Background
Mental health and working past age 65
Somatic health and working past age 65
Sickness absence, disability pension, and working past age 65
Methods
Study design
Social insurance in Sweden
Exposures
-
mental diagnosis (ICD-10: F00-F99 and Z73),
-
somatic diagnosis (ICD-10: all other diagnoses, including missing diagnoses),
-
both mental and somatic diagnoses,
-
no SA or DP (reference category).
Outcome
Covariates
Statistical analysis
Results
All | Women | Men | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | n | % | n | % | |
Total | 98,551 | 100 | 47,461 | 51,090 | ||
Sex | ||||||
Women | 47,461 | 48.2 | ||||
Men | 51,090 | 51.8 | ||||
Country of birth | ||||||
Sweden | 90,563 | 91.9 | 43,537 | 91.7 | 47,026 | 92.0 |
Other Nordic country | 4358 | 4.4 | 2430 | 5.1 | 1928 | 3.8 |
Other EU-27 country | 1824 | 1.9 | 828 | 1.7 | 996 | 1.9 |
Rest of the worlda | 1806 | 1.8 | 666 | 1.4 | 1140 | 2.2 |
Type of living area | ||||||
Large city | 32,020 | 32.5 | 15,850 | 33.4 | 16,170 | 31.7 |
Medium-sized city | 35,116 | 35.6 | 16,907 | 35.6 | 18,209 | 35.6 |
Small city/villages | 31,415 | 31.9 | 14,704 | 31.0 | 16,711 | 32.7 |
Level of education | ||||||
Elementary (≤9 years)a | 26,838 | 27.2 | 10,991 | 23.2 | 15,847 | 31.0 |
High school (10–12 years) | 42,169 | 42.8 | 20,983 | 44.2 | 21,186 | 41.5 |
University/College (≥13 years) | 29,544 | 30.0 | 15,487 | 32.6 | 14,057 | 27.5 |
Family situation | ||||||
Married or cohabiting without childrenb | 64,309 | 65.3 | 29,736 | 62.7 | 34,573 | 67.7 |
Married or cohabiting with childrenb | 873 | 0.9 | 35 | 0.1 | 838 | 1.6 |
Single without childrenb | 33,240 | 33.7 | 17,673 | 37.2 | 15,567 | 30.5 |
Single with childrenb | 129 | 0.1 | 17 | 0.0 | 112 | 0.2 |
Sickness absence (SA) when aged 60–64 | ||||||
No SA | 63,188 | 64.1 | 28,102 | 59.2 | 35,086 | 68.7 |
Only mental SA | 3258 | 3.3 | 2190 | 4.6 | 1068 | 2.1 |
Only somatic SA | 29,920 | 30.4 | 15,621 | 32.9 | 14,299 | 28.0 |
Both mental and somatic SA | 2185 | 2.2 | 1548 | 3.3 | 637 | 1.2 |
Disability pension (DP) when aged 60–64 | ||||||
No DP | 90,737 | 92.1 | 43,070 | 90.7 | 47,667 | 93.3 |
Only mental DP | 1586 | 1.6 | 1037 | 2.2 | 549 | 1.1 |
Only somatic DP | 6142 | 6.2 | 3301 | 7.0 | 2841 | 5.6 |
Both mental and somatic DP | 86 | 0.1 | 53 | 0.1 | 33 | 0.1 |
SA and/or DP when aged 60–64 | ||||||
No SA nor DP | 60,497 | 61.4 | 26,600 | 56.0 | 33,897 | 66.3 |
Only mental SA and DP | 3780 | 3.8 | 2526 | 5.3 | 1254 | 2.5 |
Only somatic SA and DP | 31,612 | 32.1 | 16,479 | 34.7 | 15,133 | 29.6 |
Both mental and somatic SA and DP | 2662 | 2.7 | 1856 | 3.9 | 806 | 1.6 |
In paid work when aged 66–71 | ||||||
Yes | 47,498 | 48.2 | 20,252 | 42.7 | 27,246 | 53.3 |
No | 51,053 | 51.8 | 27,209 | 57.3 | 23,844 | 46.7 |
All | Women | Men | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | |
Total in paid work | 47,498 | 48.2 | 20,252 | 42.7 | 27,246 | 53.3 |
Sex | ||||||
Women | 20,252 | 42.7 | ||||
Men | 27,246 | 53.3 | ||||
Country of birth | ||||||
Sweden | 43,852 | 48.4 | 18,567 | 42.6 | 25,285 | 53.8 |
Other Nordic country | 1825 | 41.9 | 980 | 40.3 | 845 | 43.8 |
Other EU-27 country | 927 | 50.8 | 371 | 44.8 | 556 | 55.8 |
