No consensus exists on the outcome-related factors of interval debulking surgery (IDS) in patients with advanced high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HG-SOC) who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). This study aimed to explore the optimal timing for IDS and the prognosis-associated factors of International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage IIIc to IV HG-SOC patients.
Methods
A total of 160 IIIc to IV stage HG-SOC patients were retrospectively analyzed. Patients with large volume ascites underwent NAC and subsequent IDS from the Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research between 1993 and 2013. The outcome of IDS-associated factors was explored by logistic regression. To predict IDS outcome, the potential values of serum CA-125 levels and CA-125 decreasing kinetics were determined by the receiver operating characteristic curve. The associations between survival durations and covariates were assessed by Cox proportional hazards model and log-rank test.
Results
Optimal IDS was achieved in 80.6% of HG-SOC patients who underwent NAC. Multivariate analyses revealed that ascites regression (p = 0.01), serum CA-125 level (p = 0.02), and CA-125 decreasing kinetics (p = 0.01) were independent optimal IDS predictors. CA-125 decreasing kinetics, IDS outcome, and ascites volume were independently associated with overall survival (OS) (p = 0.04, p < 0.01, p = 0.03, respectively) and progression-free survival (PFS) (p < 0.01, p < 0.01, p = 0.02, respectively). Patients who exhibited disappearance of ascites (<500 ml) had longer PFS (19.7 months vs.14.9 months) and OS (32.1 months vs. 26.0 months) than patients who exhibited residual ascites (≥500 ml). Subsets with higher CA-125 decreasing kinetics (≥2.2) had longer PFS (21.4 months vs.13.1 months) and OS (29.6 months vs.26.8 months) than counterparts (kinetics < 2.2).
Conclusions
Ascites regression and CA-125 decreasing kinetics were independently associated with surgical outcome and prognosis in advanced HG-SOC patients who underwent NAC.
Abkürzungen
EOC
Epithelial ovarian cancer
IDS
Interval cytoreduction surgery
NAC
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy
OS
Overall survival
PDS
Primary debulking surgery
PFS
Progression free survival
Background
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most lethal gynecological cancer in North America, Western Europe, and China [1, 2]; its mortality rate has insignificantly decreased since the 1970s [3]. A total of 41,516 EOC cases were registered in China in 2011[4]. In 2015, EOC resulted in an estimated 21,290 cases and 14,180 deaths in the United States [5].
EOC is a heterogeneous tumor group, with high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HG-SOC) as the archetype and main cause of the high fatality rate [6]. The treatment outcome of HG-SOC is very poor because this disease is most commonly diagnosed in advanced stages at initial treatment. The current standard therapeutic strategy for advanced ovarian cancer is maximum primary debulking surgery (PDS) followed by frontline taxane plus carboplatin chemotherapy. Cytoreduction aims to achieve optimal debulking, as the amount of residual tumor after this procedure is one of the most important prognostic factors for the survival of women with HG-SOC. Over the past 30 years, the definition of optimal cytoreduction has changed from residual tumors <1–2 cm to absent macroscopic disease [7‐11].
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An optimal surgical procedure is not always possible for patients with advanced-stage HG-SOC (IIIc to IV) with poor performance status or medical contraindications. Morever, extensive internal organ resection and major blood loss are associated with a high risk of morbidity. To reduce the patient’s tumor burden and improve therapeutic effect by allowing further surgery, surgeons investigated the possibility of reducing tumor size with two to four cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). No consensus exists on the optimal timing indicators for interval cytoreduction surgery (IDS) in advanced ovarian cancer, including tumor markers, ascites volume, imaging information, and patients’ status [12, 13].
Women who have a high perioperative risk profile or a low likelihood of achieving cytoreduction to <1 cm (ideally to no visible disease) were suggested to receive NAC. Chemotherapy may increase the ratio of patients suitable for IDS; the rates of optimal resection in IDS after induction chemotherapy had been reported to range from 77 to 94% [14‐19]. Patients who underwent IDS after NAC had lower morbidity, lower requirement of intensive care unit admission, lower duration of hospital stay, and higher quality of life than the patients who underwent PDS.
A consensus exists that a complete resection of all macroscopic disease (at PDS or IDS) is an independent predictor of progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Unlike the advantages for resectability and response rates demonstrated by most studies, there is no evidence of survival advantage demonstrating that NAC followed by IDS is inferior to the gold standard procedure, and the role of NAC has been debated for years [20, 21]. Different EOC subtypes have distinct clinical characteristics and prognosis [6, 22‐25]. Furthermore, different research methods utilized distinct recruitment standards that varied from one to another in terms of ascites volume, gross tumor burden, and the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage. No published comparative study currently exists on these issues in HG-SOC. Therefore, evaluating the value of platinum-based NAC in a large HG-SOC sub-population is urgently needed.
