Introduction
Method
Participants
Procedure and ethics
Measurements
Socio-demographic and work characteristics
Stress and health symptom scale
Maslach burnout inventory-general survey (MBI-GS [12, 27]
Areas of Worklife scale (AWS) [18, 26]
Results
Psychometric features of the MBI-GS and AWS scale
Factors / items | ω | Mn | SD | skew | kurt | item-r | λ | δ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exhaustion (0–30) | 0.93 | 8.80 | 7.46 | |||||
Emotional damage | 1.92 | 1.68 | −0.76 | − 0.33 | 0.85 | 0.87 | 0.13 | |
Feelings after work | 2.16 | 1.73 | −0.68 | − 0.45 | 0.75 | 0.73 | 0.27 | |
Low energy level | 1.72 | 1.72 | −1.12 | 0.42 | 0.80 | 0.84 | 0.16 | |
Work as an effort | 1.06 | 1.65 | −1.70 | 1.97 | 0.74 | 0.83 | 0.17 | |
Burned out | 1.94 | 1.89 | −1.62 | 1.62 | 0.75 | 0.83 | 0.17 | |
Cinicism (0–30) | 0.88 | 7.58 | 7.13 | |||||
Low interest | 1.10 | 1.69 | 1.62 | 1.64 | 0.74 | 0.84 | 0.16 | |
Low enthusiasm | 1.47 | 1.71 | 1.18 | 0.39 | 0.67 | 0.79 | 0.21 | |
Low commitment | 2.54 | 2.24 | 0.37 | −1.35 | 0.39 | 0.44 | 0.56 | |
No significance | 1.25 | 1.78 | 1.36 | 0.72 | 0.72 | 0.79 | 0.21 | |
More cynical | 1.21 | 1.80 | 1.43 | 0.96 | 0.68 | 0.74 | 0.26 | |
Efficacy (0–36) | 0.80 | 25.00 | 6.79 | |||||
Effectiveness | 4.19 | 1.81 | −0.91 | −0.10 | 0.43 | 0.41 | 0.59 | |
Contribution | 4.36 | 1.68 | −1.02 | 0.33 | 0.55 | 0.56 | 0.44 | |
Self-evaluation | 4.52 | 1.58 | −1.13 | 0.77 | 0.56 | 0.60 | 0.40 | |
Exhilaration | 3.69 | 1.89 | −0.43 | −0.90 | 0.49 | 0.72 | 0.28 | |
Accomplishment | 3.50 | 1.79 | −0.38 | − 0.78 | 0.43 | 0.57 | 0.43 | |
Self-confidence | 4.73 | 1.49 | −1.26 | 1.14 | 0.44 | 0.51 | 0.49 |
Factors / items | ω | Mn | SD | skew | kurt | item-r | λ | δ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Workloada (5–30) | 0.74 | 18.67 | 4.63 | |||||
No time to do work | 3.39 | 1.22 | −0.22 | −0.93 | 0.49 | 0.52 | 0.48 | |
Prolonged periods | 2.51 | 1.19 | 0.56 | −0.66 | 0.37 | 0.36 | 0.64 | |
Too tired after work | 2.81 | 1.30 | 0.17 | −1.14 | 0.52 | 0.61 | 0.39 | |
No personal interest | 3.24 | 1.23 | −0.14 | −0.94 | 0.53 | 0.79 | 0.21 | |
Enough time | 3.43 | 1.10 | −0.53 | −0.36 | 0.36 | 0.55 | 0.45 | |
Work left behind | 3.29 | 1.40 | −0.28 | −1.22 | 0.23 | 0.26 | 0.74 | |
Control (3–15) | 0.68 | 9.45 | 2.69 | |||||
Have control | 3.48 | 1.18 | −0.61 | −0.39 | 0.46 | 0.53 | 0.47 | |
Influence | 3.08 | 1.22 | −0.29 | −0.87 | 0.47 | 0.60 | 0.40 | |
Autonomy | 2.90 | 1.16 | −0.08 | −0.82 | 0.39 | 0.67 | 0.33 | |
Reward (4–20) | 0.78 | 13.09 | 3.44 | |||||
Recognition | 3.13 | 1.19 | −0.40 | −0.80 | 0.59 | 0.74 | 0.26 | |
Appreciated | 3.53 | 0.99 | −0.86 | 0.56 | 0.44 | 0.66 | 0.44 | |
Unnoticed | 3.19 | 1.18 | −0.24 | −0.90 | 0.64 | 0.67 | 0.33 | |
Not recognized | 3.25 | 1.18 | −0.30 | −0.80 | 0.51 | 0.57 | 0.43 | |
Community (5–25) | 0.77 | 17.69 | 3.92 | |||||