Rest of the worlda | 894 | 49.5 | 334 | 50.2 | 560 | 49.1 |
Type of living area | ||||||
Large city1 | 16,587 | 51.8 | 7516 | 47.4 | 9071 | 56.1 |
Medium-sized city | 16,503 | 47.0 | 6911 | 40.9 | 9592 | 52.7 |
Small city/villages | 14,408 | 45.9 | 5825 | 39.6 | 8583 | 51.4 |
Level of education | ||||||
Elementary (≤9 years)a | 11,354 | 42.3 | 3746 | 34.1 | 7608 | 48.0 |
High school (10–12 years) | 19,074 | 45.2 | 8237 | 39.3 | 10,837 | 51.2 |
University/College (≥13 years) | 17,070 | 57.8 | 8269 | 53.4 | 8801 | 62.6 |
Family situation | ||||||
Married or cohabiting without childrenb | 30,719 | 47.8 | 11,726 | 39.4 | 18,993 | 54.9 |
Married or cohabiting with childrenb | 635 | 72.7 | 29 | 82.9 | 606 | 72.3 |
Single without childrenb | 16,053 | 48.3 | 8482 | 48.0 | 7571 | 48.6 |
Single with childrenb | 91 | 70.5 | 15 | 88.2 | 76 | 67.9 |
SA when aged 60–64 | ||||||
No SA | 31,986 | 50.6 | 12,555 | 44.7 | 19,431 | 55.4 |
Only mental SA | 1318 | 40.5 | 849 | 38.8 | 469 | 43.9 |
Only somatic SA | 13,227 | 44.2 | 6165 | 39.5 | 7062 | 49.4 |
Both mental and somatic SA | 967 | 44.3 | 683 | 44.1 | 284 | 44.6 |
DP when aged 60–64 | ||||||
No DP | 45,530 | 50.2 | 19,235 | 44.7 | 26,295 | 55.2 |
Only mental DP | 431 | 27.2 | 272 | 26.2 | 159 | 29.0 |
Only somatic DP | 1519 | 24.7 | 734 | 22.2 | 785 | 27.6 |
Both mental and somatic DP | 18 | 20.9 | x | x | x | x |
SA and/or DP when aged 60–64 | ||||||
No SA nor DP | 31,312 | 51.8 | 12,227 | 46.0 | 19,085 | 56.3 |
Only mental SA and/or DP | 1473 | 39.0 | 948 | 37.5 | 525 | 41.9 |
Only somatic SA and/or DP | 13,618 | 43.1 | 6317 | 38.3 | 7301 | 48.2 |
Both mental and somatic SA and/or DP | 1095 | 41.1 | 760 | 40.9 | 335 | 41.6 |
Variable | All individuals | ||
---|---|---|---|
Crude OR [95% CI] | Adjusted2 OR [95% CI] | ||
Sex | Women1 | 1 | 1 |
Men | 1.54 [1.50, 1.57]*** | 1.55 [1.51, 1.59]*** | |
Country of birth | Sweden1 | 1 | 1 |
Other Nordic country | 0.77 [0.72, 0.82]*** | 0.83 [0.78, 0.88]*** | |
Other EU-27 country | 1.10 [1.00, 1.21]* | 0.98 [0.89, 1.08] | |
Rest of the worlda | 1.04 [0.95, 1.15] | 0.91 [0.83, 1.00] | |
Type of living area | Large city1 | 1 | 1 |
Medium-sized city | 0.83 [0.80, 0.85]*** | 0.88 [0.85, 0.90]*** | |
Small town/rural area | 0.79 [0.76, 0.81]*** | 0.87 [0.84, 0.90]*** | |
Level of education | Elementary (≤9 years)1,a | 1 | 1 |
High school (10–12 years) | 1.13 [1.09, 1.16]*** | 1.16 [1.12, 1.19]*** | |
University/College (≥13 years) | 1.87 [1.81, 1.93]*** | 1.90 [1.84, 1.97]*** | |
Family situation | Married or cohabiting without children1,b | 1 | 1 |
Married or cohabiting with childrenb | 2.92 [2.51, 3.39]*** | 2.36 [2.02, 2.74]*** | |
Single without childrenb | 1.02 [1.00, 1.05] | 1.08 [1.05, 1.11]*** | |
Single with children < 18 yearsb | 2.62 [1.79, 3.83]*** | 2.21 [1.50, 3.25]** | |
SA when aged | No SA1 | 1 | 1 |
60–64 | Only mental SA | 0.66 [0.62, 0.71]*** | 0.77 [0.72, 0.83]*** |
Only somatic SA | 0.77 [0.75, 0.80]*** | 0.90 [0.88, 0.93]*** | |
Both somatic and mental SA | 0.77 [0.71, 0.84]*** | 0.95 [0.87, 1.04] | |
DP when aged | No DP1 | 1 | 1 |
60–64 | Only mental DP | 0.37 [0.33, 0.41]*** | 0.38 [0.34, 0.43]*** |
