Introduction
Genus | Western herba
| Crude drug in Japan | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name | Botanical origin | Part of use | Name | Japanese name | Botanical origin | Part of use | |
Artemisia | Wormwood |
A. absinthium L. | Leaf, flowering top | Artemisia capillaris flower | 茵蔯蒿 |
A. capillaris Thunb. | Flower head |
Cimicifuga | Black cohosh |
C. racemosa (L.) Nutt | Rhizome, root | Cimicifuga Rhizome | 升麻 |
C. simplex (DC.) Turcz.
C. dahurica (Trucz.) Maxim. C. heracleifolia Kom. C. foetida L. | Rhizome |
Leonurus | Motherwort |
L. cardiac L. | Flowering aerial part | Leonurus herb | 益母草 |
L. japonicas Houtt.
L. sibiricus L. | Flowering aerial part |
Quercus | Oak bark |
Q. robur L.
Q. petraea (Matt.) Liebl.
Q. pubescens Willd | Bark | Quercus bark | 樸樕 |
Q. acutissima Carruth.
Q. serrata Murray,
Q. mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb.
Q. uariabilis Blume | Bark |
Rosa | Dog rose |
R. cania L., R. pendulina L. and other Rosa species | Receptacle and sepal | Rose fruit | 営実 |
R. multiflora Thunnb | Fruit, pseudocarp |
Vitex | Agnus castus fruit |
V. agnus-castus L. | Fruit | Shrub chaste tree fruit | 蔓荊子 |
V. rotundifolia L. f.
V. trifolia L. | Fruit |
Studies on the botanical origins of Cimicifuga products
Genome-based authentication of black cohosh products
Sample ID | Plant species | ITS region | Registered GenBank accession no. |
trnL-F region | Registered GenBank accession no. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GenBank accession no. | Sequence identity (%) | GenBank accession no. | Sequence identity (%) | ||||
C1 |
C. rubifolia
| Z98297 | 99 | AB987680 | AJ223004 | 98 | AB987688 |
C2 |
C. japonica
| Z98291 | 98 | AB987681 | AJ222999 | 98 | AB987689 |
C3 |
C. simplex
| Z98299 | 99 | AB987682 | AJ223008 | 98 | AB987690 |
C4 |
C. simplex
| Z98299 | 99 | AB987683 | AJ223008 | 98 | AB987691 |
C5 |
C. simplex
| AB044408 | 96 | AB987684 | AJ223008 | 98 | AB987692 |
C6 |
C. dahurica
| Z98284 | 99 | AB987685 | AJ222992 | 98 | AB987693 |
C7 |
C. heracleifolia
| Z98290 | 97 | AB987686 | EU186382 | 97 | AB987694 |
C8 |
C. racemosa
| Z98296 | 99 | AB987687 | AJ223003 | 98 | AB987695 |
LC/MS-based authentication of black cohosh products
Sample ID | Classa
| Content | Source plantb
| XIC pattern | Predicted species |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BC-1 | A | Powdered plant material |
C. racemosa
| I | |
BC-2 | A | Dry extract | I |
C. racemosa
| |
BC-3 | A | Powdered plant material |
C. racemosa
| I | |
BC-4 | A | Powdered plant material and dry extract |
C. racemosa
| I | |
BC-5 | A | Dry extract | IV | Others | |
BC-6 | A | Powdered plant material |
C. dahurica
| II | |
BC-7 | A | Powdered plant material and dry extract |
C. dahurica
