Background
Methods
Study setting
Statistics | Dabou | Toumodi |
---|---|---|
Total Population | 148,874 | 127,825 |
Total Female | 72,883 (49.0%) | 63,104 (49.4%) |
Total Ivorians | 113,978 (76.6%) | 115,623 (90.5%) |
Average household size | 4.8 | 5.7 |
Total Muslims | 47,078 (31.6%) | 23,741 (18.6%) |
Total Christians | 92,244 (62.0%) | 60,496 (47.3%) |
Population aged 0–34 years | 112,376 (75.5%) | 95,319 (74.6%) |
Population aged 65 years and above | 4437 (3%) | 5999 (4.7%) |
% Illiterate (among 15 years and above) | 40.0% | 58.0% |
Urbanization rate | 49.3% | 46.5% |
Density (inhabitants per sq. km) | 66 | 45 |
Participants
Data collection
Frailty measure
Control variables
Outcome measures
Data analysis
Results
Participant characteristics
Robust (< 0.10) | Pre-Frail (0.10–0.21) | Frail (> 0.21) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 148 | n = 196 | n = 516 | ||||||
n. | % | n | % | p value† | n | % | p value ‡ | |
Sex | ||||||||
Male | 108 | 22.0 | 129 | 26.3 | 0.117 | 254 | 51.7 | < 0.001 |
Female | 40 | 10.8 | 67 | 18.2 | 0.005 | 262 | 71.0 | < 0.001 |
Health insurance | ||||||||
Yes | 20 | 23.3 | 30 | 34.9 | 0.093 | 36 | 41.9 | 0.009 |
No | 128 | 16.5 | 166 | 21.4 | 0.014 | 480 | 62.0 | < 0.001 |
Age groups | ||||||||
50–54 | 42 | 19.8 | 55 | 26.0 | 0.133 | 115 | 54.2 | < 0.001 |
55–59 | 42 | 20.9 | 56 | 27.9 | 0.104 | 103 | 51.2 | < 0.001 |
60–64 | 35 | 20.7 | 33 | 19.5 | 0.786 | 101 | 59.8 | < 0.001 |
65–69 | 15 | 11.4 | 27 | 20.4 | 0.044 | 90 | 68.2 | < 0.001 |
70–74 | 8 | 13.8 | 14 | 24.1 | 0.155 | 36 | 62.1 | < 0.001 |
75–79 | 2 | 5.3 | 5 | 13.1 | 0.234 | 31 | 81.6 | < 0.001 |
80 + | 4 | 8.0 | 6 | 12.0 | 0.505 | 40 | 80.0 | < 0.001 |
Area of residence | ||||||||
Rural | 104 | 16.5 | 140 | 22.2 | 0.010 | 387 | 61.3 | < 0.001 |
Urban | 44 | 19.2 | 56 | 24.5 | 0.175 | 129 | 56.3 | < 0.001 |
Location | ||||||||
South | 41 | 11.2 | 74 | 20.2 | < 0.001 | 251 | 68.6 | < 0.001 |
Centre | 107 | 21.7 | 122 | 24.7 | 0.258 | 265 | 53.6 | < 0.001 |
Education level | ||||||||
Not schooled | 42 | 12.5 | 56 | 16.8 | 0.126 | 237 | 70.7 | < 0.001 |
Primary | 32 | 14.7 | 51 | 23.5 | 0.020 | 134 | 61.8 | < 0.001 |
High school | 52 | 21.0 | 69 | 27.8 | 0.076 | 127 | 51.2 | < 0.001 |
University | 22 | 36.7 | 20 | 33.3 | 0.702 | 18 | 30.0 | 0.439 |
Employment status | ||||||||
Employed | 96 | 20.8 | 114 | 24.8 | 0.158 | 251 | 54.4 | < 0.001 |
Unemployed | 3 | 17.6 | 3 | 17.7 | 1.000 | 11 | 64.7 | 0.005 |
House worker | 18 | 12.8 | 29 | 20.5 | 0.079 | 94 | 66.7 | < 0.001 |