Only somatic DP | 0.33 [0.31, 0.35]*** | 0.36 [0.34, 0.39]*** | |
Both somatic and mental DP | 0.26 [0.16, 0.44]*** | 0.26 [0.15, 0.44]*** |
Variable | Women | Men | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude OR [95% CI] | Adjusted2 OR [95% CI] | Crude OR [95% CI] | Adjusted2 OR [95% CI] | ||
Country of birth | Sweden1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Other Nordic country | 0.91 [0.84, 0.99]* | 0.92 [0.84, 1.00]* | 0.67 [0.61, 0.74]*** | 0.72 [0.66, 0.80]*** | |
Other EU-27 country | 1.09 [0.95, 1.25] | 0.97 [0.84, 1.11] | 1.09 [0.96, 1.23] | 1.00 [0.88, 1.13] | |
Rest of the worlda | 1.35 [1.16, 1.58]*** | 1.23 [1.05, 1.45]* | 0.83 [0.74, 0.93]** | 0.77 [0.68, 0.86]*** | |
Type of living area | Large city1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Medium-sized city | 0.77 [0.73, 0.80]*** | 0.85 [0.81, 0.89]*** | 0.87 [0.84, 0.91]*** | 0.91 [0.87, 0.95]*** | |
Small town/rural area | 0.73 [0.70, 0.76]*** | 0.84 [0.80, 0.88]*** | 0.83 [0.79, 0.86]*** | 0.90 [0.86, 0.94]*** | |
Level of education | Elementary (≤9 years)1,a | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
High school (10–12 years) | 1.25 [1.19, 1.31]*** | 1.25 [1.19, 1.31]*** | 1.13 [1.09, 1.18]*** | 1.09 [1.05, 1.14]*** | |
University/College (≥13 years) | 2.22 [2.11, 2.33]*** | 2.18 [2.07, 2.29]*** | 1.81 [1.73, 1.90]*** | 1.67 [1.60, 1.76]*** | |
Family situation | Married or cohabiting without children1,b | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Married or cohabiting with childrenb | 7.42 [3.08, 17.89]*** | 9.43 [3.86, 23.05]*** | 2.14 [1.84, 2.50]*** | 2.08 [1.78, 2.43]*** | |
Single without childrenb | 1.42 [1.37, 1.47]*** | 1.45 [1.39, 1.50]*** | 0.78 [0.75, 0.81]*** | 0.81 [0.77, 0.84]*** | |
Single with childrenb | 11.52 [2.63, 50.38]** | 12.77 [2.87, 56.84]** | 1.73 [1.16, 2.58]** | 1.68 [1.12, 2.51]* | |
SA when aged | No SA1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
60–64 | Only mental SA | 0.78 [0.72, 0.86]*** | 0.76 [0.69, 0.84]*** | 0.63 [0.56, 0.71]*** | 0.74 [0.65, 0.84]*** |
Only somatic SA | 0.81 [0.78, 0.84]*** | 0.87 [0.84, 0.91]*** | 0.79 [0.76, 0.81]*** | 0.92 [0.89, 0.96]*** | |
Both mental and somatic SA | 0.98 [0.88, 1.08] | 0.98 [0.88, 1.09] | 0.65 [0.55, 0.76]*** | 0.77 [0.65, 0.91]** | |
DP when aged | No DP1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
60–64 | Only mental DP | 0.44 [0.38, 0.51]*** | 0.39 [0.34, 0.45]*** | 0.33 [0.28, 0.40]*** | 0.36 [0.29, 0.43]*** |
Only somatic DP | 0.35 [0.33, 0.39]*** | 0.38 [0.35, 0.41]*** | 0.31 [0.29, 0.34]*** | 0.35 [0.32, 0.38]*** | |
Both mental and somatic DP | 0.33 [0.17, 0.63]** | 0.28 [0.15, 0.56]*** | 0.22 [0.10, 0.50]*** | 0.22 [0.10, 0.51]*** |
Sickness absence
Disability pension
Sickness absence and/or disability pension
Variable | All individuals | ||
---|---|---|---|
Crude OR [95% CI] | Adjusted2 OR [95% CI] | ||
Sex | Women1 | 1 | 1 |
Men | 1.54 [1.50, 1.57]*** | 1.54 [1.50, 1.58]*** | |
Country of birth | Sweden1 | 1 | 1 |
Other Nordic country | 0.77 [0.72, 0.82]*** | 0.82 [0.77, 0.88]*** | |
Other EU-27 country | 1.10 [1.00, 1.21]* | 0.97 [0.88, 1.06] | |
Rest of the worlda | 1.04 [0.95, 1.15] | 0.88 [0.80, 0.97]* | |
