Background
Methods
Sampling
GB N = 1182 | Portugal N = 540 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Male | Female | |
(n = 603) | (n = 579) | (n = 253) | (n = 287) | |
Height (M) | 1.76 (0.07) | 1.62 (0.07) | 1.69 (0.07) | 1.58 (0.06) |
Waist Circum (cm) | 93.6 (10.3) | 84.3 (12.9) | 98.85 (12.5) | 93.6 (13.7) |
BMI (kg /M²) | 26.89 (4.39) | 27.09 (4.79) | 27.00 (3.61) | 29.51 (5.12) |
The questionnaire
Food frequency questionnaire (FFQ)
Physical activity
Resilience scale (RS11)
Mood survey
Beck hopelessness scale (BHS)
Perceived stress scale (PSS)
Life events scale (LES)
Procedure
Statistical analysis
Results
Sample description
Anthropometric, demographic factors, lifestyle and wellbeing: GB sample
BMI (kg/m2)
Demographics | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | SE | Beta | B | SE | Beta | B | SE | Beta | B | SE | Beta | |
Sex | −0.28 | 0.31 | −0.03 | −0.38 | 0.32 | −0.04 | −0.24 | 0.33 | −0.03 | −0.36 | 0.33 | −0.38 |
Working Status | −0.17 | 0.38 | −0.02 | −0.48 | 0.39 | −0.05 | −0.63 | 0.38 | −0.07 | −0.56 | 0.38 | −0.06 |
Age (years) | −0.00 | 0.02 | −0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.001 | −0.01 | 0.03 | −0.02 | −0.01 | 0.02 | −0.02 |
Ed (yrs) | −0.07 | 0.03 |
−0.12
| −0.06 | 0.03 |
−0.11
| −0.06 | 0.03 |
−0.10
| −0.06 | 0.03 |
−0.10*
|
Age by*sex | −0.04 | 0.03 | −0.06 | −0.03 | 0.03 | −0.06 | −0.25 | 0.03 | −0.04 | −0.64 | 0.03 | −0.06 |
Ed (yrs) by*sex | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.02 | −0.02 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.04 |
Life Events
| ||||||||||||
Relationships | 0.72 | 0.72 | −0.04 | −0.65 | 0.72 | −0.04 | −0.43 | 0.72 | −0.03 | |||
Financial | 0.93 | 0.93 | −0.03 | −0.78 | 0.93 | −0.04 | −0.87 | 0.93 | −0.05 | |||
Illness | 0.36 | 0.36 |
0.14
| 1.19 | 0.36 |
0.11
| 1.37 | 0.36 |
0.13**
| |||
Bereavement | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.006 | 0.09 | 0.35 | 0.01 | 0.15 | 0.35 | 0.01 | |||
Employment | 0.52 | 0.53 | 0.04 | 0.54 | 0.51 | 0.04 | 0.58 | 0.52 | 0.04 | |||
Lifestyle
| ||||||||||||
SED activity 1 a
| −0.38 | 0.09 |
0.12
| 0.37 | 0.09 |
0.13**
| ||||||
PA activity 2 b
| −0.07 | 0.11 | −0.02 | −0.04 | 0.11 | −0.01 | ||||||
FFQ (alcohol) | −0.33 | 0.16 |
−0.07
| −0.34 | 0.16 |
−0.07 † | ||||||
FFQ (unhealthy) | 0.11 | 0.19 | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.19 | 0.02 | ||||||
FFQ (healthy) | −0.24 | 0.16 | −0.05 | −0.27 | 0.16 |
−0.06 † | ||||||
Wellbeing
| ||||||||||||
General Mood | 0.24 | 0.16 | 0.08 | |||||||||
Intense Mood | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.05 | |||||||||