Out of labour force | 31 | 12.9 | 50 | 20.7 | 0.021 | 160 | 66.4 | < 0.001 |
Marital status | ||||||||
Not married | 21 | 22.1 | 25 | 26.3 | 0.498 | 49 | 51.6 | < 0.001 |
In couple** | 106 | 19.3 | 134 | 24.5 | 0.041 | 308 | 56.2 | < 0.001 |
Divorced | 8 | 19.0 | 8 | 19.1 | 1.000 | 26 | 61.9 | < 0.001 |
Widowed | 13 | 7.4 | 29 | 16.6 | 0.009 | 133 | 76.0 | < 0.001 |
Health service utilisation
Model 1: unadjusted PR (95% CI) [p-val.] | Model 2: adjusted PR (95% CI) [p-val.] | Model 3: adjusted PR (95% CI) [p-val.] | Model 4: adjusted PR (95% CI) [p-val.] | Model 5: adjusted PR (95% CI) [p-val.] | Model 6: adjusted PR (95% CI) [p-val.] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Admitted to hospital overnight in last 12 months | ||||||
Pre-frail | 4.5 (− 0.9–10.0) [0.205] | 4.5 (− 0.9–9.8) [0.205] | 4.5 (− 0.9–10.0) [0.205] | 4.6 (− 1.0–10.2) [0.203] | 4.3 (−0.9–9.6) [0.213] | 4.3 (− 0.9–9.4) [0.215] |
Frail | 7.2 (− 1.0–15.3) [0.139] | 7.1 (− 1.1–15.2) [0.145] | 7.3 (− 1.1–15.6) [0.141] | 7.5 (− 1.1–16.2) [0.138] | 6.4 (−1.0–13.8) [0.155] | 6.4 (− 1.1–14.0) [0.159] |
General practitioner in last 12 months | ||||||
Pre-frail | 1.3 (0.8–1.7) [0.283] | 1.2 (0.8–1.7) [0.325] | 1.2 (0.8–1.7) [0.306] | 1.2 (0.8–1.7) [0.307] | 1.3 (0.8–1.7) [0.263] | 1.2 (0.8–1.6) [0.380] |
Frail | 2.1 (1.4–2.7) [0.001] | 2.0 (1.4–2.7) [0.002] | 2.2 (1.5–2.8) [0.001] | 2.0 (1.4–2.7) [0.002] | 2.2 (1.5–2.8) [0.001] | 2.1 (1.4–2.7) [0.002] |
Consulted a specialist doctor in last 12 months | ||||||
Pre-frail | 2.0 (0.6–3.3) [0.168] | 2.0 (0.6–3.5) [0.151] | 1.9 (0.6–3.2) [0.167] | 2.0 (0.6–3.4) [0.167] | 2.1 (0.6–3.5) [0.149] | 2.1 (0.6–3.5) [0.144] |
Frail | 2.0 (0.7–3.2) [0.135] | 2.1 (0.7–3.4) [0.113] | 2.2 (0.9–3.6) [0.073] | 2.0 (0.7–3.4) [0.131] | 2.3 (0.8–3.7) [0.085] | 2.5 (0.9–4.1) [0.067] |
Self-medication in last 12 months | ||||||
Pre-frail | 1.4 (1.0–1.9) [0.062] | 1.4 (1.0–1.9) [0.0646] | 1.4 (1.0–1.9) [0.057] | 1.5 (1.0–1.9) [0.054] | 1.4 (1.0–1.9) [0.058] | 1.5 (1.0–1.9) [0.052] |
Frail | 1.7 (1.2–2.2) [0.004] | 1.7 (1.2–2.2) [0.0035] | 1.7 (1.2–2.1) [0.006] | 1.7 (1.3–2.2) [0.003] | 1.7 (1.2–2.2) [0.004] | 1.8 (1.3–2.3) [0.004] |
Traditional practitioner in last 12 months | ||||||
Pre-frail | 1.9 (0.6–3.1) [0.177] | 1.8 (0.6–3.1) [0.179] | 1.9 (0.6–3.1) [0.170] | 1.9 (0.6–3.1) [0.171] | 1.8 (0.6–3.1) [0.179] | 1.9 (0.6–3.1) [0.166] |
Frail | 2.8 (1.1–4.5) [0.033] | 2.8 (1.1–4.5) [0.037] | 2.7 (1.1–4.3) [0.037] | 2.8 (1.2–4.5) [0.031] | 2.7 (1.1–4.4) [0.040] | 2.8 (1.1–4.6) [0.040] |
