Skip to main content
Hauptrubriken
CME Facharzt-Training Webinare Zeitschriften Bücher e.Medpedia Podcast
Service
Jobbörse Info & Hilfe
Fachgebiete
Anästhesiologie Allgemeinmedizin Arbeitsmedizin Augenheilkunde Chirurgie Dermatologie Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe HNO Innere Medizin Kardiologie Neurologie Onkologie und Hämatologie Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie Pädiatrie Pathologie Psychiatrie Radiologie Rechtsmedizin Urologie Zahnmedizin
Themen
Klimawandel und Gesundheit Neues aus dem Markt COVID-19 Praxis und Beruf Seltene Erkrankungen GOÄ & EBM Panorama
Sammlungen
Kasuistiken Algorithmen & Infografiken Blickdiagnosen Arthropedia FlapFinder (für Dermatochirurgen) Videos Kongressberichterstattung Medizin für Apothekerinnen und Apotheker Für Ärztinnen und Ärzte in Weiterbildung Für Medizinstudierende
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
Clinical Drug Investigation
Erschienen in: Clinical Drug Investigation 7/2016

01.07.2016 | Review Article

Benzodiazepine Use, Misuse, and Harm at the Population Level in Canada: A Comprehensive Narrative Review of Data and Developments Since 1995

verfasst von: Yoko Murphy, Emily Wilson, Elliot M. Goldner, Benedikt Fischer

Erschienen in: Clinical Drug Investigation | Ausgabe 7/2016

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Benzodiazepines are commonly prescribed psycho-pharmaceuticals (e.g., for anxiety, tension, and insomnia); they are generally considered safe but have potential adverse effects. Benzodiazepine use in Canada versus internationally is comparably high, yet no recent comprehensive review of use, misuse, or related (e.g., morbidity, mortality) harm at the population level exists; the present review aimed to fill this gap. We searched four key scientific literature databases (Medline, CINAHL, EBM Reviews, and Web of Science) with relevant search terms, and collected relevant “gray literature” (e.g., survey, monitoring, government reports) data published in 1995–2015. Two reviewers conducted data screening and extraction; results were categorized and narratively summarized by key sub-topics. Levels of benzodiazepine use in the general population have been relatively stable in recent years; medical use is generally highest among older adults. Rates of non-medical use are fairly low in general but higher in marginalized (e.g., street drug use) populations; high and/or inappropriate prescribing appears common in older adults. Benzodiazepines are associated with various morbidity outcomes (e.g., accidents/injuries, cognitive decline, sleep disturbances, or psychiatric issues), again commonly observed in older adults; moreover, benzodiazepines are identified as a contributing factor in suicides and poisoning deaths. Overall there is a substantial benzodiazepine-related health problem burden—although lower than that for other psycho-medications (e.g., opioids)—in Canada, mainly as a result of overuse and/or morbidity. National benzodiazepine prescription guidelines are lacking, and few evaluated interventions to reduce benzodiazepine-related problems exist. There is a clear need for reducing inappropriate benzodiazepine use and related harm in Canada through improved evidence-based practice as well as monitoring and control.
Literatur
1.
Nelson J, Chouinard G. Guidelines for the clinical use of benzodiazepines: Pharmacokinetics, dependency, rebound and withdrawal. Canadian society for clinical pharmacology. Can J Clin Pharmacol. 1999;6(2):69–83.PubMed
2.
Tallman JF, Paul SM, Skolnick P, Gallager DW. Receptors for the age of anxiety: pharmacology of the benzodiazepines. Science. 1980;207(4428):274–81.PubMedCrossRef
3.
Sternbach LH. The benzodiazepine story. Prog Drug Res. 1978;22:229–66.PubMed
4.
5.
Pieters T, Snelders S. Psychotropic drug use: between healing and enhancing the mind. Neuroethics. 2009;2(2):63–73.CrossRef
6.
Brands B. Drugs and drug abuse: a reference text. Toronto: Addiction Research Foundation; 1998.
7.
Ashton H. Guidelines for the rational use of benzodiazepines. When and what to use. Drugs. 1994;48(1):25–40.PubMedCrossRef
8.
Longo LP, Johnson B. Addiction: Part I. benzodiazepines–side effects, abuse risk and alternatives. Am Fam Physician. 2000;61(7):2121–8.PubMed
9.
Ciraulo DA, Sarid-Segal O. Benzodiazepines: Abuse liability. In: Roy-Byrne PP, Cowley DS, editors. Benzodiazepines in clinical practice: risks and benefits. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, Inc.; 1991. p. 155–74.
10.
World Health Organization (WHO). Programme on substance abuse. Rational use of benzodiazepines. Copenhagen: World Health Organization; 1996.
11.
International Narcotics Control Board (INCB). Narcotic drugs estimated world requirements for 2014—statistics for 2012. New York: United Nations; 2014. Report No.: T.14.XI.2.
12.
13.
Cooperstock R, Hill J. The effects of tranquillization: benzodiazepine use in Canada. Ottawa: Health and Welfare Canada; 1982.
14.