Variable Mood | −0.02 | 0.12 | −0.01 | |||||||||
Hopelessness | 0.05 | 0.32 | −0.05 | |||||||||
Resilience | −0.03 | 0.03 | −0.05 | |||||||||
Emotional stress | −0.09 | 0.15 | −0.03 | |||||||||
Stress control | −0.11 | 0.13 | −0.05 | |||||||||
General mood ¹
| −0.12 | 0.22 | −0.03 | |||||||||
Intense Mood ¹
| 0.17 | 0.96 | 0.07 | |||||||||
Variable Mood ¹
| −0.04 | 0.16 | −0.01 | |||||||||
Hopelessness ¹
| 0.04 | 0.44 | 0.00 | |||||||||
Resilience ¹
| −0.03 | 0.04 | −0.04 | |||||||||
Emotional stress ¹
| −0.26 | 0.21 | −0.06 | |||||||||
Stress control ¹
| −0.09 | 0.19 | −0.02 | |||||||||
Adjusted R²
|
0.01
|
0.03
|
0.05
|
0.06
|
WC (cm)
Demographics | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
b | SE b | ß | b | SE b | ß | b | SE b | ß | b | SE b | ß | |
Sex | 9.58 | 0.77 |
0.38**
| 9.40 | 0.77 |
0.37**
| 9.48 | 0.81 |
0.37**
| 9.23 | 0.82 |
0.36**
|
Working Status | 2.3 | 0.94 |
0.08**
| 1.38 | 0.95 | 0.05 | 1.05 | 0.94 | 0.04 | 1.21 | 0.94 | 0.05 |
Age (years) | −0.06 | 0.06 | −0.05 | −0.03 | 0.06 | −0.03 | −0.06 | 0.06 | −0.05 | −0.05 | 0.06 | −0.05 |
Ed (yrs) | −0.19 | 0.07 |
−0.13**
| −0.18 | 0.07 |
−0.12**
| −0.16 | 0.07 |
−0.11*
| −0.17 | 0.07 |
−0.11**
|
Age by*sex | 0.19 | 0.07 |
0.12*
| 0.20 | 0.07 |
0.12*
| 0.22 | 0.07 |
0.14**
| 0.20 | 0.07 |
0.13**
|
Ed (yrs) by*sex | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.05 |
Life Events
| ||||||||||||
Relationships | −1.09 | 1.77 | −0.03 | −1.24 | 1.76 | −0.03 | −0.78 | 1.77 | −0.02 | |||
Financial | 1.03 | 2.28 | 0.02 | 0.63 | 2.27 | 0.01 | 0.52 | 2.28 | 0.01 | |||
Illness | 4.34 | 0.88 |
0.15**
| 3.58 | 0.88 |
0.13**
| 3.95 | 0.90 |
0.14**
| |||
Bereavement | 0.05 | 0.87 | 0.00 | 0.09 | 0.86 | 0.00 | 0.30 | 0.87 | 0.01 | |||
Employment | 0.86 | 1.27 | 0.02 | 0.80 | 1.25 | 0.02 | 0.88 | 1.28 | 0.02 | |||
Lifestyle
| ||||||||||||
SED activity 1 a
| 1.02 | 0.23 |
0.14**
| 0.97 | 0.24 |
0.13**
| ||||||
PA activity 2 b
| 0.19 | 0.28 | 0.02 | 0.22 | 0.28 | 0.02 | ||||||
FFQ (alcohol) | −0.35 | 0.40 | −0.03 | −0.38 | 0.40 | −0.03 | ||||||
FFQ (unhealthy) | 0.01 | 0.45 | 0.00 | −0.02 | 0.45 | 0.00 | ||||||
FFQ (healthy) | −0.30 | 0.39 | −0.02 | −0.39 | 0.39 | −0.03 | ||||||
Wellbeing
| ||||||||||||
Happy Mood | 0.68 | 0.38 |
0.08†
| |||||||||
Intense Mood | 0.35 | 0.27 |
0.09†
| |||||||||
Variable Mood | −0.02 | 0.28 | −0.00 | |||||||||
Hopelessness | −0.06 | 0.78 | 0.00 | |||||||||
Resilience | −0.15 | 0.06 |
−0.11*
| |||||||||
Emotional stress | −0.11 | 0.37 | −0.01 | |||||||||
Stress control | −0.33 | 0.22 | −0.07 | |||||||||
General Mood ¹
| −0.35 | 0.55 | −0.03 | |||||||||