Model 1: unadjusted PR (95% CI) [p-val.] | Model 2: adjusted PR (95% CI) [p-val.] | Model 3: adjusted PR (95% CI) [p-val.] | Model 4: adjusted PR (95% CI) [p-val.] | Model 5: adjusted PR (95% CI) [p-val.] | Model 6: adjusted PR (95% CI) [p-val.] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of times being admitted to hospital overnight in last 12 months (with zeros) | ||||||
Pre-frail | 2.2 (− 1.1–5.4) [0.472] | 2.8 (− 0.5–6.0) [0.284] | 2.2 (− 1.0–5.4) [0.475] | 2.1 (−1.0–5.2) [0.484] | 2.4 (−0.7–5.6) [0.372] | 2.9 (− 0.1–5.9) [0.208] |
Frail | 4.0 (−1.7–9.6) [0.299] | 4.5 (−0.7–9.7) [0.182] | 4.0 (−1.7–9.7) [0.303] | 4.3 (− 1.8–10.4) [0.285] | 3.7 (−1.2–8.7) [0.273] | 4.9 (−0.0–9.8) [0.122] |
Number of times consulting a general practitioner in last 12 months (with zeros) | ||||||
Pre-frail | 1.8 (0.6–2.9) [0.183] | 1.3 (0.6–2.0) [0.427] | 1.8 (0.6–3.0) [0.171] | 1.7 (0.7–2.6) [0.197] | 1.7 (0.6–2.7) [0.205] | 1.3 (0.6–2.1) [0.380] |
Frail | 3.1 (1.6–4.6) [0.005] | 2.3 (1.2–3.4) [0.020] | 3.4 (1.8–5.1) [0.004] | 2.9 (1.6–4.3) [0.005] | 3.0 (1.5–4.5) [0.010] | 2.4 (1.2–3.5) [0.019] |
Number of times consulting a specialist doctor in last 12 months (with zeros) | ||||||
Pre-frail | 6.2 (0.7–11.8) [0.063] | 7.0 (1.3–12.7) [0.041] | 7.4 (1.2–13.6) [0.045] | 6.7 (0.9–12.4) [0.054] | 5.3 (0.8–9.8) [0.062] | 6.0 (0.9–11.1) [0.056] |
Frail | 3.9 (1.1–6.7) [0.042] | 4.8 (1.4–8.3) [0.030] | 6.3 (1.5–11.0) [0.029] | 3.8 (1.1–6.5) [0.039] | 5.3 (0.9–9.7) [0.054] | 7.2 (0.6–13.7) [0.064] |
Health service expenditure
Model 1: unadjusted | Model 2: adjusted | Model 3: adjusted | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Logit OR (95% CI) [p-val.] | ME (95% CI) [p-val.] | Logit OR (95% CI) [p-val.] | ME (95% CI) [p-val.] | Logit OR (95% CI) [p-val.] | ME (95% CI) [p-val.] | |
In the past month, how much did you spend on consulting costs? | ||||||
Pre-frail | 1.58 (0.94–2.66) [0.080] | − 0.39 (− 8.08–7.30) [0.921] | 1.62 (0.96–2.75) [0.070] | 1.24 (−4.24–6.71) [0.658] | 1.58 (0.93–2.66) [0.090] | −0.36 (− 7.86–7.14) [0.925] |
Frail | 2.25 (1.43–3.53) [< 0.001] | 4.60 (− 3.42–12.62) [0.261] | 2.32 (1.45–3.67) [< 0.001] | 5.50 (0.03–10.96) [0.049] | 2.51 (1.58–3.97) [< 0.001] | 5.13 (− 3.65–13.91) [0.252] |
In the past month, how much did you spend on medications (drugs)? | ||||||
Pre-frail | 1.52 (0.95–2.41) [0.078] | −0.77 (− 6.45–4.90) [0.789] | 1.55 (0.97–2.48) [0.064] | − 1.01 (− 6.60–4.58) [0.724] | 1.51 (0.94–2.44) [0.089] | − 0.86 (− 6.36–4.63) [0.758] |