In the present study, we retrospectively analyzed clinicopathological factors in patients with HG-SOC who received NAC/IDS at the Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research (JICR, PRC).
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Methods
Study population
A retrospective chart review was conducted to identify all patients diagnosed with HG-SOC treated at the JICR from January 1, 1993 to December 31, 2013. The analysis included all the patients treated at the institution during that period and who met the recruitment standards.
Multidisciplinary team (MDT) consists of two gynecologic oncologists, two pathologists, one radiologist and one medical oncologist was set to indentify women with a high perioperative risk profile or a low likelihood of achieving optimal cytoreduction should receive NAC. Before NAC is delivered, 76 patients have histologic confirmation of an invasive ovarian, fallopian tube, or peritoneal cancer from core biopsy. In exceptional cases, when a biopsy cannot be performed, cytologic evaluation combined with a serum CA-125 to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) ratio >25 is acceptable to confirm the primary diagnosis in 62 cases. In other 22 cases with CA-125 to CEA ratio was 25 or lower, patients had to have an additional barium enema or colonoscopy, gastroscopy or radiologic examination of the stomach, and mammography to rule out a potential metastatic primary malignancy. Under these criteria, the incidence of other malignancies confirmed by IDS was 5%; and only 8 patients were excluded in further analysis.
The recruit criteria of the present study were as follows: patients must be histological confirmed stage IIIc to IV ovarian, fallopian tube, or peritoneal high-grade serous cancer by IDS; An additional inclusion criterion of large volume ascites estimated by ultrasound and confirmed by surgical procedure was set to observe the regression of ascites by NAC (35 frailty cases underwent slow-release evacuation procedure before NAC treatment for the intolerable abdominal distension were excluded); patients who underwent PDS were excluded; patients who underwent non-platinum NAC were excluded; patients who did not undergo entire primary therapy procedure were excluded; patients with preoperative serum CA-125 levels < = 35 U/ml were excluded; laparoscopic proved HG-SOCs were excluded. The number of NAC cycles was administered based on the MDT’s decision. During 1993–1997, cisplatin (50 mg/m2), farmorubicin (50 mg/m2), and a cyclophosphamide (500 mg/m2) combined regime was administrated to 18 HG-SOCs every 3 weeks. After 1997, 142 cases underwent carboplatinum (area under the curve 5–6) and paclitaxel (135–175 mg/m2) regime every 3 weeks. An IDS was scheduled approximately 2 to 4 weeks after NAC. Patients were then treated with at least three to four additional chemotherapy cycles with the same regimen as NAC. Disease progression was evaluated by computed tomography (CT, all cases)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI, 49 cases) or positron emission tomography imaging (PET/CT, 25 cases) of the abdomen and pelvis before initiating of frontline or second-line chemotherapy. The patients’ follow-up plan after the completion of primary treatment included clinical assessment and serum marker measurement, as mentioned previously [22‐24].
Clinicopathological characteristics
The clinicopathological data of the patients were reviewed and the following data were collected: age; tumor grade; histology; tumor stage; serum CA-125 and CEA levels during diagnosis, therapy, and follow-up; NAC regime, courses, and clinical or pathological responses; optimality of cytoreductive surgery; and disease status at the last follow-up. Ascites volume was estimated by ultrasound and confirmed by surgical procedure. Regression was defined by as an ascites volume < 500 ml. CA-125 decreasing kinetics was defined as the ratio of the initial serum CA-125 level divided by the preoperative serum CA-125 level. Surgical staging followed the FIGO system. Optimal cytoreduction was defined as the absence of macroscopic disease on the completion of the surgical procedure.
OS was defined as the length of time from diagnosis to death, or to the last follow-up examination of patients who are still alive. PFS was defined as the time interval from primary treatment where in the patient’s condition did not worsen. Clinical response of administration, including NAC, IDS, and adjuvant chemotherapy, was defined according to the standards of the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors [26]. The pathology of all patients was initially reviewed by pathologists from JICR (Hou and Xu). A panel of pathologic markers was routinely measured. This study was approved by the ethics committee of the Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research. Informed consent was obtained from all involved participants.
