Introduction
Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs) and its application in viral pneumonia
Metabolomics applications in precision medicine
Metabolomics from precision medicine to viral pneumonia
Altered metabolites | Virus type | Analytical method | Species | Sample material | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perturbed serum metabolites at 0, 6, 10, 14, 21 and 28 days post infection Purine metabolism: Xanthine, Hypoxanthine Lipid β-oxidation: l-acetylcamitine, Oleoylcamitine, 3-Methylglutarylcarnitine, Pivaloylcarnitine, Hydroxybutyrylcamitine Sphingolipid metabolism: SM(d18:0/18:1), Glucodylceramide(d18:1/16:0), Sphinganine phosphate, Sphingonine 1-phosphate Fatty acid synthesis: 3-Oxododecanoic acid, 3-Hydroxydodecanoic acid, 5,8-Tetradecadienoic acid 2-Aminooctanoic acid, vinylacetyglycine, hexanoylglycine Phospholipid metabolism: LysoPE(20:1), LysoPC(20:3), LysoPE(18:2), LysoPE(20:2) Tryptophan metabolism: l-kynurenine, 4-(2-Aminophenyl)-2,4-dioxobutanoic acid, 3-Indolepropionic acid, Indoleacetic acid, Indoleacrylic acid, Indoxylsulfuric acid Other metabolic pathways: Tyramine glucuronide, Hippuric acid, Eicosapentaenoic acid, 2-Hydroxy-3-methylbutyric acid, 3-Indole carboxylic acid glucuronide, 12-HETE, 13-HODE, Citric acid, GangliosideA2(D18:1/9Z-18:1), Imidazoleacetic acid, Isohomovanillic acid, Alanylvaline, Tetradecanedioic acid, Pantothenic acid | IFV | LC–MS | Mice | Serum | [58] |
Perturbed lung metabolites at 0, 6, 10, 14, 21 and 28 days post infection Purine metabolism: Guanodine, Deoxyadenosine monophosphate, Succinyladenisine, Xanthine, Deoxyinosine, Adenosine monophosphate, Guanosine monophosphate, Adenosine, Diphosphate, Cyclic AMP Pyrimidine metabolism: 5-Thymidylic acid, Thymidine, Deoxycytidine monophosphate, Uridine, Deoxucytidine, Uridine monophosphate, Cytidine monophosphate, Uridine diphosphate Lipid β-oxidation: l-acetylcarnitine, Hydroxybutyrylcarnitine, Propionylcamitine, Butenylcarnitine, Hydroxyhexanoycarnitine, 2-Octenoylcarnitine Sphingolipid metabolism: Sphingosine, Sphinganine Phospholipid catabolism: PC(44:6), PC(32:1), PC(20:1/p-18:0), PC(34:1), LPE(22:4), LPE(18:0) Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism: UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, GDP-l-fucose, d-mannose-1-phosphate Dipeptide: Leucyl-aspartate, Leucyl-glycine, Glycyl-tyrosine, Leucyl-proline, Glycyl-phenylalanine Other metabolic pathways: Tyrosine, 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid, Phenylalanine, l-kynurenine, l-leucine, Pyruvic acid, N-acetyl-l-aspartic acid, l-2-aminoadipic acid, l-methionine, MG(22:6), N-acetylneuraminic acid, Pantothenic acid, Tetrahydroxyperin, S-lactoylglutathione, Taurine, Glutaconic acid | IFV | LC–MS | Mice | Lung | [58] |
Perturbed BALF metabolites at 0, 6, 10, 14, 21 and 28 days post infection Purine metabolism: Xanthine, Hypoxanthine, Inosine, Guanosine, Cyclic AMP Pyrimidine metabolism: Uric acis, Deoxycytidine, Cytidine, Uridine, Uracil Fatty acid synthesis: 3-Oxotetradecanoic acid, Oleic acid, Palmitic acid, Octadecanedioic acid, Arachidonic acid, Linoleic acid, Docosahexaenoic acid, Tetracosahexaenoic acid, Glutathione metabolism: Oxidized glutathione, Glutathione Fatty acid metabolism: Eicosapentaenoyl ethanolamide, Palmitoleoyl ethanolamide Lipid β-oxidation: Hydroxymyristoylcarnitine, Palmitoylcarnitine, Oleoylcarnitine, l-carnitine, Linoelaidylcarnitine, etc. Phospholipid catabolism: LysoPC(16:1),LysoPC(18:2), LysoPC(20:4), LysoPC(14:0), LysoPC(18:3), LysoPC(20:5), LysoPC(14:1), LysoPE(14:1), LysoPE(22:6), LysoPE(20:4), LysoPE(16:0) Glycerolipid metabolism: MG (22:4), MG(18:4), MG(24:6), Glycerophosphocholine Porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism: Bilirubin, Biliyerdine Sphingolipid metabolism: Sphingosine, SM (34:1) Phenylalanine metabolism: Phenylalanine, Axetyl-phenylanaline, Hippuric acid Tryptophan metabolism: 3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid, Tryptophan, Indolelactic, 3-Indolepropionic acid Other metabolic pathways: 3-Hydroxyisobutyric acid, Acety-l-leucine, l-leucine, l-valine, Corticosteronr, 3-Furoic acid, Glutaminyl-aspatate, Methionyl-proline | IFV | LC–MS | Mice | BALF | [58] |
Upregulate: Acetoacetate, Beta-alanine, Formate, Dimethylamine, Carnitine, Glycine, Gulonic acid, Pentadecane, 2-Amino butanoic acid, Alkane, Quinic acid, Benzoic acid Downregulate: Citrate, Fumarate, 3-Methyl, 2-Isovalerate, Alanine, Tyrosine, Methionine, Histidine, 4-Hydroxybutyrate, Uric acid, Tyrosine, Citric acid, Asparagine, Myoinositol, Lysine, Arabinonic acid, Threonine, Aspartic acid, Threonic acid | H1N1 | 1H–NMR GC–MS | Human | Plasma | [45] |
Upregulate: N-acetylglucosamine–N-acetylgalactosamine, Mevalonolactone, Cystine, Palmiticamide, Caprate (10:0), Laurate (12:0), 2-methylcitratehomocitrate, Diglycerol, Beta-hydroxyisovalerate, Pregnen-dioldisulfate | RSV | UPLC-MS | Human | NPA | [57] |
Upregulate: N-acetylthreonine, N-acetyltyrosine, N6-acetyllysine, Adenine, Azelate (nonanedioate), N-acetylvaline, N-acetylleucine, Glucoronate, N-acetylphenylalanine, N-acetylisoleucine, 1-Stearoyl-2-linoleoyl-GPE(18:0/18:2), N-acetyltaurine, sulfate, Glycerol, N-acetylglutamate, 4-Hydroxyphenyl pyruvate, Glycerol 3-phosphate, N-formyl-phenylalanine, Gluconate, N-acetylarginine, Folate | RV | UPLC-MS | Human | NPA | [57] |
Upregulate: Kanzonol I, Alkaloid A6, Beta-d-glucopyranuronic acid, Protoporphyrinogen IX Downregulate: LysoPC(16:0), LPA(18:1/0:0), LysoPC(18:2), LysoPC(18:1) Palmitic acid, Hydroxyisocaproic acid, Phytanic acid, Erucic acid, Behenic acid, Palmitic amide, Phytal, Caproylcholine, (9S,10S)-10-Hydroxy-9-octadecanoate, 1-Octen-3-yl glucoside, N-[(4E,8E)-1,3-Dihydroxyoctadeca-4,8-dien-2-yl] Hexadecanamide, Methyl (9Z)-8′-Oxo-6,8′-diapo-6-carotenoate, and Methyl (9Z)-6′-oxo-6,6′-Diapo-6-carotenoate | H7N9 | UPLC-MS | Human | Serum | [9] |
Herbs | Compounds/part used | Virus type | Sample material | Detection method | Metabolomics validation (treatment group vs. model group) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi
| Baicalein | RSV | HEP-2 Cell | GC–MS | Upregulate: Serine, Aspartic acid, Glutamic acid, Citric acid, Glycine | [12] |
Plasma | Upregulate: Lactic acid, Urea, 1,5-Sorbitan Downregulate: Glycine, Glutamine, d-glucose | |||||
Urine | Downregulate: Lactic acid, Malic acid, Palmitic acid, Stearic acid | |||||
BALF | LC–MS | Upregulate: Glutamate, O-octadecenoyl-carnitine, Adenosine, Glucosylceramide, Downregulate: Leukotriene D5 | ||||
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi
| Root | RSV | Plasma | LC–MS | Upregulate: LysoPC(16:0), LysoPC(18:0), LysoPC(20:4), SM(d18:1/24:1), LysoPC(18:2) | [13] |
Lung | Upregulate: TG(18:1/18:2/18:2), TG(18:1/18:1/18:2), TG(18:1/18:1/18:1), PC(16:0/18:1) | |||||
Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. Et Zucc