Frail | 2.46 (1.67–3.67) [< 0.001] | 9.87 (3.54–16.20) [0.002] | 2.64 (1.73–3.97) [< 0.001] | 8.49 (2.40–14.57) [0.006] | 2.8 (1.86–4.22) [< 0.001] | 10.35 (4.06–16.64) [0.001] |
In the past month, how much did you spend on hospitalisation expenses? | ||||||
Pre-frail | 1.54 (0.45–5.21) [0.493] | 0.88 (− 1.02–2.77) [0.365] | 1.49 (0.44–5.05) [0.525] | 0.84 (− 0.55–2.24) [0.237] | 1.51 (0.44–5.16) [0.506] | 0.74 (− 0.82–2.30) [0.351] |
Frail | 2.69 (0.94–7.69) [0.064] | 5.61 [1.42–9.80) [0.009] | 2.64 (0.9–7.69) [0.078] | 6.41 (1.72–11.09) [0.007] | 2.83 (0.99–8.17) [0.052] | 5.86 (1.68–10.04) [0.006] |
In the past month, total health expenditures | ||||||
Pre-frail | 1.75 (1.12–2.75) [0.015] | −19.49 (− 47.34–8.36) [0.170] | 1.82 (1.16–2.89) [0.010] | −17.31 (− 44.31–9.70) [0.209] | 1.77 (1.11–2.8) [0.016] | −14.13 (− 39.51–11.25) [0.275] |
Frail | 2.66 (1.8–3.94) [< 0.001] | 4.76 (− 24.47–33.99) [0.750] | 2.92 (1.93–4.39) [< 0.001] | 7.00 (− 22.03–36.03) [0.637] | 3.03 (2.2–4.53) [< 0.001] | 12.39 (− 16.32–41.10) [0.398] |
Model 4: adjusted | Model 5: adjusted | Model 6: adjusted | ||||
Logit OR (95% CI) [p-val.] | ME (95% CI) [p-val.] | Logit OR (95% CI) [p-val.] | ME (95% CI) [p-val.] | Logit OR (95% CI) [p-val.] | ME (95% CI) [p-val.] | |
In the past month, how much did you spend on consulting costs? | ||||||
Pre-frail | 1.57 (0.93–2.64) [0.091] | −0.81 (− 9.02–7.41) [0.847] | 1.6 (0.94–2.69) [0.080] | −0.52 (− 6.05–5.01) [0.854] | 1.57 (0.92–2.69) [0.097] | 1.03 (− 4.22–6.27) [0.701] |
Frail | 2.2 (1.4–3.49) [0.001] | 3.82 (− 4.90–12.54) [0.390] | 2.32 (1.45–3.67) [< 0.001] | 5.27 (− 1.00–11.54) [0.099] | 2.39 (1.46–3.9) [< 0.001] | 5.84 (0.09–11.59) [0.047] |
In the past month, how much did you spend on medications (drugs)? | ||||||
Pre-frail | 1.54 (0.97–2.46) [0.069] | −1.01 (− 6.00–3.98) [0.692] | 1.58 (0.99–2.53) [0.053] | −0.71 (− 5.75–4.33) [0.782] | 1.6 (0.99–2.61) [0.055] | −0.95 (− 5.64–3.73) [0.690] |
Frail | 2.59 (1.72–3.86) [< 0.001] | 8.37 (3.04–13.71) [0.002] | 2.89 (1.9–4.35) [< 0.001] | 9.96 (4.21–15.70) [0.001] | 3.22 (2.08–5) [< 0.001] | 8.61 (3.38–13.83) [0.001] |
In the past month, how much did you spend on hospitalisation expenses? | ||||||
Pre-frail | 1.63 (0.48–5.53) [0.437] | 0.90 (−0.98–2.78) [0.349] | 1.51 (0.44–5.1) [0.511] | 0.66 (− 0.87–2.20) [0.396] | 1.55 (0.45–5.37) [0.487] | 1.13 (− 1.19–3.45) [0.339] |
Frail | 3.22 (1.12–9.3) [0.030] | 5.94 (1.70–10.19) [0.006] | 2.44 (0.84–7.1) [0.102] | 5.14 (1.78–8.50) [0.003] | 2.97 (0.99–9.03) [0.052] | 10.43 (− 3.37–24.23) [0.139] |