Statistical analysis
The association between survival and adjuvant chemotherapy regime, courses, and therapy response was assessed by the Cox proportional hazards model. The multivariate model was constructed by step-wise regression techniques. P-values of less than 0.05 were considered to be significant. Survival distributions were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method, and statistical significance was determined by log-rank test and Cox’s proportional hazard model analysis. Optimal IDS-related potential factors were explored by logistic regression analysis. All data manipulation and statistical analysis were performed by SPSS software v16 (SPSS for Windows, Rel.16. Chicago: SPSS Inc.).
Results
Patient characteristics
Among the 382 patients with advanced stage HG-SOC with large volume of ascites underwent entire primary therapy procedure in JICR, 160 (41.9%) patients received NAC and IDS, meeting the study criteria; 129 (80.1%) patients received subsequent optimal debulking surgery; and 31 patients received suboptimal debulking surgery (macroscopic residual disease). The median number of NAC cycles was 3 (range, 2 to 4). The clinicopathological characteristics of recruited cases are described in Table 1. The median follow-up duration of the survivors was 45 months (interquartile range, 38.2 to 56.4 months).
Table 1
Patient characteristics of the study population
Characteristic
Median
Percentage/range
Age (years)
62.2
36–82
Initial CA-125 level (U/mL)
920
41–24440
CA-125 decreasing kinetics
2.2
0.9–28.6
Tumor sites a
< = 3
38
23.7%
> 3
122
76.3%
Preoperative ascites
< 500 ml
88
55.0%
> =500 ml
72
45.0%
Surgical residual
No macroscopic focus
129
80.6%
1–2 cm
6
3.8%
> 2 cm
23
14.4%
Unknown
2
1.3%
FIGO stage b
IIIc
133
83.1%
IV
27
16.9%
Tumor sites a abdomen is divided into four quadrants according to the belly button
FIGO b the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics
Predictors of optimal IDS
The optimal IDS subset had a median preoperative serum CA-125 level of 445 U/mL (range, 45–730 U/mL) and CA-125 decreasing kinetics of 2.8. The suboptimal IDS group had a median preoperative serum CA-125 of 653 U/mL (range, 41–980 U/mL) and CA-125 decreasing kinetics of 1.7.
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Univariate logistic regression analysis revealed that ascites regression, serum CA-125 level and decreasing kinetics, tumor sites, and patient’s age and status were IDS outcome-related factors (Table 2). Furthermore, we found that ascites regression (p = 0.01), preoperative serum CA-125 level (p = 0.02), and CA-125 decreasing kinetics (p = 0.01) were independent optimal IDS predictors in multivariate analyses (Table 2). Analysis with the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve revealed that CA-125 decreasing kinetics (p = 0.02) and preoperative ascites volume (p < 0.01) might imply optimal IDS (Fig. 1a and b).
Table 2
Logistic regression of optimal IDS associated factors in advanced HG-SOCs
Factors
Univariate
Multivariate
Exp(β)
Sig
Exp(β)
Sig
Age
1.01
0.15
1.00
0.52
Ascites
1.90
0.01
2.20
0.01
Stage
1.4
0.30
1.33
0.18
Tumor sites
1.3
0.22
1.16
0.47
Baseline CA-125
1.13
0.01
1.08
0.35
Preoperative CA-125
1.28
0.00
1.05
0.02
CA-125 decreasing kinetics
2.15
0.01
2.40
0.01
Fig. 1
ROC curve for the outcome of interval cytoreduction surgery by preoperative serum CA-125 level, decreasing kinetics, and ascites volume
×
Ascites regression was associated with prognosis
Using the univariate Cox proportional hazards model, we found that OS and PFS were associated with IDS outcome (p < 0.01 and p < 0.01, respectively), preoperative serum CA-125 level (p = 0.02 and p = 0.04, respectively), CA-125 decreasing kinetics (p < 0.01 and p < 0.01, respectively), and ascites volume (p < 0.01 and p < 0.01, respectively) as shown in Table 3. Multivariate analysis revealed that OS and PFS were independently associated with CA-125 decreasing kinetics (p = 0.04 and p < 0.01, respectively), IDS outcome (p < 0.01 and p < 0.01, respectively), and ascite volume (p = 0.03 and p = 0.02, respectively) as shown in Table 3.
