Background
Methods
Participants
Behaviour change framework
Interventions | |
Education | Increasing knowledge or understanding |
Persuasion | Using communication to induce positive or negative feelings or stimulate action |
Incentivisation | Creating expectation of reward |
Enablement | Increasing means/reducing barriers to increase capability or opportunity beyond education, training and environmental restructuring respectively |
Training | Imparting skills |
Coercion | Creating expectation of punishment or cost |
Restriction | Using rules to reduce the opportunity to engage in the target behaviour (or increase the opportunity to engage in competing behaviours) |
Environmental restructuring | Changing the physical and social context |
Modelling | Providing an example for people to aspire to or imitate |
Policies | |
Communication/marketing | Using print, electronic, telephonic or broadcast media |
Guidelines | Creating documents that recommend or mandate practice |
Fiscal measures | Using the tax system to reduce or increase the financial cost |
Regulation | Establishing rules or principles of behaviour or practice |
Legislation | Making or changing laws |
Environmental/social planning | Designing and/or controlling the physical or social environment |
Service provision | Delivering a service |
Survey procedure
Project overview
| |
SMARThealth India uses mobile technologies to provide village-based, non-physician health workers with personalised clinical decision support to guide cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk assessment and management. The system is being tested in rural villages in Andhra Pradesh, India. It is integrated with government primary health care centres. Individuals identified at high CVD risk are referred to the treating doctor for ongoing management and follow-up. The doctor also has access to the decision support tools and patients are provided with interactive voice prompts to support ongoing care and follow-up. The system is being tested in a stepped-wedge cluster randomised controlled trial involving 18 primary health care centres, 54 villages and around 15,000 individuals at high CVD risk. The primary outcome is improvements in the proportion of people at high CVD risk who are achieving national guidelines blood pressure targets. | |
Previous research conducted to inform this work
| |
The research team has been working in this region for the past decade. Previous studies had been conducted documenting the rise in blood pressure related disease burden in the region and gaps in access to recommended treatments had been quantified [34]. An intervention trial had also been conducted which found that non-physician health workers could perform routine CVD risk assessments to the level of a physician using a simple paper-based algorithm chart [35]. | |
Pilot study
| |
Building on this work, a prototype tablet based decision support 'app' was developed and trialed for use by 11 non-physician health workers and three government doctors for around 200 patients. The COM-B model was used to guide the evaluation [22]. The qualitative component identified three inter-related interview themes: (1) the decision support technology had potential to change prevailing health care models, (2) shifting tasks traditionally performed by a doctor to the community health worker was the central driver of change, and (3) despite high acceptability by end users, actual healthcare transformation was substantially limited by system-level barriers such as patient access to doctors and medicines. | |
Completion of the survey tool
| |
On the basis of the above information the SMARThealth research team met via teleconference to complete the survey. The target behaviour change is to improve blood pressure control amongst people at high CVD risk. A consensus approach was taken to determine the ratings and this was informed by the recently completed pilot evaluation. Doctor capability was rated high, however, motivation and opportunity were rated low. The pilot evaluation found that working conditions, salary and competing priorities were all factors that limited doctors from improving blood pressure control in the target population. For health workers capability was low as most health workers had no previous experience in conducting CVD risk assessments, however, motivation was assessed as high as previous research demonstrated high levels of interest in expanding current roles to include chronic disease screening and prevention. Current opportunities, however, to do this are low as there are few chronic disease training programs for this workforce. Community capability and opportunity were rated low as previous studies have demonstrated large health literacy gaps and major shortfalls in people's ability to access health care. Motivation to engage in the primary health care sector was rated medium as community members interviewed during the pilot had varying confidence in the ability of this sector to meet their healthcare needs. |
Analysis
Results
Project code (team no) | Funding agency | Target countries/regions | Target behaviour change | Intervention | Intervention function | Policy categories |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Interventions involving mobile health technologies | ||||||
IND 7 | NHMRC | India-Andhra Pradesh | Improved BP control amongst people at high cardiovascular disease risk | A primary health care mHealth system for use by NPHWs and government primary health care centre doctors | • Education | • Guidelines |
• Persuasion | • Communication/ marketing (partially) | |||||
• Incentivisation | • Service provision (partially) | |||||
• Training | ||||||
• Enablement | ||||||
• Environmental restructuring | ||||||
TZA 3/CAN 3 | CIHR, GCC, IDRC, and CSN | Tanzania/Canada | Improved HT control through improved screening, lifestyle changes and medication use | Primary health care intervention involving linkage of primary health care workers and patients via a short message system (SMS) mHealth system, combined with contextually and culturally specific training programmes for health care workers in the two settings | • Education | • Guidelines |
• Training | • Environment/social planning | |||||
