Background
Methods
Study population
Urinary pesticide exposure assessment
Self-reported acute household pesticide exposure
Self-reported sleep health outcomes
Covariates
Statistical analysis
Results
Aim 1: Analysis of urinary pesticide exposure
N | Insufficient Sleepa (%) | Trouble Sleeping (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | |||
Male | 2190 | 35.9 | 24.5 |
Female | 2288 | 33.7 | 31.0 |
p | 0.22 | <.0001 | |
Age group | |||
< 30 years | 766 | 33.1 | 14.9 |
30–39 years | 731 | 32.6 | 20.4 |
40–49 years | 774 | 41.6 | 31.2 |
50–59 years | 751 | 39.4 | 34.2 |
≥ 60 years | 1456 | 29.1 | 29.7 |
p | <.0001 | <.0001 | |
Race/ethnicity | |||
Hispanic | 1052 | 37.2 | 17.3 |
NH White | 2015 | 31.4 | 29.4 |
NH Black | 917 | 50.1 | 23.8 |
Other | 494 | 38.8 | 18.3 |
p | <.0001 | <.0001 | |
BMI (kg/m2) | |||
Underweight (BMI < 18.5) | 101 | 41.6 | 26.3 |
Normal weight (BMI 18.5–24.9) | 1229 | 31.1 | 23.4 |
Overweight (BMI 25.0–29.9) | 1446 | 33.0 | 26.5 |
Obese (BMI ≥ 30) | 1702 | 38.5 | 28.5 |
p | 0.01 | 0.13 | |
Smoking Behavior | |||
Never Smoker | 2506 | 32.4 | 21.7 |
Current Smoker | 914 | 42.2 | 31.4 |
Former smoker | 1058 | 34.1 | 33.4 |
p | 0.0003 | <.0001 | |
Marital status | |||
Never married | 875 | 33.4 | 24.1 |
Married/living with partner | 2644 | 33.9 | 24.9 |
Separated, divorced, widowed | 959 | 39.0 | 33.8 |
p | 0.15 | <.0001 | |
Educational Attainment | |||
< 9 years | 409 | 37.3 | 18.5 |
9–11 years | 633 | 40.7 | 28.9 |
12 years | 976 | 41.0 | 30.5 |
> 12 years | 2460 | 31.4 | 25.2 |
p | <.0001 | 0.0017 | |
Moderate Physical Activity | |||
None | 2592 | 38.3 | 26.6 |
Any | 1886 | 30.6 | 26.1 |
p | 0.0006 | 0.78 | |
Poverty-Income Ratio (PIR) | |||
No Poverty (PIR ≥ 1.0) | 3233 | 33.5 | 26.0 |
Any Poverty (PIR < 1.0) | 1245 | 39.8 | 27.9 |
p | 0.0006 | 0.32 | |
Household Food Insecurity (HFI) | |||
None | 3064 | 32.6 | 25.4 |
Any | 1414 | 41.6 | 29.4 |
p | <.0001 | 0.01 |
LOD | % > LOD | % < LOD | GM (SE) (u/mL) | Minimum | Q1 | Q3 | Maximum | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2,4-D | 0.15 | 73.5 | 26.5 | 0.30 (0.01) | <LOD | <LOD | 0.53 | 97.9 |
4F-3-PBA | 0.10 | 9.3 | 90.7 | 0.08 (0.00) | <LOD | <LOD | <LOD | 25.5 |
3-PBA | 0.10 | 84.5 | 15.5 | 0.56 (0.02) | <LOD | 0.21 | 1.32 | 489.1 |
Oxypyrimidine | 0.10 | 17.9 | 82.1 | 0.09 (0.00) | <LOD | <LOD | <LOD | 39.2 |
pNP | 0.10 | 91.7 | 8.3 | 0.54 (0.02) | <LOD | 0.27 | 1.10 | 59.7 |
trans-DCCA | 0.60 | 16.3 | 83.7 | 0.59 (0.01) | <LOD | <LOD | <LOD | 614.8 |
N | 2,4-D GM (SE) (u/mL) | 3-PBA GM (SE) (u/mL) | pNP GM (SE) (u/mL) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | 4478 | 0.30 (0.01) | 0.56 (0.02) | 0.54 (0.02) |
Sex | ||||
Male | 2190 | 0.34 (0.01) | 0.57 (0.03) | 0.60 (0.02) |
Female | 2288 | 0.28 (0.01) | 0.54 (0.02) | 0.50 (0.02) |
p | 0.01 | 0.12 | 0.45 | |
Age group | ||||
< 30 years | 766 | 0.29 (0.01) | 0.56 (0.04) | 0.60 (0.03) |
