Background
Methods
Study population
Study variables
Statistical analysis
Propensity score matching
Pattern mixture model analysis
Results
Before Matching | After Matching | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Covariates
|
HAART Naive (N = 555)
|
HAART Users (N = 1271)
|
P-Value
|
HAART Naive (N = 458)
|
HAART Users (N = 458)
|
P-Value
|
Age at baseline
| 38.6 | 38.4 | 0.42 | 38.6 | 38.4 | 0.75 |
Education %
|
<.01
| 0.30 | ||||
Less than high school | 39.8 | 35.5 | 40.8 | 39.1 | ||
Completed high school | 33.2 | 31.2 | 31.7 | 29.5 | ||
College and above | 27.0 | 33.4 | 27.5 | 31.4 | ||
Race %
|
0.02
| 0.35 | ||||
White non-Hispanic | 15.1 | 18.5 | 16.4 | 17.5 | ||
Black non-Hispanic | 62.5 | 53.8 | 60.7 | 56.6 | ||
Hispanic | 3.9 | 3.5 | 4.1 | 3.1 | ||
Others | 18.5 | 24.2 | 18.8 | 22.9 | ||
Annual gross income (>$12,000) %
| 35.0 | 38.9 |
0.02
| 36.9 | 37.6 | 0.84 |
Employment %
| 26.6 | 25.3 | 0.37 | 21.6 | 25.5 | 0.16 |
Insurance %
| 40.2 | 23.4 |
<.01
| 26.6 | 30.8 | 0.17 |
CD4+ cell count
| 533.8 | 301.9 |
<.01
| 339.4 | 344.9 | 0.74 |
Viral Load (log10)
| 3.7 | 4.0 |
<.01
| 4.2 | 4.1 | 0.17 |
AIDS diagnosis %
| 36.4 | 44.3 |
<.01
| 43.2 | 41.9 | 0.69 |
Depression %
| 50.0 | 47.4 | 0.11 | 49.8 | 49.8 | 1.00 |
Number of symptoms
| 1.3 | 1.5 |
0.03
| 1.5 | 1.5 | 0.84 |
Number of outpatient visit
| 3.8 | 5.9 |
<.01
| 5.1 | 4.9 | 0.71 |
Number of hospitalizations
| 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.16 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.43 |
Number of medications
| 2.8 | 3.8 |
<.01
| 3.7 | 3.4 | 0.13 |
Quality of life scores
| ||||||
Physical functioning | 66.2 | 64.1 |
0.03
| 63.1 | 65.5 | 0.23 |
Role functioning | 74.0 | 73.0 | 0.28 | 74.0 | 74.1 | 0.98 |
Energy/Fatigue | 54.1 | 53.0 | 0.20 | 51.6 | 53.1 | 0.39 |
Social functioning | 72.0 | 72.0 | 0.92 | 73.0 | 72.2 | 0.65 |
Cognitive functioning | 76.7 | 78.1 | 0.09 | 78.6 | 77.1 | 0.33 |
Pain | 69.9 | 69.5 | 0.64 | 70.2 | 69.1 | 0.55 |
Emotion well-being | 59.8 | 59.9 | 0.95 | 59.1 | 59.0 | 0.94 |
Perceived health index | 53.7 | 51.6 |
0.01
| 50.8 | 52.2 | 0.40 |
Health rating | 66.4 | 68.1 |
0.02
| 66.9 | 67.1 | 0.89 |
Summary score | 63.2 | 62.3 | 0.19 | 61.9 | 62.5 | 0.65 |
Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 3c | Model 4d | Model 5e | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Effect
|
P-Value
|
Effect
|
P-Value
|
Effect
|
P-Value
|
Effect
|
P-Value
|
Effect
|
P-Value
| ||
Summary QOL Score
| Short-Term HAART Effect | 2.07 | 0.11 | 2.25 | 0.07 | 2.26 | 0.07 | 2.24 | 0.08 | 3.25 |
0.02
|
Change per 6 months | -0.30 |
0.01
| -0.30 |
0.01
| -0.21 | 0.08 | -0.29 |
0.02
| -0.29 |
0.01
| |
Physical functioning
| Short-Term HAART Effect | 0.71 | 0.70 | 0.72 | 0.70 | 0.83 | 0.66 | 0.15 | 0.94 | 1.86 | 0.35 |
Change per 6 months | -0.39 |
0.02
| -0.39 |
0.02
| -0.28 | 0.14 | -0.36 | 0.07 | -0.30 | 0.10 | |
Role functioning
| Short-Term HAART Effect | 5.08 |
0.01
| 5.40 |
0.01
| 5.46 |
0.01
| 5.98 |
0.01
| 6.99 |
0.00
|
Change per 6 months | -0.40 |
0.04
| -0.36 | 0.07 | -0.34 | 0.11 | -0.47 |
0.03
| -0.45 |
0.04
| |
Energy/fatigue
| Short-Term HAART Effect | -0.09 | 0.96 | 0.37 | 0.83 | 0.32 | 0.86 | 0.43 | 0.81 | 1.24 | 0.51 |
Change per 6 months | -0.30 | 0.06 | -0.31 | 0.05 | -0.19 | 0.28 | -0.21 | 0.24 | -0.26 | 0.13 | |
Social functioning
| Short-Term HAART Effect | 4.33 |
0.01
| 4.96 |
0.00
| 4.90 |
0.01
| 5.03 |
0.01
| 5.74 |
0.00
|
Change per 6 months | -0.22 | 0.19 | -0.19 | 0.25 | -0.13 | 0.47 | -0.19 | 0.30 | -0.19 | 0.30 | |
