Background
Methods
Design and study population
Ethics and consent
Availability of data and materials
Measurements
Objectively measured BMI, fat percentage and waist circumference
Objectively measured sitting time and time spent in moderate-vigorous physical activity
Exposure variation analysis (EVA) of sitting time
Potential confounders
Statistical analysis
Results
Variables | Number | Percent | Mean | SD |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 205 | 44.8 | 9.7 | |
Gender | ||||
Males | 120 | 59 | ||
Females | 85 | 41 | ||
Influence at work in 0–100 % | 203 | 44.0 | 23.5 | |
Alcohol (number of units/week)a
| 201 | 1.5 | 2.5 | |
Smokers | 84 | 43 | ||
Poor dietary habits [1(daily)-4(rarely)] | 202 | 2.6 | 0.9 | |
Daily | 28 | 14 | ||
3–4 times/week | 54 | 27 | ||
1–2 times/week | 85 | 42 | ||
Rarely | 35 | 17 | ||
BMI (kg/m2) | 205 | 26.4 | 5.0 | |
Fat percentage | 201 | 25.4 | 9.9 | |
Waist circumference (cm) | 205 | 92.5 | 13.6 | |
MVPA (h/day) | 205 | 2.0 | 0.8 | |
Total measured time (h/day) | 205 | 16.7 | 1.5 | |
Valid days of measurements | 205 | 2.5 | 1.1 | |
Total sitting time in whole day (h/day) | 205 | 8.4 | 2.4 | |
LB in whole day (h/day) | 205 | 3.2 | 1.8 | |
MB in whole day (h/day) | 205 | 4.1 | 1.2 | |
BB in whole day (h/day) | 205 | 1.2 | 0.6 | |
Total sitting time during work (h/day) | 205 | 3.1 | 1.5 | |
LB during work (h/day) | 205 | 0.6 | 0.8 | |
MB during work (h/day) | 205 | 1.9 | 0.9 | |
BB during work (h/day) | 205 | 0.7 | 0.4 | |
Total sitting time during leisure (h/day) | 198 | 5.8 | 1.9 | |
LB during leisure (h/day) | 198 | 2.9 | 1.6 | |
MB during leisure (h/day) | 198 | 2.4 | 0.9 | |
BB during leisure (h/day) | 198 | 0.6 | 0.3 |
Association of sitting time variables with obesity indicators
Variable | Model | Whole day (n = 205) | Work (n = 205) | Leisure (n = 198) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | Low 95%CI | High 95 % CI | P | B | Low 95%CI | High 95 % CI | P | B | Low 95 % CI | High 95 % CI | P | ||
BMI
| |||||||||||||
Total sitting time | 1 | 0.05 | −0.24 | 0.34 | 0.74 | −0.16 | −0.64 | 0.31 | 0.50 | 0.30 | −0.07 | 0.67 | 0.11 |
2 | 0.23 | −0.22 | 0.67 | 0.32 | −0.03 | −0.66 | 0.60 | 0.92 | 0.63 | −0.14 | 1.40 | 0.11 | |
3 | −0.02 | −0.65 | 0.62 | 0.95 |
0.65
|
−0.13
|
1.43
|
0.10
| |||||
LB (>30min) | 1 | 0.22 | −0.17 | 0.61 | 0.27 | 0.48 | −0.43 | 1.39 | 0.30 | 0.32 | −0.13 | 0.77 | 0.16 |
2 | 0.44 | −0.11 | 0.99 | 0.12 |
0.96
|
−0.14
|
2.06
|
0.09
| 0.29 | −0.34 | 0.91 | 0.37 | |
3 | 0.41 | −0.26 | 1.09 | 0.23 |
1.33
|
0.05
|
2.62
|
0.04
| −0.15 | −1.03 | 0.73 | 0.74 | |
4 |
1.32
|
0.04
|
2.61
|
0.04
| −0.12 | −1.00 | 0.75 | 0.78 | |||||
MB (>5 and ≤30 mins) | 1 | 0.11 | −0.44 | 0.67 | 0.68 | −0.18 | −0.94 | 0.58 | 0.64 | 0.42 | −0.33 | 1.17 | 0.27 |
2 | 0.21 | −0.42 | 0.85 | 0.51 | −0.10 | −1.04 | 0.85 | 0.84 | 0.44 | −0.51 | 1.39 | 0.36 | |
3 | 0.04 | −0.74 | 0.82 | 0.92 | −0.15 | −1.69 | 1.38 | 0.84 | 0.30 | −0.66 | 1.27 | 0.53 | |
4 | −0.17 | −1.71 | 1.37 | 0.83 | 0.30 | −0.67 | 1.27 | 0.55 | |||||
BB (≤5 mins) | 1 |
−1.72
|
−2.89
|
−0.55
|
<0.01
|
−2.59
|
−4.17
|
−1.01
|
<0.01
| −1.15 | −3.56 | 1.27 | 0.35 |
2 |
−1.59
|
