Introduction
Materials and methods
Study population
Exposure and outcomes
Covariates
Statistical analysis
Results
Demographics
Variable | Total (n = 17,682) | Quartiles of composite dietary antioxidant index (CDAI) | P | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 (n = 4421) <-2.219 | Q2 (n = 4420) -2.219 ~ -0.259 | Q3 (n = 4420) -0.259 ~ 2.353 | Q4 (n = 4421) ≥ 2.353 | |||
Age [mean (SEM)] | 45.16 ± 0.13 | 46.20 ± 0.30 | 45.41 ± 0.28 | 45.71 ± 0.26 | 43.55 ± 0.24 | < 0.001 |
Gender [N (%)] | < 0.001 | |||||
Male | 48.42(47.50,49.35) | 32.41(30.69,34.18) | 41.09(39.26,42.93) | 51.42(49.59,53.26) | 65.4(63.67,67.09) | |
Female | 51.58(50.65,52.50) | 67.59(65.82,69.31) | 58.91(57.07,60.74) | 48.58(46.74,50.41) | 34.6(32.91,36.33) | |
Race [N (%)] | < 0.001 | |||||
Mexican American | 7.84(7.54,8.15) | 8.39(7.76,9.07) | 8.04(7.45,8.67) | 7.45(6.87,8.07) | 7.58(7.00,8.20) | |
Non-Hispanic White | 70.18(69.43,70.92) | 64.63(62.97,66.26) | 69.75(68.20,71.26) | 71.78(70.30,73.21) | 73.60(72.21,74.94) | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 11.08(10.67,11.49) | 15.45(14.46,16.49) | 10.68(9.90,11.53) | 9.44(8.72,10.21) | 9.41(8.71,10.15) | |
Other Race | 10.90(10.34,11.50) | 11.53(10.34,12.84) | 11.52(10.36,12.80) | 11.33(10.22,12.55) | 9.42(8.43,10.51) | |
Education level [N (%)] | < 0.001 | |||||
<High School | 44.80(43.89,45.71) | 56.36(54.45,58.25) | 47.52(45.67,49.38) | 40.39(38.64,42.17) | 37.01(35.33,38.73) | |
≥High School | 55.06(54.14,55.97) | 43.58(41.68,45.49) | 52.23(50.37,54.08) | 59.50(57.72,61.26) | 62.83(61.11,64.51) | |
Unknow | 0.15(0.09,0.23) | 0.06(0.02,0.17) | 0.25(0.11,0.54) | 0.10(0.05,0.24) | 0.16(0.06,0.43) | |
Family PIR [N (%)] | < 0.001 | |||||
< 1.3 | 19.87(19.21,20.56) | 27.31(25.76,28.91) | 21.55(20.14,23.03) | 16.86(15.67,18.11) | 15.12(14.02,16.29) | |
1.3–3.5 | 33.42(32.56,34.29) | 36.38(34.58,38.21) | 33.86(32.14,35.62) | 32.64(30.95,34.37) | 31.33(29.70,33.01) | |
≥ 3.5 | 39.31(38.39,40.25) | 29.02(27.22,30.89) | 36.32(34.48,38.19) | 43.47(41.63,45.33) | 46.53(44.72,48.35) | |
Unknow | 7.40(6.95,7.87) | 7.29(6.43,8.26) | 8.28(7.34,9.33) | 7.03(6.20,7.97) | 7.02(6.19,7.96) | |
BMI [kg/m2, N (%)] | < 0.001 | |||||
underweight | 1.57(1.35,1.82) | 1.98(1.5,2.6) | 1.46(1.05,2.03) | 1.44(1.07,1.94) | 1.45(1.08,1.95) | |
normal | 34.26(33.38,35.15) | 35.63(33.81,37.48) | 33.66(31.89,35.48) | 33.42(31.71,35.18) | 34.49(32.79,36.23) | |
overweight | 33.87(33.00,34.75) | 30.81(29.11,32.57) | 34.87(33.11,36.67) | 34.38(32.65,36.15) | 34.99(33.29,36.73) | |
obesity | 28.51(27.69,29.35) | 29.09(27.41,30.84) | 27.96(26.36,29.63) | 29.37(27.73,31.06) | 27.71(26.11,29.36) | |
Unknow | 1.79(1.60,2.00) | 2.49(2.07,2.99) | 2.04(1.63,2.55) | 1.39(1.09,1.79) | 1.36(1.04,1.77) | |
Activity scores [N (%)] | < 0.001 | |||||
Inactive | 23.89(23.15,24.65) | 30.82(29.16,32.53) | 25.54(24.03,27.10) | 22.07(20.66,23.54) | 18.45(17.16,19.81) | |
Moderate | 37.28(36.38,38.18) | 39.51(37.65,41.39) | 38.28(36.47,40.12) | 37.81(36.04,39.62) | 34.03(32.33,35.77) | |
Vigorous | 38.83(37.92,39.74) | 29.67(27.95,31.46) | 36.19(34.38,38.03) | 40.12(38.32,41.95) | 47.52(45.72,49.33) | |
Smoking [N (%)] | < 0.001 | |||||