In the past month, total health expenditures | ||||||
Pre-frail | 1.82 (1.16–2.89) [0.010] | − 12.27 (− 35.76–11.22) [0.306] | 1.84 (1.16–2.89) [0.009] | −14.83 (− 40.04–10.38) [0.249] | 1.93 (1.21–3.13) [0.006] | −7.932 (− 26.15–10.29) [0.394] |
Frail | 2.92 (1.95–4.35) [< 0.001] | 13.29 (− 12.82–39.40) [0.319] | 3.03 (2.01–4.57) [< 0.001] | 10.70 (− 17.12–38.52) [0.451] | 3.71 (2.39–5.75) [< 0.001] | 17.35 (− 3.62–38.33) [0.105] |
PR (95% CI) [p-val.] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Threshold at 0.25 | Threshold at 0.31 | Threshold at 0.35 | Threshold at 0.41 | |
Admitted to hospital overnight in last 12 months | ||||
Pre-frail | 4.8 (− 0.9–10.4) [0.191] | 4.9 (− 0.9–10.7) [0.184] | 4.9 (−0.8–10.7) [0.181] | 5.3 (− 0.9–11.4) [0.172] |
Frail | 6.5 (− 1.2–14.1) [0.161] | 6.7 (− 1.2–14.5) [0.159] | 7.4 (− 1.4–16.2) [0.157] | 7.4 (− 1.6–16.4) [0.164] |
General practitioner in last 12 months | ||||
Pre-frail | 1.4 (0.9–1.9) [0.094] | 1.5 (1.0–1.9) [0.062] | 1.5 (1.0–2.0) [0.033] | 1.6 (1.1–2.1) [0.017] |
Frail | 2.0 (1.4–2.7) [0.002] | 2.1 (1.4–2.8) [0.001] | 2.2 (1.5–2.9) [0.001] | 2.2 (1.4–2.9) [0.002] |
Consulted a specialist doctor in last 12 months | ||||
Pre-frail | 2.1 (0.7–3.5) [0.124] | 2.2 (0.8–3.7) [0.094] | 2.3 (0.9–3.8) [0.078] | 2.3 (0.9–3.8) [0.076] |
Frail | 2.6 (0.9–4.2) [0.066] | 2.4 (0.8–4.1) [0.078] | 2.3 (0.7–3.8) [0.105] | 2.3 (0.7–3.9) [0.118] |
Self-medication in last 12 months | ||||
Pre-frail | 1.6 (1.1–2.5) [0.018] | 1.6 (1.1–2.1) [0.012] | 1.6 (1.2–2.1) [0.010] | 1.7 (1.2–2.1) [0.006] |
Frail | 1.7 (1.2–2.2) [0.005] | 1.7 (1.2–2.2) [0.006] | 1.7 (1.2–2.3) [0.006] | 1.6 (1.1–2.1) [0.020] |
Traditional practitioner in last 12 months | ||||
Pre-frail | 1.8 (0.6–2.9) [0.197] | 1.8 (0.6–2.9) [0.187] | 2.0 (0.7–3.2) [0.125] | 2.3 (0.9–3.6) [0.073] |
Frail | 3.2 (1.2–5.1) [0.032] | 3.5 (1.3–5.7) [0.026] | 3.7 (1.3–6.1) [0.025] | 3.4 (1.2–5.7) [0.033] |
PR (95% CI) [p-val.] | ||||
Threshold at 0.25 | Threshold at 0.31 | Threshold at 0.35 | Threshold at 0.41 | |
Number of times being admitted to hospital overnight in last 12 months (with zeros) | ||||
Pre-frail | 2.8 (0.0–5.7) [0.201] | 3.1 (0.0–6.2) [0.180] | 3.0 (0.0–6.0) [0.184] | 3.3 (0.1–6.6) [0.162] |
Frail | 5.4 (− 0.1–10.9) [0.119] | 5.7 (− 0.1–11.6) [0.115] | 6.6 (− 0.3–13.5) [0.113] | 7.2 (− 0.5–14.8) [0.114] |
Number of times consulting a general practitioner in last 12 months (with zeros) | ||||
Pre-frail | 1.8 (0.9–2.7) [0.093] | 1.8 (0.9–2.7) [0.074] | 1.9 (1.0–2.8) [0.059] | 1.9 (1.0–2.8) [0.048] |