Intense Mood ¹
| −0.15 | 0.39 | −0.02 | |||||||||
Hopelessness ¹
| −0.01 | 1.07 | 0.00 | |||||||||
Resilience ¹
| 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.03 | |||||||||
Emotional Stress ¹
| −0.40 | 0.52 | −0.13 | |||||||||
Stress control ¹
| 0.14 | 0.45 | 0.02 | |||||||||
Adjusted R²
|
0.16
|
0.18
|
0.20
|
0.20
|
Anthropometric, Demographic Factors, Lifestyle and Wellbeing: Portuguese Sample
BMI (kg/m2)
Demographics | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | SE | Beta | B | SE | Beta | B | SE | Beta | B | SE | Beta | |
Sex | -0.55 | 0.57 | -0.06 | -0.67 | 0.58 | -0.08 | -0.90 | 0.66 | -0.11 | -0.78 | 0.70 | -0.09 |
Working Status | 0.01 | 0.63 | 0.00 | -0.17 | 0.64 | -0.02 | -0.16 | 0.64 | -.018 | -0.10 | 0.65 | -0.01 |
Age (yrs) | -0.05 | 0.04 | -0.14 | -0.06 | 0.04 | -0.15 | -0.07 | 0.04 |
-0.19† | -0.08 | 0.04 |
-0.22*
|
Ed (yrs) | -0.12 | 0.17 | -0.07 | -0.10 | 0.17 | -0.05 | -0.12 | 0.17 | -0.06 | -0.16 | 0.18 | -0.08 |
Age by*sex | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.14 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.17 |
Ed (yrs) by*sex | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.08 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.09 | 0.29 | 0.26 | 0.10 | 0.29 | 0.28 | 0.10 |
Life Events
| ||||||||||||
Relationships | -0.49 | 2.02 | -0.03 | -0.42 | 2.03 | -0.02 | -0.60 | 2.11 | -0.03 | |||
Financial | 1.24 | 2.51 | 0.05 | 1.55 | 2.54 | 0.06 | 1.32 | 2.67 | 0.05 | |||
Illness | 1.28 | 0.70 |
0.12† | 1.10 | 0.70 | 0.11 | 1.10 | 0.72 |
0.11 † | |||
Bereavement | -0.65 | 0.76 | -0.05 | -0.56 | 0.76 | -0.05 | -0.62 | 0.80 | -0.05 | |||
Employment | -0.98 | 1.23 | -0.05 | −1.05 | 1.23 | -0.06 | −1.01 | 1.27 | -0.05 | |||
Lifestyle
| ||||||||||||
SED activity 1a
| 0.18 | 0.34 | 0.04 | 0.28 | 0.21 | 0.09 | ||||||
PA activity 2b
| -0.07 | 0.32 |
-0.02† | -0.52 | 0.30 |
-0.12 † | ||||||
FFQ (alcohol) | -0.17 | 0.33 | -0.03 | 0.29 | 0.36 | 0.06 | ||||||
FFQ (unhealthy) | 0.30 | 0.20 | 0.10 | -0.06 | 0.33 | -0.01 | ||||||
FFQ (healthy) | -0.50 | 0.28 | -0.11 | -0.16 | 0.35 | -0.03 | ||||||
Wellbeing
| ||||||||||||
General Mood | -0.19 | 0.31 | -0.07 | |||||||||
Variable Mood | 0.03 | 0.21 | 0.01 | |||||||||
Intense Mood | -0.03 | 0.25 | -0.01 | |||||||||
Hopelessness | 0.06 | 0.38 | 0.02 | |||||||||
Resilience | 0.09 | 0.05 |
0.25*
| |||||||||
Emotional Stress | 0.36 | 0.19 |
0.24 †
| |||||||||
Stress control | 0.57 | 0. 40 | 0.04 | |||||||||
General mood ¹
| 0.21 | 0.44 | 0.05 | |||||||||
Variable mood ¹
| 0.58 | 2.97 | 0.19 | |||||||||
Intense mood ¹
| 0.24 | 0.34 | 0.07 | |||||||||