Yes | 48.33(47.41,49.26) | 52.53(50.65,54.42) | 48.28(46.41,50.15) | 46.44(44.62,48.28) | 46.74(44.94,48.54) | |
No | 51.59(50.67,52.52) | 47.39(45.51,49.28) | 51.72(49.85,53.59) | 53.41(51.57,55.23) | 53.19(51.39,54.99) | |
Unknow | 0.07(0.04,0.14) | 0.07(0.02,0.25) | NA | 0.15(0.06,0.36) | 0.07(0.01,0.33) | |
Low back pain [N (%)] | < 0.001 | |||||
Yes | 35.38(34.49,36.27) | 38.48(36.65,40.34) | 34.92(33.16,36.72) | 35.20(33.46,36.98) | 33.41(31.72,35.15) | |
No | 64.62(63.73,65.51) | 61.52(59.66,63.35) | 65.08(63.28,66.84) | 64.80(63.02,66.54) | 66.59(64.85,68.28) |
The association between CDAI and low back pain
Exposures | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR [95%CI] | P | OR [95%CI] | P | OR [95%CI] | P | |
CDAI | 0.984(0.975,0.993) | < 0.001 | 0.987(0.978,0.997) | 0.008 | 0.993(0.983,1.002) | 0.138 |
Quintiles of CDAI | ||||||
Q1 (<-2.219) | Ref | - | Ref | - | Ref | - |
Q2 (-2.219 ~ -0.259) | 0.858(0.768,0.958) | 0.007 | 0.859(0.769,0.961) | 0.008 | 0.881(0.787,0.986) | 0.027 |
Q3 (-0.259 ~ 2.353) | 0.869(0.778,0.970) | 0.012 | 0.876(0.784,0.980) | 0.020 | 0.916 (0.818,1.030) | 0.126 |
Q4 (≥ 2.353) | 0.802(0.719,0.895) | < 0.001 | 0.829(0.740,0.928) | 0.001 | 0.883(0.787,0.991) | 0.034 |
P for trend | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Exposure | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR [95%CI] | P | OR [95%CI] | P | OR [95%CI] | P | |
Male | ||||||
Q1 (<-2.219) | Ref | - | Ref | - | Ref | - |
Q2 (-2.219 ~ -0.259) | 0.901(0.749,1.084) | 0.270 | 0.872(0.724,1.050) | 0.148 | 0.902(0.748,1.088) | 0.279 |
Q3 (-0.259 ~ 2.353) | 0.971(0.815,1.156) | 0.741 | 0.936(0.785,1.116) | 0.461 | 0.966(0.808,1.154) | 0.703 |
Q4 (≥ 2.353) | 0.941(0.796,1.112) | 0.477 | 0.908(0.766,1.076) | 0.263 | 0.964(0.811,1.145) | 0.676 |
CDAI | 0.996(0.984,1.008) | 0.512 | 0.995(0.983,1.007) | 0.395 | 0.999(0.987,1.011) | 0.863 |
Female | ||||||
Q1 (<-2.219) | Ref | - | Ref | - | Ref | - |
Q2 (-2.219 ~ -0.259) | 0.859(0.748,0.988) | 0.033 | 0.860(0.748,0.989) | 0.035 | 0.878(0.762,1.011) | 0.071 |
Q3 (-0.259 ~ 2.353) | 0.851(0.735,0.984) | 0.030 | 0.845(0.730,0.978) | 0.024 | 0.887(0.765,1.030) | 0.115 |
Q4 (≥ 2.353) | 0.751(0.640,0.881) | < 0.001 | 0.751(0.639,0.882) | < 0.001 | 0.803(0.682,0.945) | 0.008 |
CDAI | 0.976(0.961,0.991) | 0.001 | 0.976(0.961,0.990) | 0.001 | 0.983(0.968,0.998) | 0.027 |
The association between antioxidant components and low back pain
Components | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR [95%CI] | P | OR [95%CI] | P | OR [95%CI] | P | |
Vitamins A (mg) | 1.025(1.000,1.050) | 0.055 | 1.020(0.995,1.045) | 0.121 | 1.022 (0.997,1.048) | 0.090 |
Vitamins C (mg) | 1.000(0.999,1.000) | 0.103 | 1.000(0.999,1.000) | 0.288 | 1.000(1.000, 1.001) | 0.982 |
Vitamins E (mg) | 0.993(0.985,1.001) | 0.091 | 0.991(0.982,0.999) | 0.027 | 0.992(0.984, 1.001) | 0.078 |
Carotene (mg) | 0.997(0.993,1.001) | 0.105 | 0.996(0.992,1.000) | 0.068 | 0.997(0.993, 1.001) | 0.168 |
Zinc (mg) | 1.008(1.001,1.015) | 0.018 | 1.009(1.002,1.016) | 0.009 | 1.009(1.002, 1.016) | 0.015 |
Selenium (mg) | 0.258(0.114,0.586) | 0.001 | 0.432(0.188,0.991) | 0.048 | 0.379(0.164, 0.875) | 0.023 |