• Persuasion (partially) | • Communication/marketing | |||||
• Incentivisation (partially) | • Legislation (partially) | |||||
• Enablement (partially) | • Service provision (partially) | |||||
• Environmental restructuring (partially) | • Regulation (partially) | |||||
COL/MYS 2 | CIHR, GCC, IDRC, and CSN | Colombia/Malaysia | Improved BP control through improved screening, lifestyle changes and medication use | Primary health care programme for cardiovascular disease risk assessment, treatment and control involving: (1) simplified algorithms implemented by NPHWs and supported by e-health technologies; (2) initiation of evidence based medications; (3) treatment supports to optimise long-term medication and lifestyle adherence; and (4) macro-policy initiatives to support sustainability | • Education | • Guidelines |
• Persuasion | • Environment/social planning | |||||
• Training | ||||||
• Enablement | • Communication/marketing | |||||
• Service provision | ||||||
• Legislation (partially) | ||||||
KEN 13 | NIH (NHLBI) | Kenya | Linking and retaining hypertensive individuals to hypertensive care | A behavioural communication strategy and use of mHealth tools to improve linkage into health care and optimal BP control | • Education | • Guidelines |
• Persuasion | • Communication/marketing | |||||
• Training | • Service provision | |||||
• Enablement | ||||||
• Environmental restructuring | ||||||
• Incentivisation (partially) | ||||||
ARG 14 | NIH (NHLBI) | Argentina | Improved BP control amongst hypertensive subjects via improved medication adherence, home monitoring and a lifestyle modification programme | Primary health care intervention comprising provider education, a home-based lifestyle and BP monitoring consultation for patients and their families delivered by NPHWs and a mHealth intervention | • Education | • Guidelines |
• Persuasion | • Service provision | |||||
• Incentivisation | ||||||
• Training | ||||||
• Enablement | ||||||
• Environmental restructuring | ||||||
Innovative health care delivery strategies | ||||||
NGA 15 | NIH (NINDS) | Nigeria | Empowering patients who have had a stroke to improve their adherence to medicines and recommended health care visits | A new model of care comprising a stroke patient report card, SMS messages from care providers, and in-clinic educational video sessions | • Education | • Guidelines |
• Persuasion | • Communication/marketing | |||||
ZAF 1 | CIHR, GCC, IDRC, and CSN | South Africa—Western Cape/Uganda | Improved control of BP amongst people with HIV | N/A (Observational study) | N/A | N/A |
UGA 1 | ||||||
ZAF 5 | MRC | South Africa-Mpumalanga | Changing clinic systems and behaviour of health professionals in the clinic | Primary health care intervention in which a clinic based lay health worker will support outreach teams to improve access and quality of care for patients with elevated BP | • Education | • Service provision |
• Training | ||||||
• Enablement | ||||||
• Environmental restructuring | ||||||
• Persuasion (partially) | ||||||
IND 6 | NHMRC | India-3 rural regions | Improved control of BP amongst rural-dwelling people with hypertension | Peer group based support incorporating monitoring and education, and a non-physician health care facilitator. Health system and workforce strengthening. | • Education | • Guidelines |
• Persuasion | • Environment/social planning | |||||
• Incentivisation | • Communication/marketing | |||||
• Training | • Service provision | |||||
• Enablement | • Guidelines (partially) | |||||
• Modelling | ||||||
• Environmental | ||||||
• restructuring | ||||||
IND 8 | NHMRC | India/Sri Lanka-fixed dose combination BP-lowering pill | Improve prescriber and patient uptake of BP-lowering medication | Outpatient clinic trial of a low dose 3-in-1 low cost BP-lowering pill compared with usual treatment regimes. 700 patients will be randomised to treatment with a triple low dose BP-lowering medication or routine management of hypertension according to usual practice. Primary outcome is proportion reaching target at 6 months. | • Enablement | |
• Environmental restructuring | ||||||
GHA 12 | NIH (NHLBI) | Ghana | Improved BP control amongst patients with uncontrolled hypertension who receive care in community-based primary care practices | Comparative effectiveness study of an World Health Organisation package of interventions involving task-shifting to Community Health Nurses versus provision of health insurance coverage | • Education | • Guidelines |
• Persuasion | • Environment/social planning | |||||
• Incentivisation | • Communication/marketing | |||||
• Training | • Service provision | |||||
• Enablement | • Regulation | |||||
• Modelling | ||||||
• Environmental restructuring | ||||||
Salt reduction strategies | ||||||
IND 9 | NHMRC | India—national | Reduction in dietary intake of salt and reduction of salt levels in foods and meals through the development of local and national policies for salt reduction | N/A (Observational study) | N/A | • Guidelines |
• Communication/marketing | ||||||
FJI/ WSM 10 | NHMRC | Pacific Islands | Reduce salt use | Multi-pronged cross sectoral programmes targeting community-wide salt reduction | • Education | • Guidelines |
• Training | • Communication/marketing | |||||
• Environmental restructuring | • Regulation | |||||
CHN 4 | MRC | China | Lowered salt intake in children and their families | A school-based education programme to reduce salt intake in children and their families | • Restrictions | • Guidelines |
• Education | • Environment/social planning | |||||
• Persuasion | • Communication /marketing | |||||
• Incentivisation | • Service provision (partially) | |||||
• Training | ||||||
• Enablement | ||||||
• Modelling | ||||||
• Environmental restructuring | ||||||
PER 11 | NIH (NHLBI) | Peru | Replacing common salt for a potassium-enriched salt (substitute); incorporating and consuming the salt substitute in the usual diet | A community-wide salt substitution programme involving community, community kitchens, and food suppliers | • Education | • Communication/marketing |
• Persuasion | ||||||
• Incentivisation | ||||||
• Training | ||||||
• Enablement | ||||||
• Modelling | ||||||
• Environmental restructuring | ||||||
• Restrictions (partially) |