30–39 years | 731 | 0.27 (0.01) | 0.54 (0.03) | 0.55 (0.03) |
40–49 years | 774 | 0.30 (0.02) | 0.55 (0.04) | 0.54 (0.03) |
50–59 years | 751 | 0.30 (0.01) | 0.57 (0.04) | 0.48 (0.03) |
≥ 60 years | 1456 | 0.35 (0.01) | 0.56 (0.03) | 0.55 (0.03) |
p | 0.01 | 0.14 | 0.21 | |
Race/ethnicity | ||||
Hispanic | 1052 | 0.26 (0.01) | 0.52 (0.03) | 0.57 (0.03) |
NH White | 2015 | 0.32 (0.01) | 0.55 (0.02) | 0.52 (0.02) |
NH Black | 917 | 0.30 (0.01) | 0.66 (0.04) | 0.63 (0.04) |
Other | 494 | 0.27 (0.01) | 0.55 (0.06) | 0.60 (0.03) |
p | 0.94 | 0.20 | 0.12 | |
BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
Underweight (BMI < 18.5) | 101 | 0.30 (0.04) | 0.62 (0.12) | 0.56 (0.08) |
Normal weight (BMI 18.5–24.9) | 1229 | 0.28 (0.01) | 0.51 (0.03) | 0.53 (0.02) |
Overweight (BMI 25.0–29.9) | 1446 | 0.31 (0.01) | 0.55 (0.03) | 0.53 (0.02) |
Obese (BMI ≥ 30) | 1702 | 0.33 (0.01) | 0.60 (0.02) | 0.56 (0.02) |
p | 0.13 | 0.30 | 0.22 | |
Smoking Behavior | ||||
Never Smoker | 2506 | 0.31 (0.01) | 0.53 (0.02) | 0.51 (0.02) |
Current Smoker | 914 | 0.25 (0.01) | 0.57 (0.03) | 0.60 (0.03) |
Former smoker | 1058 | 0.34 (0.02) | 0.62 (0.04) | 0.58 (0.03) |
p | 0.82 | 0.04 | 0.82 | |
Marital status | ||||
Never married | 875 | 0.28 (0.01) | 0.50 (0.03) | 0.58 (0.03) |
Married/living with partner | 2644 | 0.32 (0.01) | 0.55 (0.02) | 0.53 (0.02) |
Separated, divorced, widowed | 959 | 0.29 (0.01) | 0.65 (0.04) | 0.55 (0.03) |
p | 0.70 | 0.003 | 0.55 | |
Educational Attainment | ||||
< 9 years | 409 | 0.32 (0.02) | 0.56 (0.05) | 0.60 (0.04) |
9–11 years | 633 | 0.27 (0.01) | 0.56 (0.04) | 0.55 (0.02) |
12 years | 976 | 0.28 (0.01) | 0.53 (0.03) | 0.50 (0.02) |
> 12 years | 2460 | 0.32 (0.01) | 0.56 (0.02) | 0.55 (0.02) |
p | 0.86 | 0.49 | 0.52 | |
Moderate Physical Activity | ||||
None | 2592 | 0.30 (0.01) | 0.54 (0.02) | 0.54 (0.02) |
Any | 1886 | 0.31 (0.01) | 0.58 (0.03) | 0.55 (0.02) |
p | 0.45 | 0.51 | 0.07 | |
Poverty-Income Ratio (PIR) | ||||
No Poverty (PIR ≥ 1.0) | 3233 | 0.31 (0.01) | 0.55 (0.02) | 0.53 (0.02) |
Any Poverty (PIR < 1.0) | 1245 | 0.28 (0.01) | 0.60 (0.0) | 0.60 (0.02) |
p | 0.06 | 0.94 | 0.88 | |
Household Food Insecurity (HFI) | ||||
None | 3064 | 0.31 (0.01) | 0.54 (0.02) | 0.53 (0.02) |
Any | 1414 | 0.28 (0.01) | 0.62 (0.04) | 0.58 (0.02) |
p | 0.02 | 0.17 | 0.20 |
Aim 2: Analysis of self-reported household pesticide exposure
N | Insufficient Sleepa (%) | Trouble Sleeping (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | |||
Male | 7382 | 37.4 | 22.9 |
Female | 7574 | 34.9 | 31.9 |
p | 0.01 | <.0001 | |
Age group | |||
< 30 years | 2558 | 34.4 | 16.8 |
30–39 years | 2454 | 38.2 | 22.7 |
40–49 years | 2531 | 42.9 | 30.0 |
50–59 years | 2420 | 38.2 | 35.3 |
≥ 60 years | 1444 | 29.9 | 30.9 |
p | <.0001 | <.0001 | |
Race/ethnicity | |||
Hispanic | 3510 | 38.6 | 18.0 |
NH White | 6590 | 33.0 | 30.7 |
