Background
Methods
Chemicals and reagents
Plant materials
Sample drying and extraction
Fractionation of crude extract
Total phenolic content (TPC)
DPPH free radical scavenging assay
α-Glucosidase inhibition assay
NMR measurement
Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis (UHPLC-MS/MS) of bioactive fractions
Data analysis
Results
Visual inspection of 1H NMR spectra of Neptunia oleracea fractions
Metabolites | 1H NMR signals | Fractions |
---|---|---|
Phytosterol | 0.68 (s), 2.02 (m), 5.3 (m) | CF |
Fatty acids | 0.88 (m), 1.24–1.35 (m), 1.66 (m), 2.34 (t, J = 7.5 Hz) | HF, CF |
Alanine | 1.48 (d, J = 6.5 Hz) | HF, CF |
Leucine | 0.95 (t, J = 6.0 Hz), 1.7 (m) | HF, CF |
Valine | 0.98 (d, J = 6.5 Hz), 2.24 (m) | HF, CF |
α-Glucose | 5.16 (d, J = 3.5 Hz) | EF, MF |
β-Glucose | 4.62 (d, J = 9.5 Hz) | EF, MF |
Fructose | 4.16 (d, J = 6.5 Hz) | EF, MF |
Oleanolic acid | 0.70 (s), 0.74 (s), 0.81 (s), 0.87 (s), 0.95 (s), 1.10 (s) | HF, CF |
Quercetin derivatives | 6.36 (s), 6.93 (d, J = 9.5 Hz), 7.66 (dd, J = 2.3, 9.5 Hz), 7.71 (d, J = 2.0 Hz) | EF, MF |
Kaempferol derivatives | 6.05 (d, J = 1.5 Hz), 6.41 (d, J = 2.0 Hz), 6.85 (d, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.71 (d, J = 8.6 Hz) | EF, MF |
Myricetin derivatives | 6.26 (d, J = 2.3 Hz), 6.38 (s), 6.90 (d, J = 2.0 Hz) | EF, MF |
Apigenin derivatives | 6.55 (s), 6.93 (d, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.92 (d, J = 7.5 Hz) | EF, MF |
Catechin | 2.03 (dd, J = 16.6 Hz), 2.25 (dd, J = 15, 3.5 Hz), 3.79 (m), 5.88 (d, J = 2 Hz), 6.58 (d, J = 2 Hz), 6.69 (d, J = 8.9 Hz) | EF, MF |
Gallic acid | 6.84 (s) | EF, MF |
3,4-O-dimetgylgallic acid | 3.78 (s), 6.84 (s) | EF, MF |
Caffeic acid | 6.86 (s) | EF, MF |
Metabolic classification of Neptunia oleracea fractions
Correlation between phenolics and bioactivities of Neptunia oleracea fractions
UHPLC–MS/MS profiling of Neptunia oleracea bioactive fractions
Peak no. | Retention time (min) | [M-H]− | MS2 fragments | Metabolites | Fraction |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quercetin derivatives | |||||
10 | 6.08 | 609.1462 | 462.1379, 447.1857, 301.1432, 300.9840 | Quercetin 3-O-α-L-rhamnoside-7-O-β-D-glucoside | EF, MF |
14 | 6.76 | 755.2040 | 489.2963, 343.1366, 301.0490, 300.0709, 271.2123, 254.9304, 179.0495, 169.3014 | Quercetin 3-O-(2, 6-di-O-rhamnosylglucoside) | MF |
15 | 6.81 | 625.1174 | 463.0464, 301.0478, 300.0883 | Quercetin-3,7-di-O-glucoside | MF |
22 | 7.36 | 609.1458 | 300.0327, 271.0090, 179.0178, 150.9577 | Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (Rutin) | EF, MF |
26 | 7.70 | 477.0439 | 300.0253, 179.8799, 151.0737 | Quercetin-3-O-glucoronide | EF |
27 | 7.71 | 463.0919 | 300.070776, 271.1503, 255.2690, 179.0888, 151.0687 | Quercetin-3-O-glucoside | EF, MF |
28 | 7.94 | 433.0780 | 300.1089, 283.1775, 271.1692, 255.2084, 179.1739, 151.1124 | Quercetin-3-O-xyloside | EF, MF |
29 | 7.97 | 623.0173 | 315.0298, 314.0549, 300.0549, 151.0594 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside | EF, MF |
30 | 8.07 | 433.0779 | 300.0705, 271.1375, 255.0952, 179.1469, 151.0447 | Quercetin-3-O-arabinoside | EF, MF |
