betagte Menschen. Von Entwicklungen wie Fast-Track können auch ältere Menschen profitieren und bei proximaler Humerusfraktur können selbst manche 100-Jährige noch sicher operiert werden.

Die „Zehn Gebote“ des Endokarditis-Managements

30.04.2024 Endokarditis Leitlinie kompakt

Worauf kommt es beim Management von Personen mit infektiöser Endokarditis an? Eine Kardiologin und ein Kardiologe fassen die zehn wichtigsten Punkte der neuen ESC-Leitlinie zusammen.

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2021

The application of non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation in the first episode of acute respiratory failure

Correction to: Current treatment of COVID-19 in renal patients: hope or hype?

An unusual cause of large bowel perforation: ingestion of a clam valve

The incidence and outcome of severe hyperlactatemia in critically ill patients

Association between anemia and outcome in patients hospitalized for acute heart failure syndromes: findings from Beijing Acute Heart Failure Registry (Beijing AHF Registry)