Table 3
Survival-related characteristics in advanced HG-SOCs who underwent NAC/IDS
Variable
Univariate
Multivariate
PFS
OS
PFS
OS
FIGO stage
IV
1.00
(reference)
1.00
(reference)
1.00
(reference)
1.00
(reference)
IIIc
3.03
(0.35–13.66)
4.24
(0.52–6.95)
2.28
(0.30–4.10)
3.57
(0.48–6.46)
Ascites
> =500 ml
1.00
(reference)
1.00
(reference)
1.00
(reference)
1.00
(reference)
< 500 ml
1.82
(1.45–2.85)
1.90
(1.56–2.98)
2.05
(1.40–2.95)
2.02
(1.66–4.08)
Outcome of surgery
Suboptimal
1.00
(reference)
1.00
(reference)
1.00
(reference)
1.00
(reference)
Optimal
1.52
(1.15–2.42)
1.66
(1.22–2.50)
1.93
(1.75–2.84)
2.20
(1.40–4.24)
Tumor sites
> 3
1.00
(reference)
1.00
(reference)
1.00
(reference)
1.00
(reference)
< = 3
1.32
(1.12–1.80)
1.49
(1.25–2.25)
1.26
(0.94–1.74)
1.40
(0.85–2.04)
Baseline CA-125
1.02
(1.01–1.08)
1.03
(1.01–1.08)
1.02
(0.97–1.07)
1.02
(0.98–1.06)
Preoperative CA-125
1.01
(1.00–1.04)
1.01
(1.00–1.04)
1.02
(0.96–1.05)
1.02
(0.96–1.05)
CA-125 decreasing kinetics
1.02
(1.00–1.04)
1.02
(1.00–1.04)
1.01
(1.00–1.04)
1.01
(1.00–1.05)
Ascites regression indicated longer OS durations (32.1 months, 95% confidence interval [CI] 27.1–37.1 vs. 26.0 months, [CI] 22.3–29.6, Fig. 2a) and PFS (19.7 months, [CI] 17.8–21.6 vs. 14.9 months, [CI] 12.5–17.2, Fig. 2b) for patients who underwent IDS. We set the cut-off point at 2.2 for CA-125 decreasing kinetics. Groups with higher CA-125 decreasing kinetics had higher OS (29.6 months, [CI] 26.1–33.0 vs. 26.8 months, [CI] 22.7–30.1) and PFS (21.4 months, [CI] 18.6–24.2 vs. 13.1 months, [CI] 10.8–15.5) durations than groups with lower CA-125 decreasing kinetics (Fig. 3a and b).
Fig. 2
Ascites regression (a, b) is associated with longer OS and PFS in patients with advanced stage HG-SOC who underwent NAC/IDS
Fig. 3
Higher CA-125 decreasing kinetics (a, b) is associated with longer OS and PFS in patients with advanced HG-SOCs who underwent NAC/IDS
×
×
Discussion
Ovarian cancer is not a single disease entity, but rather comprises a heterogeneous group of tumors with distinct clinicopathological characteristics. Inconsistent outcomes regarding the prognostic significance of NAC may be related to the failure to consider tumor grade, histotype, stage, and chemotherapy response [27‐32]. In the current study, we identified optimal IDS and prognosis-related factors in advanced HG-EOC patients who underwent NAC.
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We suggested that patient stratification by ascites regression may be useful in analyzing the surgical timing of NAC in advanced HG-EOC. Based on our previous analysis [22‐24], we assumed that CA-125 decreasing kinetics implied NAC response and followed IDS outcomes. Stratification by serum CA-125 level and CA-125 decreasing kinetics revealed that NAC group patients with preoperative serum CA-125 levels <450 U/ml and decreasing kinetics >2.2 significantly benefited in PFS and OS. This result implied that only selected patients, such as patients with HG-SOC and higher serum CA-125 levels and drastically reduced CA-125 kinetics, may receive survival benefit from NAC. Our data also suggested that biomarkers or other prediction models may be applied to identify target groups that can benefit from NAC. The most intriguing feature of the current data is the trend of the NAC hazard ratio according to the spectrum of preoperative ascites volume. Patients with a large amount of ascites had significantly poorer IDS outcomes compared with patients who exhibited ascites regression. This result suggests that NAC provides superior IDS outcome in a select subset of patients.
In the present cohort, optimal IDS rate was significantly higher in patients with CA-125 decreasing kinetics higher than 2.2 or ascites regression. Therefore, it was naturally expected that the improved optimal resection rate by NAC resulted in improved survival outcome. Reports had repeatedly stated that the improved optimal debulking rate obtained by NAC/IDS cannot directly translate into increased PFS or OS compared with PDS [33‐36]. Although chemotherapy-assisted optimal cytoreduction is not biologically equivalent to optimal surgic al debulking, NAC also aims to increase the optimal resection rate. Our data proved that the patient subset exhibiting ascites regression had as uperior optimal resection rate. Therefore, ascites regression should be regarded as a timing indicator for IDS. Ascites regression may be associated with histotype, chemotherapy response, tumor volume and sites, and even invasion depth [37‐42]. The higher optimal resection rate and chemotherapy response rate accompany by the disappearance of ascites may explain the association between ascites regression and prognosis.