32 | 8.29 | 447.0931 | 301.0434, 300.0367, 271.0428, 255.0371, 178.9992, 151.0714 | Quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside | EF, MF |
36 | 10.25 | 301.0394 | 273.0342, 178.9904, 151.0353, 121.0899 | Quercetin | EF |
Apigenin derivatives | |||||
12 | 6.30 | 593.1517 | 473.0582, 383.2079, 353.1768, 297.0308 | Apigenin-6,8-di-C- β-D-glucopyranoside (Vicenin 2) | EF, MF |
21 | 7.31 | 577.1563 | 457.0943, 413.1237, 311.1826, 293.0732 | Vitexin-2″-O-rhamnoside | EF, MF |
23 | 7.39 | 431.1924 | 413.1062, 341.0215, 311.1169, 283.0694 | Vitexin | EF, MF |
24 | 7.45 | 431.0983 | 413.1362, 353.1137, 341.0769, 311.1139, 283.1790 | Isovitexin | EF, MF |
Myricetin derivatives | |||||
16 | 6.88 | 625.1409 | 317.0156, 316.0339, 271.0775, 179.0016 | Myricetin-3-O-rutinoside | MF |
18 | 7.03 | 479.0832 | 316.0643, 287.0108, 271.0499, 179.0824, 151.0429 | Myricetin-3-O-glucoside | EF, MF |
19 | 7.07 | 463.0921 | 316.0347, 286.7651, 178.9603, 150.8803 | Myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside | EF, MF |
20 | 7.25 | 449.0729 | 316.0244, 287.0781, 271.0527, 179.0751 | Myricetin-3-O-arabinoside | EF, MF |
Kaempferol derivatives | |||||
25 | 7.51 | 593.0462 | 473.0836, 447.1271, 327.0242, 285.0153, 284.0652 | Kaempferol 7-O-(2″-rhamnosyl)-glucoside | EF, MF |
31 | 8.22 | 447.1433 | 283.9436, 255.0079, 227.1132 | Kaemperol-3-O-glucoside | EF, MF |
34 | 8.52 | 417.1216 | 284.9989, 284.0469, 255.0592, 227.2742 | Kaempferol-3-O-arabinoside | EF, MF |
35 | 8.91 | 431.0986 | 285.0370, 284.0700, 255.0252, 227.0798, 179.1416 | Kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside | EF, MF |
37 | 13.95 | 285.2077 | 285.1903, 217.0465, 151.1716 | Kaempferol | EF |
Other flavonoids | |||||
8 | 5.77 | 609.0889 | 519.1772. 489.0393, 399.0961, 369.1139 | Luteolin-6,8-di-C-β-D-glucopyranoside (Leucenin 2) | MF |
9 | 5.97 | 289.0684 | 245.1160, 203.1322, 179.0933, 137.0067, 123.0869 | Catechin | EF, MF |
13 | 6.70 | 457.0777 | 331.6168, 304.8813, 287.1606, 269.0464, 192.9943, 169.0064 | (−)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate | EF, MF |
17 | 6.85 | 447.0937 | 357.1292, 339.0839, 327.0893, 297.0871, 285.0973 | Luteolin-8-C-glucoside (Orientin) | EF, MF |
33 | 8.51 | 461.1090 | 446.0747, 297.9769, 283.0961, 255.3977 | Gliricidin-O-hexoside | EF, MF |
Phenolic acid derivatives | |||||
2 | 1.20 | 304.9145 | 175.0625, 146.8956 | Cinnamic acid derivative | EF |
3 | 1.95 | 331.0674 | 312.9470, 271.0817, 210.9991, 168.9899, 151.9876, 125.0873 | Monogalloylglucose | EF, MF |
5 | 4.74 | 427.0858 | 358.9084, 197.0540, 182.0402, 153.2345, 138.0547 | Syringic acid derivative | MF |
6 | 5.31 | 285.0620 | 152.9958, 152.0484, 134.9576, 109.0381, 108.0353 | Protocatechuic acid-O-pentoside | MF |
7 | 5.51 | 483.0779 | 271.0838, 211.4571, 169.0153 | Digalloylglucose | EF, MF |
11 | 6.14 | 367.0671 | 183.0357, 168.1031, 139.0077, 123.9010 | Methylgallate dimer | MF |
Others | |||||
1 | 1.17 | 683.2252 | 341.0159, 178.9980, 161.0347, 149.0118, 143.0902, 130.9740, 118.9781, 89.0819, 70.9360 | Hexose polymer | MF |
4 | 4.60 | 315.1091 | 153.0167, 123.0025 | Hydroxytyrosol hexoside | EF |