Hopelessness ¹
| −0.81 | 0.61 | −0.12 | |||||||||
Resilience¹
| −0.11 | 0.07 | −0.22†
| |||||||||
Emotional stress ¹
| −0.15 | 0.24 | −0.04 | |||||||||
Stress control ¹
| −0.57 | 0. 40 | −0.17 | |||||||||
Adjusted R ²
|
0.01
|
0.01
|
0.00
|
0.01
|
WC (cm)
Demographics | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | SE | Beta | B | SE | Beta | B | SE | Beta | B | SE | Beta | |
Sex | 5.54 | 1.67 |
0.21**
| 5.63 | 1.70 |
0.21**
| 4.49 | 1.93 |
0.17*
| 4.70 | 1.97 |
0.17*
|
Working Status | −0.53 | 1.95 | −0.02 | −0.56 | 1.98 | −0.02 | −0.54 | 1.97 | −0.02 | −0.61 | 1.99 | −0.02 |
Age (yrs) | 0.39 | 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.01 | −0.03 | 0.12 | −0.03 | −0.04 | 0.12 | −0.04 |
Ed (yrs) | −1.07 | 0.49 |
−0.19*
| −1.04 | 0.50 |
−0.18*
| −1.02 | 0.50 | −0.18*
| −0.83 | 0.52 | −0.14 |
Age by*sex | 0.26 | 0.15 |
0.16†
| 0.28 | 0.15 |
0.17†
| 0.28 | 0.15 |
0.17†
| 0.32 | 0.16 |
0.19*
|
Ed (yrs) by*sex | 1.01 | 0.77 | 0.11 | 1.07 | 0.77 | 0.11 | 1.08 | 0.78 | 0.12 | 0.85 | 0.82 | 0.09 |
Life Events
| ||||||||||||
Relationships | −1.99 | 4.72 | −0.03 | −2.52 | 4.73 | −0.04 | −4.88 | 4.90 | −0.08 | |||
Financial | 2.14 | 7.05 | 0.02 | 3.78 | 7.08 | 0.04 | 6.13 | 7.21 | 0.07 | |||
Illness | 2.22 | 2.11 | 0.07 | 1.87 | 2.11 | 0.06 | 1.60 | 2.18 | 0.05 | |||
Bereavement | 0.87 | 2.24 | 0.02 | 0.69 | 2.25 | 0.02 | 0.94 | 2.34 | 0.03 | |||
Employment | −2.82 | 3.85 | −0.04 | −3.31 | 3.84 | −0.05 | −3.26 | 3.91 | −0.05 | |||
Lifestyle
| ||||||||||||
SED activity 1a
| 0.82 | 0.53 | 0.10 | 0.63 | 0.54 | 0.08 | ||||||
PA activity 2b
| −1.70 | 0.86 |
−0.12*
| −1.62 | 0.90 |
−0.12†
| ||||||
FFQ (alcohol) | 0.83 | 0.99 | 0.06 | 0.69 | 1.04 | 0.05 | ||||||
FFQ (unhealthy) | −0.51 | 0.93 | −0.04 | −0.82 | 0.96 | −0.06 | ||||||
FFQ (healthy) | 0.52 | 0.88 | 0.04 | 0.26 | 0.92 | 0.02 | ||||||
Wellbeing
| ||||||||||||
General Mood | −0.78 | 0.84 | −0.09 | |||||||||
Intense Mood | −0.09 | 0.69 | −0.01 | |||||||||
Variable Mood | 1.03 | 0.61 |
0.15†
| |||||||||
Hopelessness | −1.44 | 1.14 | −0.11 | |||||||||
Resilience | −0.02 | 0.13 | −0.02 | |||||||||
Emotional Stress | 0.60 | 0.86 | 0.08 | |||||||||
Stress control | 0.82 | 0.82 | 0.11 | |||||||||
General mood ¹
| 1.03 | 1.28 | 0.43 | |||||||||
Variable mood ¹
| −0.40 | 0.88 | −0.04 | |||||||||
Intense mood ¹
| −0.45 | 1.01 | −0.04 | |||||||||
Hopelessness ¹
| 0.33 | 1.69 | 0.18 | |||||||||
Resilience ¹
| 0.08 | 0.18 | 0.05 | |||||||||
Emotional stress ¹
| −0.15 | 1.20 | −0.01 | |||||||||
Stress control ¹
| −0.08 | 1.21 | −0.01 | |||||||||
Adjusted R ²
|
0.07
|
0.06
|
0.07
|
0.06
|