People trust | 3.61 | 1.03 | −0.77 | 0.33 | 0.49 | 0.62 | 0.38 | |
Supportive group | 3.47 | 1.15 | −0.78 | − 0.14 | 0.37 | 0.58 | 0.42 | |
Cooperation | 3.53 | 1.17 | −0.74 | − 0.17 | 0.63 | 0.73 | 0.27 | |
Communication | 3.45 | 1.17 | −0.69 | − 0.41 | 0.67 | 0.74 | 0.26 | |
Not close to others | 3.63 | 1.22 | −0.63 | − 0.55 | 0.26 | 0.30 | 0.70 | |
Fairness (6–30) | 0.78 | 18.44 | 4.77 | |||||
Resources | 3.13 | 1.14 | −0.42 | −0.43 | 0.47 | 0.56 | 0.44 | |
Opportunities | 2.79 | 1.14 | −0.06 | −0.75 | 0.48 | 0.55 | 0.45 | |
Appeal procedures | 3.00 | 1.10 | −0.26 | −0.55 | 0.47 | 0.65 | 0.35 | |
Fair treat | 3.02 | 1.23 | −0.25 | −0.93 | 0.66 | 0.77 | 0.23 | |
Favoritism | 3.30 | 1.21 | −0.24 | −0.85 | 0.42 | 0.49 | 0.51 | |
Acquaintance | 3.19 | 1.31 | −0.17 | −1.10 | 0.46 | 0.49 | 0.51 | |
Values (5–25) | 0.77 | 17.55 | 3.77 | |||||
Similarity | 3.08 | 1.15 | −0.29 | −0.64 | 0.48 | 0.67 | 0.33 | |
Influence | 3.60 | 1.02 | −0.77 | 0.35 | 0.51 | 0.54 | 0.46 | |
Consistency | 3.09 | 1.14 | −0.18 | −0.64 | 0.58 | 0.70 | 0.30 | |
Quality | 3.78 | 1.10 | −0.94 | 0.33 | 0.50 | 0.56 | 0.44 | |
Commitment | 4.00 | 1.07 | −0.97 | 0.42 | 0.34 | 0.44 | 0.56 |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Workloada | 1 | |||||
2. Control | 0.32 | 1 | ||||
3. Reward | 0.50 | 0.56 | 1 | |||
4. Community | 0.33 | 0.55 | 0.64 | 1 | ||
5. Fairness | 0.38 | 0.62 | 0.64 | 0.65 | 1 | |
6. Values | 0.45 | 0.65 | 0.67 | 0.58 | 0.81 | 1 |
Explanatory power of the AWLS on burnout
Models/variables | Ry.123 | adj-R2y.123 | F (df1 / df2) | pa | Se |
Exhaustion | 0.49 | 0.23 | 21.80 (6 / 418) | < 0.001 | 6.51 |
Cynicism | 0.31 | 0.08 | 7.1 (6 / 418) | < 0.001 | 6.84 |
Efficacy | 0.44 | 0.18 | 16.9 (6 / 418) | < 0.001 | 5.10 |
r | Ry3.12 | B (95% CI) | Beta | pb | |
Exhaustion | |||||
Workloadc | −0.46 | −0.40 | −0.65 (−0.80 – −0.51) | −0.41 | < 0.001 |
Control | −0.21 | − 0.06 | −0.17 (− 0.43–0.10) | −0.06 | 0.217 |
Reward | −0.24 | − 0.01 | −0.02 (− 0.25–0.21) | −0.01 | 0.887 |
Community | −0.21 | − 0.04 | −0.08 (− 0.27–0.11) | −0.04 | 0.410 |
Fairness | −0.25 | − 0.07 | −0.13 (− 0.30–0.05) | −0.08 | 0.159 |
Values | −0.24 | − 0.02 | −0.05 (− 0.28–0.17) | −0.03 | 0.635 |
Cynicism | |||||
Workloadc | −0.22 | − 0.13 | −0.21 (− 0.36 – − 0.06) | −0.14 | 0.007 |
Control | −0.15 | − 0.03 | −0.08 (− 0.36–0.20) | − 0.03 | 0.571 |
Reward | −0.25 | − 0.10 | −0.25 (− 0.49 – − 0.01) | −0.12 | 0.041 |
Community | −0.22 | − 0.08 | −0.17 (− 0.37–0.04) | −0.09 | 0.106 |
Fairness | −0.19 | − 0.03 | −0.07 (− 0.25–0.12) | −0.04 | 0.482 |
Values | −0.18 | − 0.01 | −0.01 (− 0.24–0.23) | −0.01 | 0.947 |
Efficacy | |||||
Workloadc | −0.07 | −0.19 | − 0.23 (− 0.34 – − 0.12) | − 0.19 | < 0.001 |
Control | 0.25 | 0.13 | 0.28 (0.08 – 0.49) | 0.14 | 0.008 |
Reward | 0.13 | −0.09 | − 0.16 (− 0.34 – 0.02) | − 0.05 | 0.076 |
