Introduction
Methods
Study population
TV viewing time
Socioeconomic status
Lifestyle and other variables
Statistical analysis
Results
Characteristics of participants
Men ( n=1,172 ) | Women ( n=1,577 ) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
<60 years | ≥60years | P value | <60 years | ≥60years | P value | |
Number | 463 (40) | 709 (60.5) | 740 (46.9) | 837 (53.1) | ||
Age, years (SD) | 44.1 (10.6) | 70.2 (7.0) | <0.001 | 43.8 (10.4) | 70.5 (7.0) | <0.001 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 (SD) | 24.1 (3.6) | 23.8 (2.9) | 0.074 | 22.0 (3.6) | 23.3 (3.4) | <0.001 |
Television viewing time, hour (SD) | 2.4 (1.7) | 3.8 (2.6) | <0.001 | 2.1 (1.8) | 3.2 (2.2) | <0.001 |
Employment status, n (%) | ||||||
Working | 431 (93.1) | 313 (44.1) | <0.001 | 474 (64.1) | 185 (22.1) | <0.001 |
Not working | 32 (6.9) | 396 (55.9) | 266 (35.9) | 652 (77.9) | ||
Educational attainment, n (%) | ||||||
High (13 ≤) | 221 (47.7) | 162 (22.8) | <0.001 | 378 (51.1) | 100 (11.9) | <0.001 |
Middle (10–12) | 209 (45.1) | 287 (40.5) | 310 (41.9) | 410 (49.0) | ||
Low (<10) | 33 (7.1) | 260 (36.7) | 52 (7.0) | 327 (39.1) | ||
Living status, n (%) | ||||||
Living with spouse | 333 (71.9) | 601 (84.8) | <0.001 | 563 (76.1) | 535 (63.9) | <0.001 |
Living with others | 79 (17.1) | 34 (4.8) | 145 (19.6) | 130 (15.5) | ||
Living alone | 51 (11.0) | 74 (10.4) | 32 (4.3) | 172 (20.5) | ||
Equivalent household expenditure, 104JPY/month, n (%) | ||||||
1st tertile (< 10.6) | 170 (36.7) | 208 (29.3) | 0.030 | 210 (28.4) | 279 (33.3) | 0.105 |
2nd tertile (10.6 - 16.2) | 156 (33.7) | 262 (37.0) | 272 (36.8) | 286 (34.2) | ||
3rd tertile (16.3≦) | 137 (29.6) | 239 (33.7) | 258 (34.9) | 272 (32.5) | ||
Smoking habit, n (%) | ||||||
Currently | 177 (38.2) | 141 (19.9) | <0.001 | 84 (11.3) | 16 (1.9) | <0.001 |
Past | 128 (27.6) | 318 (44.9) | 62 (8.4) | 33 (3.9) | ||
Never | 158 (34.1) | 250 (35.3) | 594 (80.3) | 788 (94.2) | ||
Drinking alcohol habit, n (%) | ||||||
Currently | 343 (74.1) | 504 (71.1) | 0.010 | 350 (47.3) | 218 (26.0) | <0.001 |
Past | 6 (1.3) | 32 (4.5) | 12 (1.6) | 8 (1.0) | ||
Never | 114 (24.6) | 173 (24.4) | 378 (51.1) | 611 (73.0) | ||
Exercise habits, n (%) | ||||||
Have exercise habits | 119 (25.7) | 324 (45.7) | <0.001 | 168 (22.7) | 328 (39.2) | <0.001 |
Not have exercise habits | 344 (74.3) | 385 (54.3) | 572 (77.3) | 509 (60.9) | ||
House ownership, n (%) | ||||||
Own house | 347 (74.9) | 606 (85.5) | <0.001 | 556 (75.1) | 727 (86.9) | <0.001 |
Rented house | 116 (25.1) | 103 (14.5) | 184 (24.9) | 110 (13.1) | ||
Past of history (stroke, myocardial infarction) , n (%) | ||||||
Have past history | 17 (3.7) | 105 (14.8) | <0.001 | 3 (0.4) | 72 (8.6) | <0.001 |
Not have past history | 446 (96.3) | 604 (85.2) | 737 (99.6) | 765 (91.4) |
Distribution of television viewing time
Total | < 4 h/day | ≥ 4 h/day | P valuea | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | (%) | Mean (h/day) | (95% CI) | n | (%) | Mean (h/day) | (95% CI) | n | (%) | Mean (h/day) | (95% CI) | ||
Total | |||||||||||||
2749 | 2.92 | (2.84, 3.01) | 1940 | (70.6) | 1.81 | (1.76, 1.85) | 809 | (29.4) | 5.61 | (5.47, 5.75) | <0.001 | ||
Men | |||||||||||||
20–29 years | 52 | (4.4) | 2.24 | (1.73, 2.75) | 39 | (75.0) | 1.40 | (1.01, 1.78) | 13 | (25.0) | 4.77 | (4.25, 5.29) | <0.001 |