Up to present, there were four randomized clinical trials comparing PDS and NAC followed by IDS for women with advanced ovarian cancer [36, 43‐45]. These trials demonstrated that NAC/IDS was noninferior to PDS with respect to PFS and OS and resulted in a lower incidence of treatment-related morbidity and mortality. In EORTC 55971 [36], residual tumor of 1 cm or less was achieved in 42% of patients in the PDS arm and in 81% of patients in the NAC/IDS arm. Cytoreduction to < =1 cm residual disease was achieved in 41% of patients in the PDS arm and 73% of patients in the NAC/IDS arm (p = 0.0001) in the CHORUS trial [43]. The SCORPION [44, 46] trial found that complete cytoreduction was achieved in 58% of women in the NAC/IDS arm and 46% of women in the PDS arm, with a shorter median operative time in the NAC/IDS arm. In JCOG0602 [45], Optimal debulking proportions in NAC/IDS and PDS were 82 and 37%, respectively. Most of HG-SOCs are sensitive to platinum-based chemotherapy, and optimal debulking proportions increased in patients who underwent NAC. The rate of optimal cytoreduction in our study is up to 80.6%, similar to existing trials. It is very unlikely that an optimal surgical cytoreduction can be achieved in all HG-SOC patients who underwent NAC from literatures to the present study.
This retrospective analysis has several limitations. Firstly, unavoidable selection biases are inherent to its design. Given the long durations of our study, the influence of the administration change such as the emergence of new chemotherapy and molecular target agents, the improvement of disease evaluate strategy is difficult to exclude. The relatively severe recruited criteria may partly eliminate the influence of selected factors. Secondly, the absence of unified recruited standard for NAC/IDS and limited sample size also causes bias though MDT was set to indentify cases. Last but not least, recruited advanced stage HG-SOCs who underwent NAC/IDS were relatively older and comparatively frail. It cannot be translated to all EOCs directly until studies with accurate inclusion and exclusion criteria are available. Overall, given the selection bias of this non-blinded study, the application of these favorable outcomes to all epithelial ovarian carcinoma patients should be with caution.
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Conclusions
Our study supports the emerging evidence that ascites regression in advanced HG-SOCs is a predictor of optimal IDS. Ascites regression should be considered as an independent prognostic factor for both OS and PFS.
Acknowledgments
Not applicable.
Funding
This study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81472441, 81372321, 81672869), Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China (No. BK20131439), six major talent summit (No. 2013-wsn-62).
Availability of data and materials
We would not share the data and material used in this manuscript, because we need them for further research.
Authors’ contributions
XX participated in the design of present study and drafted the manuscript. FD carried out the cases recruit of present study. ML participated in the cases recruit of present study. BR carried out statistical analysis. WG participated in the statistical analysis and drafted the manuscript. XC designed of the study, performed the statistical analysis and revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This retrospective study was approved by the institutional review board of Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, China. The informed consent requirement was waived. The committee’s reference number was Jiangsu Cancer Hospital’s Ethical Committee 2016-219.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Die Hybrid-DRG-Verordnung soll dazu führen, dass mehr chirurgische Eingriffe ambulant durchgeführt werden, wie es in anderen Ländern schon länger üblich ist. Die gleiche Vergütung im ambulanten und stationären Sektor hatten Niedergelassene schon lange gefordert. Aber die Umsetzung bereitet ihnen doch Kopfzerbrechen.
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Frauen mit Belastungsinkontinenz oder Organprolaps sind nach einer Netz-Operation keineswegs beschwerdefrei. Vielmehr scheint die Krankheitslast weiterhin hoch zu sein, sogar höher als von harninkontinenten Frauen, die sich nicht haben operieren lassen.
Die Autorinnen und Autoren einer aktuellen Studie aus Griechenland sind sich einig, dass Bewegungstherapie, einschließlich Übungen zur Stärkung der Bauchmuskulatur und zur Stabilisierung des Rumpfes, eine Diastase recti abdominis postpartum wirksam reduzieren kann. Doch vieles ist noch nicht eindeutig belegt.
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