| III | |
BC-8 | A | Dry extract | I |
C. racemosa
| |
BC-9 | A | Powdered plant material and dry extract |
C. racemosa
| I | |
BC-10 | A | Dry extract | I |
C. racemosa
| |
BC-11 | A | Dry extract | I |
C. racemosa
| |
BC-12 | A | Powdered plant material |
C. dahurica
| II | |
BC-13 | A | Dry extract | I |
C. racemosa
| |
BC-14 | A | Dry extract | I |
C. racemosa
| |
BC-15 | A | Powdered plant material |
C. racemosa
| I | |
BC-16 | A | Powdered plant material and dry extract |
C. dahurica
| III | |
BC-17 | A | Dry extract | I |
C. racemosa
| |
BC-18 | A | Dry extract | IV | Others | |
BC-19 | A | Powdered plant material and dry extract |
C. dahurica
| III | |
BC-M1 | B | Dry extract | I |
C. racemosa
| |
BC-M2 | B | Dry extract | I |
C. racemosa
| |
BC-M3 | B | Dry extract | I |
C. racemosa
| |
BC-M4 | B | Dry extract | I |
C. racemosa
| |
BC-M5 | B | Dry extract | I |
C. racemosa
| |
BC-M6 | B | Dry extract | I |
C. racemosa
| |
CR-1 | C | Cut crude drug |
C. dahurica
| II | |
CR-2 | C | Cut crude drug |
C. dahurica
| II | |
CR-3 | C | Cut crude drug |
C. dahurica, C. heracleifolia
| II | |
CR-4 | C | Cut crude drug |
C. dahurica
| II | |
CR-5 | C | Cut crude drug |
C. dahurica
| II |
Studies of the botanical origins of Vitex products
Identification of characteristic diterpenes of ACF
Position | LA/LB*1 (5:2 mixture) | 3/3a (4:1 mixture) |
---|---|---|
δ
|
δ
| |
1 | 1.86 (1H, m) 1.44 (1H, dt, 12.5, 3.7) CH2 (29.9/28.7) | 1.56 (overlapping) 1.41 (1H, dd,10.4, 4.8) CH2 (30.4/30.3) |
2 | 1.64-1.68 (1H, m) 1.59 (1H, dd, 9.1, 4.3) CH2 (26.5/26.5) | 1.57 (overlapping) 1.50 (1H, m) CH2 (17.2/17.3) |
3 | 3.11 (1H, dd, 11.6, 4.3)/3.07 (1H, dd, 11.3, 4.3) – CH2 (78.2/78.4) | 1.20 (overlapping) 0.97 (1H, ddd-like, 12.8, 6.3, 4.0) CH2 (41.5/41.5) |
4 | C (37.4/37.4) | C (31.2/30.9) |
5 | 2.63 (1H, s)/2.64 (1H, s) CH (58.5/58.1) | 2.51 (1H, s)/2.62 (1H, s) CH (58.2/57.6) |
6 | C (210.3/210.6) | C (210.5/210.6) |
7 | 2.41 (1H, td, 13.1, 0.9)/2.36 (1H, td, 13.1, 1.0) 2.06 (1H, dd, 13.1, 4.3)/2.01 (1H, overlapping) CH2 (48.7/48.9) | 2.43 (1H, m) 2.00 (1H, td, 12.8, 4.8) CH2 (47.6/47.8) |
8 | 2.10-2.19 (1H, m) CH (38.6/37.8) | 2.09 (m) CH (37.4/36.6) |
9 | C (92.7/93.0) | C (91.9/91.8) |
10 | C (47.3/47.5) | C (46.4/46.8) |
11 | 2.14 (1H, dd, 9.4, 3.6) 1.83 (1H, m) CH2 (29.0/31.2) | 2.17 (1H, ddd, 13.0, 8.8, 3.2) 1.83 (1H, ddd, 13.0, 9.6, 4.8) CH2 (28.0/27.6) |
12 | 2.02 (1H dd, 9.1, 3.6) 1.92 (1H, dd, 9.1, 4.3) CH2 (36.6/37.2) | 1.99 (1H ddd, 12.8, 8.8, 3.2) 1.92 (1H, m) CH2 (35.4/35.4) |
13 | C (91.3/92.5) | C (90.3/91.7) |
14 | 2.43 (1H, dt, 11.9, 9.8) 1.92 (1H, ddd, 11.9, 7.3, 2.7) CH2 (35.5/31.1) | 2.43 (1H, ddd, 12.5, 9.6, 2.4) 1.94 (1H, ddd, 12.5, 7.2, 3.2) CH2 (34.6/35.9) |