Frail | 2.2 (1.1–3.3) [0.029] | 2.3 (1.1–3.4) [0.029] | 2.3 (1.1–3.5) [0.030] | 2.4 (1.1–3.7) [0.033] |
Number of times consulting a specialist doctor in last 12 months (with zeros) | ||||
Pre-frail | 6.0 (0.8–11.2) [0.058] | 6.0 (1.0–11.1) [0.052] | 6.9 (1.1–12.6) [0.044] | 6.7 (1.0–12.3) [0.049] |
Frail | 7.4 (0.7–14.1) [0.062] | 7.6 (0.6–14.6) [0.066] | 6.6 (0.2–12.9) [0.085] | 7.6 (0.2–15.0) [0.082] |
Cost variables with tobit model | ||||
PR (95% CI) [p-val.] | ||||
Threshold at 0.25 | Threshold at 0.31 | Threshold at 0.35 | Threshold at 0.41 | |
In the past month, how much did you spend on consulting costs? | ||||
Pre-frail | 2.9 (0.2–5.7) [0.039] | 3.0 (0.3–5.7) [0.030] | 3.3 (0.6–5.9) [0.015] | 3.5 (1.0–6.1) [0.007] |
Frail | 5.2 (2.6–7.9) [< 0.001] | 5.6 (2.9–8.4) [< 0.001] | 6.0 (3.2–8.8) [< 0.001] | 6.4 (3.5–9.4) [< 0.001] |
In the past month, how much did you spend on medications (drugs)? | ||||
Pre-frail | 2.9 (0.6–5.3) [0.016] | 3.2 (0.9–5.5) [0.007] | 3.7 (1.5–6.0) [0.001] | 3.9 (1.7–6.1) [0.001] |
Frail | 5.9 (3.6–8.2) [< 0.001] | 6.2 (3.9–8.5) [< 0.001] | 6.2 (3.7–8.6) [< 0.001] | 6.8 (4.3–9.3) [< 0.001] |
In the past month, how much did you spend on hospitalisation expenses? | ||||
Pre-frail | 4.7 (− 4.3–13.7) [0.306] | 4.9 (− 3.8–13.6) [0.273] | 4.3 (− 4.2–12.8) [0.322] | 6.4 (− 1.9–14.7) [0.128] |
Frail | 8.6 (0.2–17.0) [0.044] | 9.2 (0.6–17.7) [0.035] | 11.1 (2.6–19.7) [0.011] | 8.3 (− 1.2–17.9) [0.087] |
In the past month, total health expenditures | ||||
Pre-frail | 3.7 (1.4–5.9) [0.001] | 3.8 (1.6–6.0) [0.001] | 4.2 (2.1–6.3) [< 0.001] | 4.5 (2.3–6.6) [< 0.001] |
Frail | 6.1 (3.9–8.3) [< 0.001] | 6.4 (4.2–8.6) [< 0.001] | 6.5 (4.2–8.8) [< 0.001] | 6.9 (4.5–9.3) [< 0.001] |
Cost variables with two-part model | ||||
PR (95% CI) [p-val.] | ||||
Threshold at 0.25 | Threshold at 0.31 | Threshold at 0.35 | Threshold at 0.41 | |
In the past month, how much did you spend on consulting costs? | ||||
Pre-frail | 1.2 (− 3.4–5.8) [0.609] | 2.7 (− 2.3–7.6) [0.288] | 3.4 (− 1.2–8.5) [0.204] | 3.6 (− 1.5–8.7) [0.163] |
Frail | 7.1 (0.8–13.3) [0.027] | 6.5 (− 0.3–13.3) [0.061] | 6.0 (− 1.4–13.5) [0.114] | 6.3 (− 1.7–14.4) [0.124] |
In the past month, how much did you spend on medications (drugs)? | ||||
Pre-frail | −0.6 (− 4.9–3.7) [0.792] | 0.1 (− 4.3–4.5) [0.955] | 1.0 (− 3.3–5.3) [0.646] | 3.0 (− 1.7–7.7) [0.208] |
Frail | 10.3 (4.9–15.7) [< 0.001] | 11.5 (5.7–17.4) [< 0.001] | 13.7 (7.1–20.3) [< 0.001] | 13.2 (5.4–21.1) [0.001] |