Morgan SG, Barer ML, Agnew JD. Whither seniors’ pharmacare: Lessons from (and for) Canada. Health Aff (Millwood). 2003;22(3):49–59.PubMedCrossRef
15.
Anis AH, Guh D, Wang X. A dog’s breakfast: Prescription drug coverage varies widely across Canada. Med Care. 2001;39(4):315–26.PubMedCrossRef
16.
International Narcotics Control Board (INCB). Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 2004. New York: United Nations; 2005. Report No.: E.05.XI.3.
17.
Morgan S, Smolina K, Mooney D, Raymond C, Bowen M, Gorczynski C, et al. The Canadian Rx Atlas. 3rd ed. Vancouver: UBC Centre for Health Services and Policy Research; 2013.
18.
19.
Veldhuizen S, Wade TJ, Cairney J. Alcohol consumption among Canadians taking benzodiazepines and related drugs. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2009;18(3):203–10.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Patten SB, Williams JVA, Lavorato DH, Kassam A, Sabapathy CD. Pharmacoepidemiology of benzodiazepine and sedative-hypnotic use in a Canadian general population cohort during 12 years of follow-up. Can J Psychiatry. 2010;55(12):792–9.PubMed
21.
Neutel CI. The epidemiology of long-term benzodiazepine use. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2005;17(3):189–97.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Vozoris NT, Leung RS. Sedative medication use: prevalence, risk factors, and associations with body mass index using population-level data. Sleep. 2011;34(7):869–74.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
23.
Sanyal C, Asbridge M, Kisely S, Sketris I, Andreou P. The utilization of antidepressants and benzodiazepines among people with major depression in Canada. Can J Psychiatry. 2011;56(11):667–76.PubMed
24.
Beck CA, Williams JV, Wang JL, Kassam A, El-Guebaly N, Currie SR, et al. Psychotropic medication use in canada. Can J Psychiatry. 2005;50(10):605–13.PubMed
25.
Hogan DB, Maxwell CJ, Fung TS, Ebly EM. Prevalence and potential consequences of benzodiazepine use in senior citizens: results from the Canadian study of health and aging. Can J Clin Pharmacol. 2003;10(2):72–7.PubMed
26.
Ebly EM, Hogan DB, Fung TS. Potential adverse outcomes of psychotropic and narcotic drug use in Canadian seniors. J Clin Epidemiol. 1997;50(7):857–63.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Cunningham CM, Hanley GE, Morgan S. Patterns in the use of benzodiazepines in British Columbia: examining the impact of increasing research and guideline cautions against long-term use. Health Policy. 2010;97(2):122–9.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Daw JR, Mintzes B, Law MR, Hanley GE, Morgan SG. Prescription drug use in pregnancy: a retrospective, population-based study in British Columbia, Canada (2001–2006). Clin Ther. 2012;34(1):239–49.PubMedCrossRef
29.
Hagen BF, Armstrong-Esther C, Quail P, Williams RJ, Norton P, Navenec CL, et al. Neuroleptic and benzodiazepine use in long-term care in urban and rural alberta: characteristics and results of an education intervention to ensure appropriate use. Int Psychogeriatr. 2005;17(4):631–52.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Esposito E, Barbui C, Patten SB. Patterns of benzodiazepine use in a Canadian population sample. Epidemiol Psichiatr Soc. 2009;18(3):248–54.PubMed
31.
Alessi-Severini S, Bolton JM, Enns MW, Dahl M, Collins DM, Chateau D, et al. Use of benzodiazepines and related drugs in manitoba: a population-based study. CMAJ Open. 2014;2(4):E208–16.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
32.
Neutel CI, Maxwell CJ. The benzodiazepine treadmill–does one prescription lead to more? Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 1996;5(1):39–42.PubMedCrossRef
33.
Ohayon MM, Caulet M. Insomnia and psychotropic drug consumption. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1995;19(3):421–31.PubMedCrossRef
34.
Tu K, Mamdani MM, Hux JE, Tu J. Progressive trends in the prevalence of benzodiazepine prescribing in older people in Ontario, Canada. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2001;49:1341–5.PubMedCrossRef
35.
Hogan DB, Maxwell CJ, Fung TS, Ebly EM. Regional variation in the use of medications by older Canadians—a persistent and incompletely understood phenomena. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2003;12(7):575–82.PubMedCrossRef
36.
Préville M, Bossé C, Vasiliadis H, Voyer P, Laurier C, Berbiche D, et al. Correlates of potentially inappropriate prescriptions of benzodiazepines among older adults: results from the ESA study. Can J Aging La Revue canadienne du vieillissement. 2012;31(3):313–22.CrossRef
37.
Conn DK, Ferguson I, Mandelman K, Ward C. Psychotropic drug utilization in long-term-care facilities for the elderly in Ontario,Canada. Int Psychogeriatr. 1999;11(3):223–33.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Vozoris NT, Fischer HD, Wang X, Stephenson AL, Gershon AS, Gruneir A, et al. Benzodiazepine drug use and adverse respiratory outcomes among older adults with COPD. Eur Respir J. 2014;44(2):332–40.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Vozoris NT, Fischer HD, Wang X, Anderson GM, Bell CM, Gershon AS, et al. Benzodiazepine use among older adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a population-based cohort study. Drugs Aging. 2013;30(3):183–92.PubMedCrossRef