| Rootstalk and root | RSV | Plasma | LC–MS | Upregulate: LysoPC(14:0), LysoPC(15:0), LysoPC(18:2), LysoPC(17:1), LysoPC(16:0), LysoPC(18:1), LysoPC(18:0), CerP(d13:0/26:3), PC(18:0p/16:0), PC(16:0/18:0), CerP(d15:0/32:3), TG(18:0/18:1/20:1), TG(20:1/18:1/22:0) Pathway: Phospholipid metabolism | [14] |
Flos Lonicerae Japonica and Fructus Forsythiae
| Flower; Fruit | H1N1 | Plasma | GC–MS | Downregulate: 3–4-Dihydroxycinnamic acid, Betamannosylglycerate, Glycine, Hydrocinnamic acid Pathway: Galactose metabolism”; “Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism”; “Synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies” | [59] |
Names | Plants or mineral | Part used | Virus type | Sample material | Detection method | Metabolomics validation (treatment group vs. model group) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Modified Jiu Wei Qiang Huo decoction (MJWQH) |
Notopterygium incisum Ting ex H. T. Chang
| Root or Rootstalk | H1N1 | Serum | LC–MS | Upregulate: l-valine, O-succinyl-l-homoserine, Downregulate: Lauroyl carnitine, Palmitoyl-l carnitine, l-Ornithine, Uric acid, Taurine, l-Leucine, l-Phenylalanine, PGF2α, 20-ethyl-PGE2, Arachidonic acid, Glycerophospho-N-arachidonoyl Ethanolamine | [60] |
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi
| |||||||
Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge
| |||||||
Atractylodes Lancea (Thunb.) DC
| |||||||
Saposhnikovia divaricata (Trucz.) Schischk.
| |||||||
Taraxacum mongolicum Hand. Mazz
| Whole plant | ||||||
Jinxin oral liquid (JOL) |
Ephedra sinica Stapf
| Stem | RSV | Plasma | GC–MS | Upregulate: Glutamine, Glucose, Arachidonic acid Downregulate: Lactic acid, Urea, 1,5-anhydro-d-sorbitol | |
Prunus armeniaca L. var. ansuMaxim
| Seed | ||||||
Urine | GC–MS | Downregulate: Lactic acid, Glycine, Stearic acid, Palmitic acid | |||||
Gypsum Fibrosum
| CaSO4·2H2O | ||||||
Spleen | GC–MS | Upregulate: Glutamic acid Downregulate: Proline, Valine, Urea, Glucose, Hypoxanthine | |||||
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi,
| Root or Rootstalk | Plasma | LC–MS | Upregulate: SM(d18:1/24:1), PC(P-20:0/14:0), LysoPC(16:0),LysoPC(18:0), LysoPC(20:4), LysoPC(18:2), LysoPC(18:1), LysoPC(22:6), Phytosphingosine, Downregulate: TG(18:1/18:1/18:2), PE(18:3/19:0) | |||
Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. etZucc
| |||||||
Morus alba L.
| |||||||
Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn
| Lung | LC–MS | Upregulate: TG(18:1/18:1/18:1), PC(18:2/20:4), TG(18:1/16:0/20:1), PC(22:6/18:2), Choline, LysoPC(18:0), TG(18:1/18:0/20:1), Leucine, LysoPC(16:0), Phytanicacid, Sphinganine, Phenylalanine, LysoPC(18:1), LysoPC(20:4), LysoPC(18:2), LysoPE(16:0) | ||||
Lepidium apetalum
| Seed | ||||||
Mahuang Xixin Fuzi decoction (MXF) |
Ephedra sinica Stapf
| Stem | H1N1 | Feces | LC–MS | Upregulate: Phosphatidylcholine, Pyridoxal, Lysophosphatidylcholine, Succinic acid, Melatonin Downregulate: Phosphatidylethanolamine, Phosphatidylserine, Oxalacetic acid, l-kynurenine | [61] |
Asarum sieboldii Miq.
| Root or Rootstalk | ||||||
Aconitum carmichaeli Debx.
| |||||||
Pudilan Xiaoyan Oral Liquid (PDL) | Taraxacum mongolicum Hand-Mazz | Whole plant | H1N1 | Lung | GC–MS | Upregulate: Cytidine, Gluconic acid, Methionine, Xanthine, Xanthosine Downregulate: β-hydroxybutyric acid, Glutaric acid, Sucrose, Thymine, Uridine, Pipecolinic acid, Putrescine | [62] |
Viola yedoensis Makino
| |||||||
Isatis indigotica Fort
| Root | ||||||
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi
| Root |