Type of living area | Large city1 | 1 | 1 |
Medium-sized city | 0.83 [0.80, 0.85]*** | 0.87 [0.84, 0.90]*** | |
Small town/rural area | 0.79 [0.76, 0.81]*** | 0.86 [0.83, 0.88]*** | |
Level of education | Elementary (≤9 years)1,a | 1 | 1 |
High school (10–12 years) | 1.13 [1.09, 1.16]*** | 1.16 [1.12, 1.20]*** | |
University/College (≥13 years) | 1.87 [1.81, 1.93]*** | 1.91 [1.84, 1.97]*** | |
Family situation | Married or cohabiting without children1,b | 1 | 1 |
Married or cohabiting with childrenb | 2.92 [2.51, 3.39]*** | 2.37 [2.03, 2.75]*** | |
Single without childrenb | 1.02 [1.00, 1.05] | 1.08 [1.05, 1.11]*** | |
Single with childrenb | 2.62 [1.79, 3.83]*** | 2.24 [1.53, 3.30]*** | |
SA and/or DP when | No SA nor DP1 | 1 | 1 |
aged 60–64 | Only mental SA and/or DP | 0.60 [0.56, 0.64]*** | 0.61 [0.57, 0.65]*** |
Only somatic SA and/or DP | 0.71 [0.69, 0.73]*** | 0.76 [0.74, 0.78]*** | |
Both mental and somatic SA and/or DP | 0.65 [0.60, 0.71]*** | 0.70 [0.64, 0.76]*** |
Variable | Women | Men | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude OR [95% CI] | Adjusted2 OR [95% CI] | Crude OR [95% CI] | Adjusted2 OR [95% CI] | ||
Country of birth | Sweden1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Other Nordic country | 0.91 [0.84, 0.99]* | 0.91 [0.84, 0.99]* | 0.67 [0.61, 0.74]*** | 0.72 [0.65, 0.79]*** | |
Other EU-27 country | 1.09 [0.95, 1.25] | 0.94 [0.82, 1.09] | 1.09 [0.96, 1.23] | 0.98 [0.86, 1.12] | |
Rest of the worlda | 1.35 [1.16, 1.58]*** | 1.20 [1.03, 1.41]* | 0.83 [0.74, 0.93]** | 0.74 [0.66, 0.83]*** | |
Type of living area | Large city1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Medium-sized city | 0.77 [0.73, 0.80]*** | 0.84 [0.80, 0.88]*** | 0.87 [0.84, 0.91]*** | 0.90 [0.86, 0.94]*** | |
Small town/rural area | 0.73 [0.70, 0.76]*** | 0.83 [0.79, 0.87]*** | 0.83 [0.79, 0.86]*** | 0.89 [0.85, 0.93]*** | |
Level of education | Elementary (≤9 years)1,a | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
High school (10–12 years) | 1.25 [1.19, 1.31]*** | 1.25 [1.19, 1.32]*** | 1.13 [1.09, 1.18]*** | 1.10 [1.05, 1.14]*** | |
University/College (≥13 years) | 2.22 [2.11, 2.33]*** | 2.18 [2.07, 2.29]*** | 1.81 [1.73, 1.90]*** | 1.69 [1.61, 1.77]*** | |
Family situation | Married or cohabiting without children1,b | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Married or cohabiting with childrenb | 7.42 [3.08, 17.89]*** | 9.16 [3.78, 22.22]*** | 2.14 [1.84, 2.50]*** | 2.09 [1.79, 2.44]*** | |
Single without childrenb | 1.42 [1.37, 1.47]*** | 1.44 [1.39, 1.50]*** | 0.78 [0.75, 0.81]*** | 0.80 [0.77, 0.83]*** | |
Single with childrenb | 11.52 [2.63, 50.38]** | 12.91 [2.93, 56.96]** | 1.73 [1.16, 2.58]** | 1.70 [1.14, 2.54]** | |
SA and/or DP when | No SA nor DP1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
aged 60–64 | Only mental SA and/or DP | 0.71 [0.65, 0.77]*** | 0.61 [0.56, 0.67]*** | 0.56 [0.50, 0.63]*** | 0.55 [0.49, 0.62]*** |
Only somatic SA and/or DP | 0.73 [0.70, 0.76]*** | 0.74 [0.71, 0.77]*** | 0.72 [0.70, 0.75]*** | 0.77 [0.74, 0.80]*** | |
Both mental and somatic SA and/or DP | 0.82 [0.74, 0.90]*** | 0.73 [0.66, 0.80]*** | 0.55 [0.48, 0.64]*** | 0.57 [0.50, 0.66]*** |