30–39 years | 104 | (8.9) | 2.00 | (1.73, 2.26) | 88 | (84.6) | 1.57 | (1.36, 1.78) | 16 | (15.4) | 4.34 | (4.03, 4.66) | <0.001 |
40–49 years | 124 | (10.6) | 2.26 | (1.99, 2.53) | 98 | (79.0) | 1.67 | (1.46, 1.89) | 26 | (21.0) | 4.48 | (4.22, 4.75) | <0.001 |
50–59 years | 183 | (15.6) | 2.66 | (2.37, 2.95) | 140 | (56.5) | 1.88 | (1.72, 2.04) | 43 | (23.5) | 5.20 | (4.52, 5.88) | <0.001 |
60–69 years | 358 | (30.5) | 3.50 | (3.24, 3.77) | 222 | (62.0) | 1.99 | (1.85, 2.13) | 136 | (38.0) | 5.97 | (5.59, 6.36) | <0.001 |
70–79 years | 265 | (22.6) | 3.89 | (3.59, 4.19) | 141 | (53.2) | 2.10 | (1.93, 2.27) | 124 | (46.8) | 5.92 | (5.55, 6.29) | <0.001 |
80–89 years | 86 | (7.3) | 4.49 | (3.81, 5.18) | 40 | (46.5) | 1.76 | (1.39, 2.14) | 46 | (53.5) | 6.87 | (6.16, 7.58) | <0.001 |
Women | |||||||||||||
20–29 years | 65 | (4.1) | 2.43 | (1.85, 3.00) | 50 | (76.9) | 1.44 | (1.13, 1.74) | 15 | (23.1) | 5.73 | (4.46, 7.01) | <0.001 |
30–39 years | 227 | (14.4) | 1.75 | (1.55, 1.95) | 200 | (88.1) | 1.36 | (1.20, 1.51) | 27 | (11.9) | 4.69 | (4.44, 4.93) | <0.001 |
40–49 years | 178 | (11.3) | 2.02 | (1.74, 2.30)* | 159 | (89.3) | 1.56 | (1.39, 1.73) | 19 | (10.7) | 5.84 | (4.56, 7.13) | <0.001 |
50-59 years | 270 | (17.2) | 2.42 | (2.23, 2.62) | 219 | (81.1) | 1.82 | (1.68, 1.95) | 51 | (18.9) | 5.02 | (4.66, 5.38) | <0.001 |
60–69 years | 415 | (26.3) | 3.07 | (2.87, 3.27)* | 285 | (68.7) | 1.98 | (1.85, 2.10) | 130 | (31.3) | 5.47 | (5.16, 5.78) | <0.001 |
70–79 years | 319 | (20.3) | 3.34 | (3.09, 3.59)* | 199 | (62.4) | 2.02 | (1.86, 2.17) | 120 | (37.6) | 5.54 | (5.18, 5.90) | <0.001 |
80–89 years | 103 | (6.5) | 3.58 | (3.12, 4.05) | 60 | (58.3) | 2.02 | (1.73, 2.30) | 43 | (41.7) | 5.77 | (5.18, 6.36) | <0.001 |
The association between SES and prolonged TV viewing time
n | %a | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |||
<60 years | ||||||||
Employment status | ||||||||
Working | 431 | 19.3 | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | |||
Not working | 32 | 46.9 | 3.68 | (1.76–7.68) | 3.76 | (1.74–8.12) | 3.37 | (1.50–7.56) |
Educational attainment | ||||||||
High (13≤ ) | 221 | 14.0 | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | |||
Middle (10–12) | 209 | 28.2 | 2.39 | (1.47–3.89) | 2.36 | (1.44–3.87) | 2.37 | (1.43–3.92) |
Low (<10) | 33 | 24.2 | 1.90 | (0.78–4.67) | 1.67 | (0.66–4.22) | 1.27 | (0.47–3.44) |
Living status | ||||||||
Living with spouse | 333 | 19.2 | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | |||
Living with others | 79 | 22.8 | 1.41 | (0.75–2.67) | 1.35 | (0.70–2.58) | 1.18 | (0.58–2.37) |
Living alone | 51 | 31.4 | 1.97 | (1.03–3.79) | 1.98 | (1.02–3.85) | 1.96 | (0.94–4.10) |
Equivalent household expenditure | ||||||||
1st tertile | 170 | 22.4 | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | |||
2nd tertile | 156 | 20.5 | 0.88 | (0.52–1.50) | 0.94 | (0.55–1.61) | 0.93 | (0.53–1.63) |
3rd tertile | 137 | 20.4 | 0.88 | (0.51–1.53) | 0.89 | (0.51–1.56) | 0.87 | (0.48–1.56) |
≥ 60 years | ||||||||
Employment status | ||||||||
Working | 313 | 24.0 | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | |||
Not working | 396 | 58.3 | 4.44 | (3.13–6.31) | 4.75 | (3.31–6.82) | 4.77 | (3.31–6.88) |