Community | 0.29 | 0.22 | 0.35 (0.20 – 0.50) | 0.25 | < 0.001 |
Fairness | 0.22 | 0.01 | 0.01 (− 0.13 – 0.14) | 0.01 | 0.953 |
Values | 0.29 | 0.19 | 0.35 (0.17 – 0.52) | 0.24 | < 0.001 |
Socio-demographic and labour features and the AWLS
Sex, male | 247 (54.6%) |
Agea (range = 8–60) | 36.6 (10.03) |
Relationships, no | 110 (24.4%) |
Children, none | 95 (20.9%) |
Business | |
Restaurant | 170 (37.6%) |
Hotel | 282 (62.4%) |
Level | |
Employee | 403 (89.2%) |
Manager | 49 (10.8%) |
Contract | |
Permanent | 326 (72.2%) |
Temporary | 126 (27.8%) |
Stress symptomsa (range = 0–30) | 5.32 (3.88) |
Giving-up ideas, no | 387 (85.5%) |
Absenteeism, no | 337 (74.6%) |
Variables (ref.) | Sex (male) | Age (continuous) | Partner (no) | Children (none) | Business (Restaurant) | Level (employee) | Contract (permanent) | Stress symptoms (continuous) | Give-up (no) | Absenteeism (no) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Workloada | ||||||||||
raw | 0.72 (0.45–1.16) | 0.96 (0.94–0.98) | 1.15 (0.66–1.99) | 0.45 (0.23–0.89) | 0.75 (0.47–1.20) | 0.17 (0.08–0.35) | 0.24 (0.15–0.40) | 0.77 (0.70–0.85) | 1.75 (0.97–3.17) | 1.18 (0.63–2.23) |
adj. | – | 0.98 (0.94–1.02) | – | 0.60 (0.26–1.42) | – | 0.28 (0.10–0.78) | 0.45 (0.21–0.96) | 0.83 (0.73–0.94) | – | – |
Control | ||||||||||
raw | 1.13 (0.71–1.80) | 1.00 (0.98–1.03) | 1.67 (0.92–3.03) | 1.35 (0.63–2.91) | 0.47 (0.52–1.36) | 1.80 (1.10–2.95) | 0.81 (0.48–1.36) | 0.91 (0.84–0.98) | 1.12 (0.59–2.14) | 1.78 (0.99–3.21) |
adj | – | – | – | – | – | 2.08 (1.25–3.48) | – | 0.86 (0.79–0.94) | – | – |
Reward | ||||||||||
raw | 0.75 (0.43–1.30) | 0.97 (0.94–0.99) | 1.11 (0.57–2.15) | 0.51 (0.24–1.10) | 0.73 (0.42–1.25) | 0.87 (0.48–1.59) | 1.78 (0.99–3.18) | 0.81 (0.73–0.90) | 0.60 (0.43–0.83) | 1.30 (0.63–2.69) |
adj | – | 0.96 (0.93–1.00) | – | – | – | – | 1.59 (0.82–3.08) | 0.84 (0.75–0.93) | 0.57 (0.40–0.83) | – |
Community | ||||||||||
raw | 1.15 (0.75–1.78) | 0.96 (0.94–0.99) | 1.41 (0.82–2.44) | 0.63 (0.32–1.25) | 1.10 (0.70–1.74) | 1.00 (0.63–1.62) | 1.66 (1.04–2.67) | 0.87 (0.81–0.94) | 0.79 (0.41–1.52) | 0.63 (0.34–1.17) |
adj | – | 0.96 (0.93–0.98) | – | – | – | – | 1.26 (0.75–2.12) | 0.87 (0.80–0.94) | – | – |
Fairness | ||||||||||
raw | 1.11 (0.71–1.74) | 1.00 (0.98–1.03) | 2.12 (1.15–3.93) | 0.82 (0.42–1.62) | 0.98 (0.62–1.55) | 7.57 (3.65–15.72) | 0.93 (0.56–1.55) | 0.89 (0.82–0.95) | 0.48 (0.36–0.64) | 1.36 (0.77–2.41) |
adj | – | – | 1.41 (0.74–2.71) | – | – | 1.60 (0.95–2.70) | – | 0.89 (0.82–0.97) | 0.56 (0.41–0.77) | – |
Values | ||||||||||
raw | 1.23 (0.79–1.93) | 1.00 (0.98–1.03) | 1.17 (0.67–2.03) | 0.95 (0.48–1.90) | 0.66 (0.42–1.05) | 4.16 (2.05–8.44) | 0.95 (0.56–1.61) | 0.90 (0.84–0.97) | 0.47 (0.35–0.63) | 1.08 (0.59–1.97) |
adj. | – | – | – | – | – | 2.51 (1.16–5.45) | – | 0.92 (0.85–0.99) | 0.55 (0.39–0.75) | – |