−2.96
|
−0.21
|
0.02
|
−2.37
|
−4.11
|
−0.62
|
0.01
| −1.53 | −4.58 | 1.52 | 0.32 | |
3 |
−2.31
|
−3.81
|
−0.80
|
<0.01
|
−3.17
|
−5.21
|
−1.14
|
<0.01
| −1.27 | −4.33 | 1.79 | 0.41 | |
4 |
−3.06
|
−5.11
|
−1.01
|
<0.01
| −0.90 | −3.94 | 2.14 | 0.56 | |||||
Waist circumference
| |||||||||||||
Total sitting time | 1 | 0.00 | −0.71 | 0.72 | 0.99 | −0.22 | −1.41 | 0.97 | 0.71 | 0.46 | −0.48 | 1.39 | 0.34 |
2 | 0.05 | −1.08 | 1.18 | 0.93 | −0.10 | −1.69 | 1.49 | 0.90 |
1.80
|
−0.14
|
3.73
|
0.07
| |
3 | −0.05 | −1.64 | 1.54 | 0.95 |
1.79
|
−0.17
|
3.76
|
0.07
| |||||
LB (>30min) | 1 | 0.71 | −0.27 | 1.68 | 0.15 | 1.89 | −0.38 | 4.16 | 0.10 | 0.84 | −0.28 | 1.97 | 0.14 |
2 |
1.19
|
−0.20
|
2.58
|
0.09
|
3.22
|
0.46
|
5.98
|
0.02
| 1.19 | −0.39 | 2.76 | 0.14 | |
3 |
1.71
|
0.01
|
3.40
|
0.05
|
4.48
|
1.28
|
7.67
|
0.01
| 0.32 | −1.91 | 2.54 | 0.78 | |
4 |
4.39
|
1.20
|
7.59
|
0.01
| 0.39 | −1.81 | 2.59 | 0.73 | |||||
MB (>5 and ≤30 mins) | 1 | −0.02 | −1.40 | 1.36 | 0.98 | −0.07 | −1.97 | 1.83 | 0.94 | 0.20 | −1.68 | 2.08 | 0.83 |
2 | −0.07 | −1.68 | 1.53 | 0.93 | −0.48 | −2.85 | 1.90 | 0.69 | 0.71 | −1.69 | 3.11 | 0.56 | |
3 | −0.17 | −2.14 | 1.80 | 0.86 | −0.94 | −4.80 | 2.92 | 0.63 | 0.30 | −2.13 | 2.73 | 0.81 | |
4 | −0.96 | −4.83 | 2.91 | 0.62 | 0.32 | −2.13 | 2.76 | 0.80 | |||||
BB (≤5 mins) | 1 |
−6.42
|
−9.27
|
−3.56
|
<0.01
|
−8.23
|
−12.12
|
−4.33
|
<0.01
|
−7.23
|
−13.20
|
−1.27
|
0.02
|
2 |
−6.64
|
−10.02
|
−3.26
|
<0.01
|
−7.37
|
−11.71
|
−3.02
|
<0.01
|
−7.56
|
−15.19
|
0.08
|
0.05
| |
3 |
−8.19
|
−11.90
|
−4.49
|
<0.01
|
−9.87
|
−14.91
|
−4.83
|
<0.01
|
−6.85
|
−14.49
|
0.80
|
0.08
| |
4 |
−9.33
|
−14.38
|
−4.27
|
<0.01
| −5.72 | −13.26 | 1.82 | 0.14 | |||||
Fat percentage
| |||||||||||||
Total sitting time | 1 | −0.08 | −0.49 | 0.34 | 0.72 | −0.54 | −1.22 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.27 | −0.27 | 0.82 | 0.32 |
2 | 0.27 | −0.38 | 0.91 | 0.41 | −0.37 | −1.28 | 0.54 | 0.42 |
0.96
|
−0.14
|
2.07
|
0.09
| |
3 | −0.35 | −1.26 | 0.56 | 0.45 |
0.93
|
−0.19
|
2.05
|
0.10
| |||||
LB (>30min) | 1 | 0.11 | −0.46 | 0.68 | 0.71 | 0.10 | −1.23 | 1.42 | 0.88 | 0.15 | −0.52 | 0.82 | 0.67 |
2 | 0.42 | −0.38 | 1.22 | 0.30 | 0.42 | −1.18 | 2.02 | 0.61 | 0.19 | −0.72 | 1.10 | 0.68 | |
3 | 0.34 | −0.64 | 1.32 | 0.49 | 1.05 | −0.83 | 2.93 | 0.27 | −0.72 | −1.99 | 0.54 | 0.26 | |
4 | 1.04 | −0.84 | 2.93 | 0.28 | −0.70 | −1.96 | 0.56 | 0.28 | |||||
MB (>5 and ≤30 mins) | 1 | 0.15 | −0.65 | 0.96 | 0.71 | −0.52 | −1.63 | 0.59 | 0.35 |
0.90
|
−0.16
|
1.97
|
0.09
|
2 | 0.58 | −0.34 | 1.50 | 0.21 | −0.03 | −1.41 | 1.35 | 0.97 |
1.30
|
−0.05
|
2.65
|
0.06
| |
3 | 0.54 | −0.59 | 1.66 | 0.35 | 1.09 | −1.15 | 3.32 | 0.34 | 1.10 | −0.27 | 2.48 | 0.12 | |
4 | 1.09 | −1.14 | 3.32 | 0.34 | 1.11 | −0.27 | 2.50 | 0.11 | |||||
BB (≤5 mins) | 1 |
−2.92
|
−4.57
|
−1.26
|
<0.01
|
−4.20
|
−6.44
|
−1.95
|
<0.01
| −2.40 | −5.83 | 1.03 | 0.17 |
2 |
−2.73
|
−4.68
|
−0.78
|
0.01
|
−3.88
|
−6.36
|
−1.39
|
<0.01
| −2.78 | −7.13 | 1.57 | 0.21 | |
3 |
−3.78
|
−5.91
|
−1.65
|
<0.01
|
−4.57
|
−7.47
|
−1.66
|
<0.01
| −2.40 | −6.75 | 1.96 | 0.28 | |
4 |
−4.30
|
−7.22
|
−1.38
|
<0.01
| −1.77 | −6.07 | 2.52 | 0.42 |