Introduction
Methods
Study population
Anthropometric and laboratory parameters
Conventional echocardiography
EAT thickness measurement
Statistical analyses
Results
Baseline characteristics
Men | Women | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Anthropometric parameters | |||
Age (years) | 56.3 ± 5.0 | 55.9 ± 4.4 | 0.561 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.9 ± 2.8 | 25.5 ± 2.9 | 0.207 |
Waist (cm) | 90.6 ± 6.6 | 84.5 ± 7.6 | < 0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 126.5 ± 14.4 | 121.2 ± 15.1 | 0.003 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 78.1 ± 9.8 | 74.2 ± 9.1 | 0.001 |
Underlying diseases | |||
Hypertension (n [%]) | 12 (9.1%) | 6 (4.6%) | 0.302 |
Diabetes mellitus (n [%]) | 3 (2.3%) | 1 (0.8%) | 0.513 |
Dyslipidemia (n [%]) | 16 (12.1%) | 7 (5.3%) | 0.079 |
Laboratory findings | |||
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dl) | 104.0 ± 16.2 | 95.8 ± 11.5 | < 0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 192.4 ± 32.3 | 204.3 ± 31.7 | 0.002 |
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) | 123.5 ± 32.6 | 134.0 ± 31.9 | 0.007 |
Triglyceride (mg/dl) | 170.8 ± 105.0 | 138.3 ± 77.4 | 0.004 |
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) | 48.3 ± 13.5 | 54.3 ± 13.0 | < 0.001 |
TG/HDL ratio | 4.1 ± 4.0 | 2.9 ± 2.4 | 0.003 |
Apolipoprotein AI (mg/dl) | 138.8 ± 26.5 | 145.8 ± 24.1 | 0.02 |
Apolipoprotein B (mg/dl) | 100.8 ± 21.6 | 101.8 ± 24.1 | 0.722 |
Adiponectin (ng/ml) | 7.5 ± 4.9 | 12.4 ± 6.3 | < 0.001 |
WBC count (× 103/μl) | 3.93 ± 2.70 | 3.96 ± 3.10 | 0.937 |
High-sensitivity CRP (mg/dl) | 1.39 ± 2.58 | 1.21 ± 1.74 | 0.513 |
Echocardiographic parameters | |||
EAT thickness (mm) | 7.02 ± 1.81 | 7.13 ± 1.70 | 0.613 |
LVMI (g/m2) | 75.0 ± 23.2 | 68.6 ± 14.3 | 0.006 |
LAVI (ml/m2) | 24.2 ± 8.5 | 26.8 ± 7.1 | 0.006 |
EF (%) | 58.5 ± 6.4 | 59.4 ± 9.1 | 0.352 |
E (cm/s) | 51.5 ± 12.6 | 56.3 ± 13.1 | 0.002 |
A (cm/s) | 55.7 ± 16.7 | 59.9 ± 14.7 | 0.029 |
E/A ratio | 1.0 ± 0.8 | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 0.516 |
DT (ms) | 193.5 ± 43.6 | 187.6 ± 41.9 | 0.263 |
e′ (cm/s) | 6.3 ± 1.5 | 6.3 ± 1.6 | 0.839 |
E/e′ | 7.0 ± 1.8 | 7.8 ± 1.9 | < 0.001 |
GLS (%) | − 15.3 ± 2.3 | − 17.0 ± 2.0 | < 0.001 |
EAT and its characteristics in all the participants
Systemic inflammation according to sex and myocardial dysfunction
Sex-related difference in EAT in association with secretome profile and myocardial function
All | Men | Women | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | 95% CI | p | β | 95% CI | p | β | 95% CI | p | ||||
(a) e′ velocity | ||||||||||||
EAT | − 0.163 | − 0.270 | − 0.057 | 0.003 | − 0.222 | − 0.363 | − 0.081 | 0.002 | − 0.048 | − 0.224 | 0.127 | 0.586 |
Age | − 0.087 | − 0.125 | − 0.048 | < 0.001 | − 0.079 | − 0.130 | − 0.028 | 0.002 | − 0.099 | − 0.162 | − 0.037 | 0.002 |
BMI | − 0.028 | − 0.095 | 0.040 | 0.419 | − 0.008 | − 0.100 | 0.084 | 0.866 | − 0.059 | − 0.161 | 0.043 | 0.252 |
SBP | 0.003 | − 0.010 | 0.015 | 0.661 | − 0.005 | − 0.023 | 0.012 | 0.545 | 0.009 | − 0.010 | 0.027 | 0.358 |
FBG | − 0.006 | − 0.019 | 0.006 | 0.311 | − 0.008 | − 0.024 | 0.008 | 0.316 | − 0.010 | − 0.034 | 0.013 | 0.384 |
TG | 0.001 | − 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.312 | 0.002 | − 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.221 | < 0.001 | − 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.917 |
HDL | 0.013 | − 0.003 | 0.028 | 0.120 | 0.015 | − 0.010 | 0.039 | 0.238 | 0.017 | − 0.007 | 0.040 | 0.166 |
LVMI | − 0.013 | − 0.022 | − 0.004 | 0.006 | − 0.014 | − 0.025 | − 0.003 | 0.010 | − 0.012 | − 0.032 | 0.007 | 0.204 |
(b) GLS | ||||||||||||
EAT | − 0.217 | − 0.372 | − 0.061 | 0.007 | − 0.376 | − 0.595 | − 0.158 | 0.001 | − 0.064 | − 0.278 | 0.151 | 0.560 |
Age | 0.003 | − 0.054 | 0.060 | 0.916 | 0.019 | − 0.062 | 0.099 | 0.647 | − 0.004 | − 0.080 | 0.073 | 0.921 |
BMI | − 0.077 | − 0.176 | 0.022 | 0.125 | − 0.041 | − 0.187 | 0.105 | 0.581 | − 0.101 | − 0.226 | 0.024 | 0.111 |
SBP | − 0.020 | − 0.038 | − 0.002 | 0.030 | − 0.013 | − 0.041 | 0.015 | 0.352 | − 0.019 | − 0.041 | 0.004 | 0.101 |
FBG | − 0.012 | − 0.030 | 0.006 | 0.199 | 0.013 | − 0.012 | 0.037 | 0.306 | − 0.028 | − 0.057 | 0.001 | 0.060 |
TG | 0.000 | − 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.890 | 0.000 | − 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.878 | − 0.002 | − 0.007 | 0.003 | 0.408 |
HDL | 0.023 | 0.002 | 0.044 | 0.029 | 0.008 | − 0.022 | 0.038 | 0.618 | 0.022 | − 0.007 | 0.050 | 0.140 |
LVMI | − 0.024 | − 0.037 | − 0.010 | 0.001 | − 0.016 | − 0.033 | 0.001 | 0.070 | − 0.014 | − 0.038 | 0.010 | 0.241 |