15 | 4.11 (1H, ddd, 9.8, 8.7, 2.7)/4.04 (1H, td, 8.5, 3.9) 3.79 (1H, td, 8.7, 7.3)/3.97 (1H, td, 8.5, 7.0) CH2 (64.8/66.3) | 4.13 (1H, ddd, 9.6, 8.8, 3.2)/4.06 (1H, m) 3.77 (1H, ddd, 8.8, 7.2, 2.4)/4.00 (1H, m) CH2 (64.0/65.5) |
16 | 4.81 (1H, s)/5.33 (1H, s) CH (99.0/101.6) | 4.78 (1H, s)/5.37 (1H, s) CH (98.1/100.6) |
17 | 0.95 (3H, d, 6.4)/0.96 (3H, d, 6.4) CH3 (16.9/17.6) | 0.93 (3H, d, 6.4) CH3 (16.0/16.7) |
18 | 1.08 (3H, s)/1.07 (3H, s) CH3 (27.7/27.6) | 0.91 (3H, s)/0.89 (3H, s) CH3 (31.7/31.6) |
19 | 1.16 (3H, s)/1.15 (3H, s) CH3 (14.9/15.0) | 1.14 (3H, s)/1.18 (3H, s) CH3 (20.8/21.7) |
20 | 0.88 (3H, s)/0.87 (3H, s) CH3 (20.0/20.2) | 0.81 (3H, s)/0.86 (3H, s) CH3 (19.0/19.2) |
16-OH | 3.18 (1H, br s)*2
|
Identification of an SCTF-specific triterpene derivative
Position | 4 | Ref.*1
| ||
---|---|---|---|---|
δ
|
δ
| |||
2 | 3.84 | (1H, ddd, J = 4.0, 10.4, 11.2) | 3.85 | (1H, ddd, J = 4.4, 9.9, 11.0) |
3 | 4.64 | (1H, d, J = 10.4) | 4.64 | (1H, d, J = 9.9) |
12 | 5.29 | (1H, t, J = 3.0) | 5.30 | (1H, br s) |
18 | 2.51 | (1H, s) | 2.51 | (1H, br s) |
23 | 0.90 | (3H, s) | 0.90 | (3H, s) |
24 | 0.95 | (3H, s) | 0.96 | (3H, s) |
25 | 1.05 | (3H, s) | 1.06 | (3H, s) |
26 | 0.82 | (3H, s) | 0.81 | (3H, s) |
27 | 1.36 | (3H, s) | 1.97*2
| (3H, s) |
29 | 1.20 | (3H, s) | 1.20 | (3H, s) |
30 | 0.93 | (3H, d, J = 6.4) | 0.93 | (3H, d, J = 6.6) |
2′ | 6.43 | (1H, d, J = 16.0) | 6.43 | (1H, d, J = 16) |
3′ | 7.62 | (1H, d, J = 16.0) | 7.63 | (1H, d, J = 16) |
2′’ | 7.20 | (1H, d, J = 1.6) | 7.21 | (1H, br s) |
5′’ | 6.81 | (1H, d, J = 8.0) | 6.81 | (1H, d, J = 7.7) |
6′’ | 7.07 | (1H, dd, J = 1.6, 8.0) | 7.08 | (1H, br d, J = 7.7) |
OCH3
| 3.89 | (3H, s) | 3.90 | (3H, s) |
Position |
4
| Ref.*1
| Position |
---|---|---|---|
δ
| DEPT |
δ
| |
1 | 48.2 | CH2
| 48.55 |
2 | 67.8 | CH | 67.65 |
3 | 85.8 | CH | 85.64 |
4 | 40.8 | C | 40.65 |
5 | 56.6 | CH | 56.46 |
6 | 19.8 | CH2
| 19.58 |
7 | 34.2 | CH2
| 34.03 |
8 | 42.9 | C | 42.68 |
9 | 48.8 | CH | 8.71*2
|
10 | 39.4 | C | 39.00 |
11 | 24.9 | CH2
| 24.75 |
12 | 129.2 | CH | 129.14 |
13 | 140.5 | C | 140.16 |
14 | 41.3 | C | 41.14 |
15 | 29.8 | CH2
| 29.59 |
16 | 26.8 | CH2
| 26.60 |
17 | 49.3 | C | 48.72 |
18 | 55.3 | CH | 55.09 |
19 | 73.8 | C | 73.57 |
20 | 43.3 | CH | 43.09 |
21 | 27.5 | CH2
| 27.30 |
22 | 39.3 | CH2
| 39.22 |
23 | 29.4 | CH3
| 29.25 |
24 | 18.5 | CH3
| 18.32 |
25 | 17.3*3
| CH3
| 16.60 |
26 | 17.7*3
| CH3
| 17.07 |
27 | 25.0 | CH3
| 24.83 |
28 | 182.9 | C | 182.29 |
29 | 27.2 | CH3
| 27.05 |
30 | 16.8*3
| CH3
| 17.50 |
1′ | 169.8 | C | 169.61 |
2′ | 116.3 | CH | 116.16 |
3′ | 146.7 | CH | 146.50 |
1″ | 128.1 | C | 127.90 |
2″ | 111.8 | CH | 111.58 |
3″ | 149.6 | C | 149.40 |
4″ | 150.7 | C | 150.53 |
5″ | 116.7 | CH | 116.49 |
6″ | 124.3 | CH | 124.04 |
OCH3
| 56.7 | CH3
| 56.51 |