Background
Methods and materials
Results
Characteristics of study participants
Variable | Category | Frequency | Percent (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Age of child | ≤24 months | 753 | 68.4 |
Gender | Male | 639 | 58 |
Female | 462 | 42 | |
Type of modality used | MRI | 736 | 66.8 |
HCP diagnosed cases | Yes | 245 | 22.3 |
HCP Type | Non-communicating | 153 | 62.4 |
HCP diagnosed cases | In males | 140 | 57.14 |
Variables | Category | Frequency | Percent (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Age of child | ≤24 months | 60 | 60.6 |
HCP diagnosed cases | Yes | 23 | 23.2 |
HCP Type | Non-communicating | 13 | 56.5 |
HCP diagnosed cases | In females | 12 | 57.12 |
Age of mother | 18-23 | 23 | 23.7 |
24-29 | 45 | 46.4 | |
29-34 | 17 | 17.5 | |
35-40 | 12 | 12.4 | |
Did not attend school | 22 | 24.2 | |
The educational level of the mother | Elementary school(1-8) | 29 | 31.9 |
High school(9-12) | 22 | 24.2 | |
Diploma and above | 18 | 19.8 | |
Occupational status of the mother | Employed | 17 | 18.7 |
Housewife | 74 | 81.3 | |
Type of modality used | MRI | 93 | 93.9 |
Residential area | Urban | 50 | 50.5 |
Rural | 49 | 49.5 | |
Antenatal care follow up | Yes | 75 | 82.4 |
Mode of delivery | Cesarean | 19 | 20.9 |
Vaginal | 71 | 78 | |
Trauma during pregnancy | Yes | 8 | 8.8 |
Pre-eclampsia | Yes | 9 | 9.9 |
Sexually transmitted disease | Yes | 4 | 4.4 |
Diabetes mellitus | Yes | 2 | 2.2 |
Uterine infection | Yes | 9 | 9.9 |
Folic acid supplement | Yes | 61 | 67.8 |
Usage of folic acid | Before conceiving | 3 | 3.3 |
After conceiving | 58 | 58.6 | |
History of HCP | Yes | 46 | 46.5 |
Family relatives | First degree | 5 | 55.6 |
Second degree | 2 | 22.2 | |
Third degree | 2 | 22.2 |
Prevalence of HCP
Prevalence of congenital and acquired HCP
Congenital and Acquired HCP | n | % |
---|---|---|
Aqueductal Stenosis | 44 | 17.9 |
Chari II malformation | 41 | 16.7 |
Dandy-Walker Malformation | 28 | 11.4 |
Colpocephaly | 8 | 3.2 |
Encephalocele | 5 | 2.04 |
Myelomeningocele | 2 | 0.81 |
Meningoencephalocele | 3 | 1.2 |
Post-infectious | 8 | 3.2 |
Post-meningitis | 17 | 6.9 |
Adhesion of Foramen of Monroe | 1 | 0.4 |
Medulloblastoma | 12 | 4.8 |
Pineal gland glioma | 1 | 0.4 |
Ependymoma | 1 | 0.4 |
Craniopharyngioma | 2 | 0.8 |
Subdural Hematoma | 1 | 0.4 |
Hypoxic-ischemic cerebral injury | 3 | 1.2 |
Perinatal ischemic insult | 3 | 1.2 |
Cystic Encephalomalacia | 2 | 0.8 |
Dural venous malformation | 1 | 0.4 |
Congenital and Acquired Pediatric HCP | n | % |
---|---|---|
Aqueductal Stenosis | 6 | 26.1 |
Dandy-Walker malformation | 4 | 17.4 |
Chari II Malformation | 2 | 8.7 |
Meningocele | 2 | 8.69 |
Meningoencephalocele | 2 | 8.69 |
Post-meningitis | 2 | 8.69 |
Medulloblastoma | 2 | 8.69 |
Germinoma | 2 | 8.69 |
Craniopharyngioma | 2 | 8.69 |
Subdural Hematoma | 5 | 21.7 |
Ex-vacuo ventriculomegaly due to Post-perinatal hypoxic-ischemic cerebral injury | 5 | 21.7 |
Ex-vacuo ventriculomegaly due to perinatal hypoxic-ischemic cerebral injury | 3 | 13.04 |
Risk factors associated with HCP
Variables | Category | Diagnosis | COR (CI 95%) | AOR (CI 95%) | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | |||||
Age of the child | ≤24 months | 192 | 559 | 1.89 (1.36, 2.65)* | 1.90 (1.36, 2.26)* | 0.000 |
Variables | Category | Diagnosis | COR (CI 95%) | AOR (CI 95%) | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | |||||
Age of child | ≥24 months | 8 | 31 | 1 | 1 | |
≤24 months | 15 | 45 | 1.2(0.08 -1.3) | 1.3 (0.6- 1.7) | 0.606 | |
Gender | Male | 11 | 46 | 1 | 1 | |
Female | 12 | 30 | 0.59(0.23- 1.52) | 1.69 (0.63- 4.54) | 0.283 | |
Age of mother | 18-23 | 2 | 21 | 1 | 1 | |
24-29 | 14 | 31 | 0.21(0.04- 1.03) | 0.22 (0.04- 1.08) | 0.054 | |
29-34 | 5 | 12 | 0.23 (0.038- 1.36) | 0.24 (0.04- 1.43) | 0.105 | |
35-40 | 2 | 10 | 0.48(0.06-3.88) | 0.43 (0.05- 3.58) | 0.489 | |
The educational level of the mother | Did not attend school | 8 | 14 | 1 | 1 | |
Elementary school(1-8) | 6 | 23 | 2.2(0.63-7.64) | 2.04 (0.54- 7.79) | 0.219 | |
High school(9-12) | 4 | 18 | 2.6(0.64-10.31) | 2.61 (0.57- 11.7) | 0.183 | |
Diploma and above | 3 | 15 | 2.8(0.63- 12.9) | 3.92 (0.78- 19.5) | 0.174 | |
Antenatal care attendance | Yes | 19 | 56 | 1 | 1 | |
No | 2 | 14 | 2.38(0.49- 11.41) | 0.34 (0.06- 1.78) | 0.280 | |
Consumption of folic acid | Yes | 19 | 42 | 1 | 1 | |
No | 2 | 27 | 6.107(1.32- 28.35)* | 1.64 (0.052- 51.5)* | 0.021* | |
Use of folic acid | Before conceiving | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
After conceiving | 17 | 41 | 0.59(0.04-0.804) | 0.27 (0.009- 8.32) | 0.036* | |
History of HCP in the family | Yes | 17 | 29 | 1 | 1 | |
No | 6 | 47 | 4.52 (1.624- 12.984)* | 4.89 (0.64- 3.23)* | 0.907 | |
Trauma to the mother during pregnancy | Yes | 4 | 4 | 1 | 1 | |
No | 17 | 66 | 3.882(0.88-17.140) | 2.93 (0.56- 15.3) | 0.073 |