Background
Methods
Study design and participant recruitment
Measures and instrument
Statistical analysis
Results
Characteristics of participants
Alcohol consumption, ART adherence and HRQOL profile
All | Duration of ART | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Not-yet | <=1 year | 1; <=2 year | 2; <=4 year | 4; <=7 year | ||||||||
1. AUD
|
Mean
|
SD
|
Mean
|
SD
|
Mean
|
SD
|
Mean
|
SD
|
Mean
|
SD
|
Mean
|
SD
|
AUDIT-C Score | 2.0 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 1.8 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.5 |
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
| |
At-risk drinking | 306 | 30.1 | 46 | 40.4 | 70 | 35.7 | 43 | 29.9 | 67 | 24.8 | 80 | 27.4 |
Binge drinking | 227 | 22.3 | 28 | 24.6 | 40 | 20.4 | 33 | 22.9 | 65 | 24.1 | 61 | 20.9 |
2. HRQOL Domain scores
|
AUD
|
Mean
|
SD
|
Mean
|
SD
|
Mean
|
SD
|
Mean
|
SD
|
Mean
|
SD
| |
Performance | No | 12.8*** | 2.2 | 12.3** | 2.5 | 12.8** | 2.1 | 13.2*** | 2.3 | 13.0*** | 2.2 | |
Yes | 11.6 | 1.9 | 11.5 | 2.4 | 12.0 | 2.1 | 12.2 | 2.3 | 12.2 | 2.1 | ||
Physical | No | 13.8** | 2.8 | 12.7** | 3.3 | 13.9** | 2.8 | 13.8** | 2.7 | 13.7*** | 3.0 | |
Yes | 12.5 | 3.4 | 11.8 | 3.2 | 12.8 | 3.3 | 12.9 | 3.7 | 12.5 | 2.9 | ||
Morbidity | No | 12.5 | 3.9 | 12.3 | 3.3 | 12.6 | 3.1 | 12.9 | 3.7 | 13.2* | 3.6 | |
Yes | 12.5 | 3.7 | 12.2 | 3.4 | 12.9 | 3.3 | 13.1 | 3.5 | 12.6 | 3.5 | ||
Social | No | 12.0*** | 2.9 | 11.0* | 3.4 | 11.6** | 3.4 | 11.6*** | 3.4 | 11.4* | 3.3 | |
Yes | 10.3 | 3.2 | 10.3 | 3.1 | 10.3 | 3.4 | 10.4 | 3.2 | 10.8 | 3.2 | ||
Spirituality | No | 12.9*** | 2.9 | 12.5*** | 2.9 | 13.1*** | 2.8 | 13.1** | 2.7 | 13.2*** | 2.8 | |
Yes | 11.3 | 2.9 | 11.2 | 2.7 | 11.7 | 2.9 | 12.1 | 3.5 | 11.9 | 2.6 | ||
Environment | No | 14.2*** | 2.5 | 13.6*** | 2.8 | 14.7*** | 2.5 | 14.4*** | 2.7 | 14.2*** | 2.6 | |
Yes | 12.6 | 3.3 | 12.4 | 2.8 | 12.7 | 2.9 | 13.0 | 3.4 | 13.2 | 2.9 | ||
3. ART Adherence
|
AUD
|
Mean
|
SD
|
Mean
|
SD
|
Mean
|
SD
|
Mean
|
SD
| |||
Mean VAS score
| No | 94.9 | 8.5 | 95.3*** | 7.7 | 94.9 | 7.9 | 96.6*** | 4.8 | |||
Yes | 94.1 | 8.5 | 90.3 | 11.6 | 93.8 | 8.0 | 92.1 | 10.3 | ||||
% Non-adherence
|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
| ||||
No | 23 | 21.3 | 18 | 19.2*** | 48 | 24.0 | 34 | 16.4*** | ||||
Yes | 17 | 28.3 | 19 | 44.2 | 19 | 28.4 | 26 | 32.5 |
Associations of AUD with antiretroviral treatment adherence and HRQOL
All | Drug users (n = 468) | Non- drug users (n = 548) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coef. | 95% CI | Effect size | Coef. | 95% CI | Effect size | Coef. | 95% CI | Effect size | |
1. HRQOL outcomes
| |||||||||
At-risk drinking vs. None
| |||||||||
Performance | -0.92*** | (-1.24; -0.61) | -0.40 | -0.80*** | (-1.24; -0.36) | -0.35 | -1.07*** | (-1.52; -0.61) | -0.46 |
Physical | -0.97*** | (-1.40; -0.54) | -0.31 | -0.98*** | (-1.55; -0.40) | -0.33 | -0.97*** | (-1.60; -0.33) | -0.31 |
Morbidity | -0.08 | (-0.58; 0.41) | -0.02 | 0.09 | (-0.60; 0.79) | -0.03 | -0.26 | (-0.97; 0.44) | -0.07 |
Social | -0.99*** | (-1.45; -0.52) | -0.30 | -1.04*** | (-1.68; -0.39) | -0.31 | -0.97*** | (-1.64; -0.29) | -0.29 |
Spirituality | -1.34*** | (-1.74; -0.94) | -0.46 | -1.04*** | (-1.56; -0.52) | -0.38 | -1.68*** | (-2.29; -1.07) | -0.55 |
Environment | -1.41*** | (-1.81; -1.02) | -0.50 | -1.70*** | (-2.24; -1.16) | -0.60 | -1.14*** | (-1.71; -0.56) | -0.40 |
Binge drinking vs. None
| |||||||||
Performance | -0.04 | (-0.40; 0.33) | -0.02 | 0.16 | (-0.32; 0.65) | 0.07 | -0.25 | (-0.82; 0.31) | -0.11 |
Physical | 0.26 | (-0.23; 0.76) | 0.08 | 0.25 | (-0.39; 0.89) | 0.08 | 0.45 | (-0.34; 1.25) | 0.14 |
Morbidity | 0.32 | (-0.26; 0.89) | 0.09 | 0.39 | (-0.37; 1.14) | 0.11 | 0.16 | (-0.73; 1.06) | 0.05 |
Social | 0.66** | (0.12; 1.20) | 0.20 | 0.48 | (-0.23; 1.19) | 0.15 | 0.88** | (0.04; 1.72) | 0.26 |
Spirituality | 0.11 | (-0.36; 0.58) | 0.04 | 0.16 | (-0.40; 0.73) | 0.06 | -0.02 | (-0.80; 0.76) | -0.01 |
Environment | 0.23 | (-0.24; 0.69) | 0.08 | 0.11 | (-0.51; 0.73) | 0.04 | 0.46 | (-0.27; 1.18) | 0.16 |
OR
|
95% CI
|
OR
|
95% CI
|
OR
|
95% CI
| ||||
2. ART non-adherence
| |||||||||
At-risk drinking vs. None
| 2.06*** | (1.48; 2.85) | 1.86*** | (1.18; 2.95) | 2.28*** | (1.43; 3.62) | |||
Binge drinking vs. None
| 1.97*** | (1.37; 2.82) | 1.57* | (0.96; 2.56) | 2.69*** | (1.55; 4.67) |