Educational attainment | ||||||||
High (13≤) | 162 | 39.5 | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | |||
Middle (10–12) | 287 | 43.2 | 1.22 | (0.82–1.81) | 1.20 | (0.81–1.79) | 1.24 | (0.81–1.90) |
Low (<10) | 260 | 45.4 | 1.19 | (0.80–1.79) | 1.17 | (0.78–1.75) | 1.26 | (0.80–1.96) |
Living status | ||||||||
Living with spouse | 601 | 41.1 | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | |||
Living with others | 34 | 61.8 | 2.40 | (1.17–4.93) | 2.38 | (1.16–4.90) | 1.86 | (0.87–3.98) |
Living alone | 74 | 51.4 | 1.56 | (0.96–2.54) | 1.54 | (0.94–2.52) | 1.20 | (0.69–2.08) |
Equivalent household expenditure | ||||||||
1st tertile | 208 | 45.2 | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | |||
2nd tertile | 262 | 43.1 | 0.91 | (0.63–1.32) | 0.92 | (0.64–1.34) | 0.87 | (0.58–1.30) |
3rd tertile | 239 | 41.4 | 0.86 | (0.59–1.26) | 0.88 | (0.60–1.29) | 0.85 | (0.56–1.30) |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | %a | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | |
<60 years | ||||||||
Employment status | ||||||||
Working | 474 | 9.3 | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | |||
Not working | 266 | 25.6 | 3.38 | (2.23–5.12) | 3.35 | (2.20–5.10) | 3.77 | (2.43–5.84) |
Educational attainment | ||||||||
High (13≤) | 378 | 11.1 | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | |||
Middle (10–12) | 310 | 18.1 | 1.72 | (1.12–2.66) | 1.65 | (1.06–2.57) | 1.72 | (1.09–2.71) |
Low (<10) | 52 | 26.9 | 2.84 | (1.41–5.70) | 2.69 | (1.31–5.52) | 2.63 | (1.21–5.69) |
Living status | ||||||||
Living with spouse | 563 | 14.6 | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | |||
Living with others | 145 | 17.1 | 1.40 | (0.83–2.34) | 1.39 | (0.83–2.34) | 1.95 | (1.11–3.41) |
Living alone | 32 | 15.6 | 1.05 | (0.39–2.82) | 1.07 | (0.40–2.91) | 1.26 | (0.43–3.68) |
Equivalent household expenditure | ||||||||
1st tertile | 210 | 14.8 | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | |||
2nd tertile | 272 | 17.6 | 1.20 | (0.73–1.96) | 1.24 | (0.75–2.05) | 1.46 | (0.86–2.47) |
3rd tertile | 258 | 12.8 | 0.81 | (0.48–1.38) | 0.83 | (0.48–1.42) | 0.89 | (0.50–1.56) |
≥60 years | ||||||||
Employment status | ||||||||
Working | 185 | 14.6 | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | |||
Not working | 652 | 40.8 | 3.93 | (2.51–6.13) | 3.88 | (2.48–6.09) | 4.21 | (2.65–6.70) |
Educational attainment | ||||||||
High (13≤) | 100 | 20.0 | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | |||
Middle (10–12) | 410 | 34.6 | 2.08 | (1.22–3.54) | 2.13 | (1.25–3.65) | 2.00 | (1.15–3.49) |
Low (<10) | 327 | 40.1 | 2.49 | (1.44–4.28) | 2.61 | (1.50–4.52) | 2.34 | (1.32–4.16) |
Living status | ||||||||
Living with spouse | 535 | 31.0 | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | |||
Living with others | 130 | 33.8 | 1.06 | (0.70–1.62) | 1.10 | (0.72–1.67) | 1.07 | (0.68–1.67) |
Living alone | 172 | 48.3 | 1.90 | (1.31–2.76) | 1.89 | (1.30–2.77) | 1.84 | (1.22–2.75) |
Equivalent household expenditure | ||||||||
1st tertile | 279 | 38.0 | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | |||
2nd tertile | 286 | 32.9 | 0.82 | (0.57–1.16) | 0.79 | (0.56–1.13) | 0.72 | (0.49–1.05) |
3rd tertile | 272 | 34.2 | 0.87 | (0.61–1.23) | 0.85 | (0.59–1.21) | 0.83 | (0.57–1.22) |