Cognitive functioning
| Short-Term HAART Effect | 2.58 | 0.08 | 3.51 |
0.02
| 3.46 |
0.02
| 3.48 |
0.03
| 3.59 |
0.03
|
Change per 6 months | -0.08 | 0.57 | -0.07 | 0.61 | 0.07 | 0.64 | 0.04 | 0.78 | -0.04 | 0.82 | |
Pain
| Short-Term HAART Effect | 4.53 |
0.01
| 4.33 |
0.02
| 4.33 |
0.02
| 4.65 |
0.02
| 6.73 |
0.00
|
Change per 6 months | -0.25 | 0.15 | -0.26 | 0.14 | -0.10 | 0.58 | -0.21 | 0.29 | -0.19 | 0.32 | |
Emotional well-being
| Short-Term HAART Effect | 2.38 | 0.12 | 2.46 | 0.12 | 2.47 | 0.12 | 2.45 | 0.12 | 2.05 | 0.20 |
Change per 6 months | -0.16 | 0.25 | -0.17 | 0.23 | -0.18 | 0.23 | -0.26 | 0.11 | -0.30 |
0.05
| |
Health perception
| Short-Term HAART Effect | 2.60 | 0.10 | 3.05 | 0.06 | 3.04 | 0.06 | 3.43 |
0.04
| 3.67 |
0.03
|
Change per 6 months | -0.49 |
0.00
| -0.49 |
0.00
| -0.45 |
0.00
| -0.50 |
0.00
| -0.53 |
0.00
| |
Perceived health index
| Short-Term HAART Effect | 4.25 |
0.00
| 4.79 |
0.00
| 4.67 |
0.00
| 4.65 |
0.00
| 4.87 |
0.00
|
Change per 6 months | -0.08 | 0.86 | -0.09 | 0.87 | -0.11 | 0.87 | -0.11 | 0.84 | -0.09 | 0.83 |
Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 3c | Model 4d | Model 5e | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Effect
|
P-Value
|
Effect
|
P-Value
|
Effect
|
P-Value
|
Effect
|
P-Value
|
Effect
|
P-Value
| ||
Overall QOL
| Short-Term HAART Effect | 0.57 | 0.70 | 0.40 | 0.79 | 0.43 | 0.78 | 0.63 | 0.69 | 1.61 | 0.35 |
Change per 6 months | -0.24 | 0.10 | -0.26 | 0.08 | -0.19 | 0.23 | -0.26 | 0.11 | -0.20 | 0.16 | |
Physical functioning
| Short-Term HAART Effect | 0.05 | 0.98 | -0.19 | 0.94 | -0.23 | 0.92 | -0.88 | 0.73 | 0.55 | 0.83 |
Change per 6 months | -0.27 | 0.25 | -0.28 | 0.23 | -0.26 | 0.31 | -0.37 | 0.14 | -0.25 | 0.26 | |
Role functioning
| Short-Term HAART Effect | 2.48 | 0.33 | 2.61 | 0.30 | 2.73 | 0.28 | 3.03 | 0.24 | 4.13 | 0.12 |
Change per 6 months | -0.30 | 0.25 | -0.26 | 0.32 | -0.28 | 0.33 | -0.33 | 0.26 | -0.26 | 0.35 | |
Energy/fatigue
| Short-Term HAART Effect | -2.22 | 0.30 | -2.12 | 0.31 | -2.14 | 0.31 | -1.67 | 0.44 | -0.71 | 0.75 |
Change per 6 months | -0.25 | 0.22 | -0.30 | 0.16 | -0.19 | 0.42 | -0.26 | 0.27 | -0.24 | 0.28 | |
Social functioning
| Short-Term HAART Effect | 3.17 | 0.12 | 3.71 | 0.08 | 3.85 | 0.08 | 4.33 | 0.05 | 5.27 |
0.02
|
Change per 6 months | -0.17 | 0.43 | -0.16 | 0.44 | -0.08 | 0.73 | -0.09 | 0.71 | 0.01 | 0.97 | |
Cognitive functioning
| Short-Term HAART Effect | 0.86 | 0.61 | 2.21 | 0.22 | 2.23 | 0.22 | 2.54 | 0.16 | 2.38 | 0.22 |
Change per 6 months | -0.13 | 0.46 | -0.11 | 0.52 | -0.05 | 0.79 | -0.06 | 0.76 | -0.11 | 0.54 | |
Pain
| Short-Term HAART Effect | 3.25 | 0.13 | 2.53 | 0.24 | 2.69 | 0.21 | 3.46 | 0.13 | 5.96 |
0.02
|
Change per 6 months | -0.21 | 0.36 | -0.26 | 0.28 | -0.11 | 0.67 | -0.17 | 0.52 | -0.11 | 0.66 | |
Emotional well-being
| Short-Term HAART Effect | 1.56 | 0.40 | 1.06 | 0.58 | 1.06 | 0.58 | 1.02 | 0.58 | 0.17 | 0.93 |
Change per 6 months | -0.19 | 0.32 | -0.18 | 0.34 | -0.16 | 0.42 | -0.20 | 0.36 | -0.23 | 0.26 | |
Health perception
| Short-Term HAART Effect | 0.07 | 0.97 | 0.36 | 0.84 | 0.27 | 0.88 | 0.31 | 0.87 | 0.45 | 0.82 |
Change per 6 months | -0.36 |
0.04
| -0.37 |
0.04
| -0.37 | 0.06 | -0.50 |
0.01
| -0.54 |
0.00
| |
Perceived health index
| Short-Term HAART Effect | 3.17 | 0.07 | 3.76 |
0.03
| 3.46 | 0.05 | 4.03 |
0.02
| 4.08 |
0.03
|
Change per 6 months | -0.21 | 0.21 | -0.20 | 0.22 | -0.28 | 0.11 | -0.31 | 0.08 | -0.26 | 0.14 |