Background
Methods
Study population
Definitions
Quality of life assessment
Statistical analysis
Results
Characteristics of the population
Variable | Category | Total | Diabetics | Non-diabetics | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 2742) | (n = 610) | (n = 2132) | |||
Age (year) * | 48.80 ± 13.66 | 56.86 ± 10.82 | 46.55 ± 13.49 | < 0.001** | |
Sex $ | Male | 1634 (59.59%) | 384 (62.95%) | 1250 (58.63%) | 0.055 |
Female | 1108 (40.41%) | 226 (37.05%) | 882 (41.37%) | ||
Marriage $ | Married | 2350 (89.05%) | 538 (92.44%) | 1812 (88.09%) | 0.003** |
Unmarried | 289 (10.95%) | 44 (7.56%) | 245 (11.91%) | ||
Race $ | Ethnic Han | 2526 (92.53%) | 565 (92.93%) | 1961 (92.41%) | 0.67 |
Others | 204 (7.47%) | 43 (7.07%) | 161 (7.59%) | ||
Education $ | high school or above | 832 (30.62%) | 132 (21.93%) | 700 (33.10%) | < 0.001** |
below high school | 1885 (69.38%) | 470 (78.07%) | 1415 (66.90%) | ||
Treatment period $ | ≥1 year | 1434 (57.45%) | 356 (64.03%) | 1078 (55.57%) | < 0.001** |
<1 year | 1062 (42.55%) | 200 (35.97%) | 862 (44.43%) | ||
Smoking history $ | Smoked | 1021 (37.00%) | 276 (46.15%) | 745 (35.73%) | < 0.001** |
Never smoked | 1662 (63.00%) | 322 (53.85%) | 1340 (64.27%) | ||
Economic burden $ | ≥70% | 551 (21.53%) | 127 (22.48%) | 424 (21.26%) | 0.535 |
<70% | 2008 (78.47%) | 438 (77.52%) | 1570 (78.74%) | ||
BMI (kg/m2) * | 24.58 ± 3.54 | 25.52 ± 3.42 | 24.31 ± 3.53 | < 0.001** | |
ACR (mg/g) # | 342.25 (74.16–901.58) | 483.93 (94.87–1350.77) | 312.41 (71.65–798.31) | < 0.001** | |
FPG (mmol/L) # | 4.96 (4.46–5.66) | 6.72 (5.34–8.10) | 4.81 (4.38–5.26) | < 0.001** | |
eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2) * | 54.88 ± 30.55 | 45.50 ± 23.92 | 57.56 ± 31.69 | < 0.001** | |
CVD $ | Yes | 343 (12.67%) | 133 (21.88%) | 210 (10.00%) | < 0.001** |
No | 2366 (87.33%) | 475 (78.13%) | 1891 (90.00%) | ||
Symptoms and problems (S) # | 89.76 ± 11.59 | 86.88 ± 13.76 | 90.59 ± 10.75 | < 0.001** | |
Effects of kidney disease (E) * | 86.72 ± 13.07 | 84.78 ± 14.86 | 87.28 ± 12.45 | < 0·001** | |
Burden of kidney disease (B) * | 51.30 ± 28.20 | 49.85 ± 27.41 | 51.72 ± 28.41 | 0·148 | |
SF-12 Physical Function (PCS) * | 44.50 ± 9.19 | 41.40 ± 9.77 | 45.39 ± 8.82 | < 0·001** | |
SF-12 Mental Function (MCS) * | 50.53 ± 9.07 | 50.15 ± 9.82 | 50.64 ± 8.85 | 0.263 |
Quality of life
Regression coefficient | Log transformed symptoms and problems (S)** | Effects of kidney disease (E) | Burden of kidney disease (B) | SF-12 Physical Function (PCS) | SF-12 Mental Function (MCS) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
univariate regression | multivariable regressiona | univariate regression | multivariable regressionb | univariate regression | multivariable regressionc | univariate regression | multivariable regressiond | univariate regression | multivariable regressione | |
Age (year) | 0.0018* | 0.0008* | − 0.071* | − 0.027 | 0.042 | −0.15* | − 0.084* | − 0.0023 | ||
Sex | −0.024* | − 0.022* | 1.06* | 0.86 | 5.54* | 4.08* | 1.55* | 1.46* | 0.81* | 0.64 |
Marriage | 0.0084 | 0.44 | 1.52 | 0.39 | −0.29 | |||||
Race | −0.0011 | −0.96 | 2.90 | −0.72 | 1.10 | |||||
Education | −0.032* | −0.010* | 1.13* | −0.60 | 6.20* | 2.32 | 2.12* | 0.50 | 0.83* | 0.10 |
Treatment period | 0.029* | 0.015* | −1.56* | −0.70 | −2.36* | − 1.05 | − 1.76* | − 0.80* | − 0.14 | |
Smoking | − 0.0021 | − 0.033 | 2.33* | 0.49 | −0.13 | 0.22 | ||||
Economic burden | 0.045* | 0.036* | −4.75* | −4.67* | −21.39* | −19.08* | − 4.48* | − 3.88* | − 3.12* | − 2.68* |
BMI (kg/m2) | −0.00073 | 0.19* | 0.20* | 0.52* | 0.39 | 0.064 | 0.17* | 0.15* | ||
FPG (mmol/L) | 0.0089* | −0.66* | −0.93* | −0.78* | −0.059 | |||||
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | −0.00068* | −0.0003* | 0.041* | 0.021* | 0.085* | 0.048* | 0.061* | 0.026* | 0.021* | 0.012* |
CVD | 0.057* | 0.040* | −2.93* | −2.36* | −2.25 | −5.29* | −3.60* | −1.65* | −1.66* | |
DM | 0.030* | 0.010* | − 1.39* | −0.81 | − 1.89* | − 1.08 | −4.04* | −2.18* | − 0.22* | − 0.078 |
Log (ACR (mg/g)) | 0.0043* | 0.0034* | −0.37* | − 0.31* | − 1.72* | − 1.12* | − 0.37* | −0.29* | − 0.35* | −0.30* |
Quality of life in the stratified analyses
KDQOL™-36 scales | CKD stage 1–2 | CKD stage 3–4 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 979) | (n = 1763) | |||
univariate regression | multivariable regression** | univariate regression | multivariable regression** | |
Log transformed symptoms and problems (S)† | 0.015 | −0.0027 | 0.029* | 0.016* |
Effects of kidney disease (E) | −1.95* | −2.11* | −0.71 | −0.53 |
Burden of kidney disease (B) | −4.64 | − 4.37 | 0.071 | −0.36 |
SF-12 Physical Function (PCS) | −3.39* | −1.81* | − 3.53* | −2.42* |
SF-12 Mental Function (MCS) | −1.08 | −1.15 | 0.33 | 0.43 |