In the past month, how much did you spend on hospitalisation expenses? | ||||
Pre-frail | 4.2 (−3.3–11.7) [0.274] | 4.0 (− 2.7–10.7) [0.243] | 3.1 (− 1.8–8.0) [0.214] | 6.5 (−3.3–16.3) [0.191] |
Frail | 8.7 (− 4.5–21.8) [0.197] | 10.2 (− 5.7–26.1) [0.208] | 13.6 (− 7.0–34.3) [0.196] | 6.9 (− 6.3–20.2) [0.306] |
In the past month, total health expenditures | ||||
Pre-frail | −5.7 (−22.7–11.2) [0.510] | −2.9 (− 20.1–14.3) [0.743] | −0.7 (− 19.2–17.8) [0.939] | 5.7 (− 15.0–26.4) [0.588] |
Frail | 21.9 (0.4–43.3) [0.046] | 25.1 (1.7–48.5) [0.035] | 28.4 (1.0–55.7) [0.042] | 15.5 (− 12.4–43.5) [0.277] |
Model 1: unadjusted ME (95% CI) [p-val.] | Model 2: adjusted ME (95% CI) [p-val.] | Model 3: adjusted ME (95% CI) [p-val.] | Model 4: adjusted ME (95% CI) [p-val.] | Model 5: adjusted ME (95% CI) [p-val.] | Model 6: adjusted ME (95% CI) [p-val.] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
In the past month, how much did you spend on consulting costs? | ||||||
Pre-frail | 2.7 (−0.4–5.7) [0.084] | 2.9 (− 0.1–5.9) [0.058] | 2.6 (− 0.4–5.6) [0.089] | 2.6 (− 0.5–5.6) [0.096] | 2.7 (−0.4–5.7) [0.084] | 2.6 (− 0.3–5.6) [0.083] |
Frail | 4.8 (2.2–7.4) [< 0.001] | 4.9 (2.4–7.5) [< 0.001] | 5.3 (2.8–7.9) [< 0.001] | 4.7 (2.1–7.3) [< 0.001] | 5.0 (2.3–7.6) [< 0.001] | 5.0 (2.4–7.6) [< 0.001] |
In the past month, how much did you spend on medications (drugs)? | ||||||
Pre-frail | 2.1 (−0.4–4.7) [0.102] | 2.2 (− 0.3–4.8) [0.089] | 2.0 (− 0.5–4.6) [0.117] | 2.2 (− 0.4–4.7) [0.099] | 2.3 (− 0.3–4.8) [0.082] | 2.2 (− 0.3–4.7) [0.087] |
Frail | 4.9 (2.7–7.0) [< 0.001] | 5.0 (2.8–7.2) [< 0.001] | 5.3 (3.1–7.4) [< 0.001] | 5.0 (2.8–7.2) [< 0.001] | 5.5 (3.3–7.8) [< 0.001] | 5.7 (3.5–8.0) [< 0.001] |
In the past month, how much did you spend on hospitalisation expenses? | ||||||
Pre-frail | 3.6 (−6.5–13.8) [0.480] | 3.0 (− 6.8–12.9) [0.545] | 3.8 (−6.4–13.9) [0.466] | 4.1 (− 5.9–14.1) [0.425] | 3.8 (−6.1–13.7) [0.456] | 3.3 (− 6.4–13.0) [0.501] |
Frail | 8.9 (0.3–17.5) [0.044] | 8.1 (− 0.4–16.5) [0.061] | 9.3 (0.6–17.9) [0.036] | 10.6 (2.1–19.1) [0.015] | 7.9 (− 0.7–16.5) [0.071] | 8.4 (0.2–16.7) [0.045] |
In the past month, total health expenditures | ||||||
Pre-frail | 2.7 (0.3–5.1) [0.028] | 2.8 (0.4–5.2) [0.022] | 2.6 (0.2–5.0) [0.031] | 2.8 (0.4–5.2) [0.024] | 2.8 (0.4–5.2) [0.021] | 2.8 (0.5–5.2) [0.019] |
Frail | 5.1 (3.0–7.2) [< 0.001] | 5.3 (3.2–7.4) [< 0.001] | 5.5 (3.4–7.5) [< 0.001] | 5.4 (3.3–7.5) [< 0.001] | 5.6 (3.5–7.8) [< 0.001] | 6.1 (3.9–8.2) [< 0.001] |