NH Black | 3175 | 51.5 | 24.8 |
Other | 1681 | 38.2 | 19.5 |
p | <.0001 | <.0001 | |
BMI(kg/m2) | |||
Underweight (BMI < 18.5) | 385 | 38.9 | 25.7 |
Normal weight (BMI 18.5–24.9) | 4114 | 32.5 | 24.2 |
Overweight (BMI 25.0–29.9) | 1130 | 34.7 | 25.5 |
Obese (BMI ≥ 30) | 1733 | 40.1 | 32.0 |
p | <.0001 | <.0001 | |
Smoking Behavior | |||
Never Smoker | 8263 | 33.7 | 22.5 |
Current Smoker | 3101 | 46.5 | 34.2 |
Former smoker | 1088 | 33.4 | 33.6 |
p | <.0001 | <.0001 | |
Marital status | |||
Never married | 2874 | 36.8 | 22.9 |
Married/living with partner | 8717 | 34.5 | 25.9 |
Separated, divorced, widowed | 1154 | 40.9 | 37.6 |
p | <.0001 | <.0001 | |
Educational Attainment | |||
< 9 years | 1406 | 35.1 | 23.1 |
9–11 years | 2169 | 40.5 | 27.0 |
12 years | 3335 | 40.1 | 30.1 |
> 12 years | 8046 | 34.1 | 27.0 |
p | <.0001 | 0.0033 | |
Moderate Physical Activity | |||
None | 8851 | 39.0 | 28.0 |
Any | 6105 | 32.7 | 26.9 |
p | <.0001 | 0.27 | |
Poverty-Income Ratio (PIR) | |||
No Poverty (PIR ≥ 1.0) | 10740 | 35.0 | 27.3 |
Any Poverty (PIR < 1.0) | 4216 | 40.5 | 28.5 |
p | <.0001 | 0.31 | |
Household Food Insecurity (HFI) | |||
None | 10324 | 33.9 | 26.0 |
Any | 4632 | 43.5 | 32.3 |
p | <.0001 | <.0001 |
Regression findings
Insufficient Sleepa PR [95% CI] | Trouble Sleeping PR [95% CI] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | Males | Females | Overall | Males | Females | |
2,4-D1 | 0.97 (0.87, 1.07) | 0.91 (0.78, 1.06) | 1.04 (0.88, 1.22) | 1.07 (0.91, 1.14) | 0.97 (0.83, 1.14) | 1.06 (0.92, 1.23) |
p | 0.52 | 0.21 | 0.64 | 0.77 | 0.69 | 0.41 |
3-PBA1 | 1.04 (0.96, 1.12) | 1.09 (1.00, 1.20) | 0.98 (0.89, 1.08) | 1.09 (1.02, 1.17) | 1.14 (1.02, 1.27) | 1.06 (0.95, 1.81) |
p | 0.36 | 0.04 | 0.67 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.26 |
pNP1 | 0.98 (0.90, 1.07) | 1.01 (0.90, 1.12) | 0.96 (0.85, 1.09) | 1.06 (0.97, 1.17) | 1.06 (0.89, 1.25) | 1.08 (0.97, 1.21) |
p | 0.70 | 0.91 | 0.51 | 0.16 | 0.52 | 0.51 |
Model 1 | ||||||
No exposure | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Acute exposure | 1.24 (1.09, 1.40) | 1.27 (1.02, 1.58) | 1.21 (1.03, 1.46) | 1.26 (1.07, 1.49) | 1.66 (1.28, 2.16) | 0.99 (0.79, 1.26) |
p | 0.002 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.007 | <.001 | 0.96 |
Model 2 | ||||||
No exposure | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Acute exposure | 1.20 (1.06, 1.36) | 1.24 (0.99, 1.56) | 1.16 (0.97, 1.40) | 1.25 (1.05, 1.50) | 1.68 (1.28, 2.21) | 0.99 (0.77, 1.27) |
p | <.001 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.01 | <.001 | 0.91 |
Model 3 | ||||||
No exposure | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Acute exposure | 1.16 (1.02, 1.32) | 1.23 (0.97, 1.56) | 1.09 (0.90, 1.32) | 1.20 (1.01, 1.44) | 1.69 (1.27, 2.24) | 0.91 (0.70, 1.17) |
p | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.36 | 0.04 | <.001 | 0.44 |