40.
Bartlett G, Abrahamowicz M, Grad R, Sylvestre MP, Tamblyn R. Association between risk factors for injurious falls and new benzodiazepine prescribing in elderly persons. BMC Fam Pract. 2009;10(1):1–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
41.
Fortin D, Preville M, Ducharme C, Hebert R, Trottier L, Gregoire JP, et al. Factors associated with long-term benzodiazepine use among elderly women and men in quebec. J Women Aging. 2007;19(3–4):37–52.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Tamblyn R, Abrahamowicz M, du Berger R, McLeod P, Bartlett G. A 5-year prospective assessment of the risk associated with individual benzodiazepines and doses in new elderly users. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(2):233–41.PubMedCrossRef
43.
Egan M, Moride Y, Wolfson C, Monette J. Long-term continuous use of benzodiazepines in older adults in Quebec: prevalence, incidence and risk factors. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000;48(7):811–6.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Smith AJ, Sketris I, Cooke C, Gardner D, Kisely S, Tett SE. A comparison of benzodiazepine and related drug use in Nova Scotia and Australia. Can J Psychiatry. 2008;53(8):545–52.PubMed
45.
Smith AJ, Sketris I, Cooke C, Gardner D, Kisely S, Tett SE. A comparison of antidepressant use in Nova Scotia, Canada and Australia. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2008;17(7):697–706.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Rojas-Fernandez CH, Carver D, Tonks R. Population trends in the prevalence of benzodiazepine use in the older population of Nova Scotia: a cause for concern? Can J Clin Pharmacol. 1999;6(3):149–56.PubMed
47.
Laurier C, Moride Y, Kennedy WA. Health survey data on potentially inappropriate geriatric drug use. Ann Pharmacother. 2002;36(3):404–9.PubMedCrossRef
48.
Voyer P, Preville M, Cohen D, Berbiche D, Beland SG. The prevalence of benzodiazepine dependence among community-dwelling older adult users in Quebec according to typical and atypical criteria. Can J Aging. 2010;29(2):205–13.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Voyer P, Cappeliez P, Pérodeau G, Préville M. Mental health for older adults and benzodiazpine use. J Community Health Nurs. 2005;22(4):213–29.PubMedCrossRef
50.
51.
52.
Boak A, Hamilton HA, Adlaf EM, Mann RE. Drug use among Ontario students, 1977–2013: Detailed OSDUHS findings. Toronto: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; 2013. Report No.: CAMH Research Document Series No. 36.
53.
Gupta N, Wang H, Collette M, Pilgrim W. New Brunswick student drug use survey report 2012. Fredericton: Department of Health; 2013.
54.
Asbridge M, Langille D. Nova Scotia student drug use survey 2012: technical report. Halifax: Dalhousie University; 2013.
55.
Poulin C, Elliot D. Student drug use survey in the Atlantic provinces 2007: atlantic technical report. Halifax: Dalhousie University, Community Health and Epidemiology; 2007. Report No.: C2007-906454-X.
56.
Department of Health and Community Services. Newfoundland and Labrador 2012 student drug use survey: Highlights report. St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador: Government of Newfoundland and Labrador; 2013.
57.
Cheverie C, Henry S, MacSwain M, McClure C, Sanford C. Prince Edward Island student drug use 2004–2011. Charlottetown: Prince Edward Island Department of Health and Wellness; 2013.
58.
Adlaf EM, Demers A, Gliksman L. Canadian campus survey 2004. Toronto: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; 2005.
59.
Barrett S, Darredeau C, Pihl R. Patterns of simultaneous polysubstance use in drug using university students. Hum Psycholpharmacol. 2006;21(4):255–63.CrossRef
60.
The First Nations Information Governance Centre. First Nations regional health survey (RHS) phase 2 (2008/10) national report on adults, youth and children living in First Nations communities. Ottawa: The First Nations Information Governance Centre; 2012.
61.
Public Health Agency of Canada. I-track: Enhanced surveillance of risk behaviours among people who inject drugs—phase I report. Ottawa: Surveillance and Risk Assessment Division, Centre for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Public Health Agency of Canada; 2006.
62.
Public Health Agency of Canada. I-track: Enhanced surveillance of HIV, hepatitis C and associated risk behaviours among people who inject drugs in Canada. Phase 2 report. Ottawa: Centre for Communicable Diseases and Infection Control, Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada; 2014.
63.
Fischer B, Cruz MF, Rehm J. Illicit opioid use and its key characteristics: a select overview and evidence from a Canadian multisite cohort of illicit opioid users (OPICAN). Can J Psychiatry. 2006;51(10):624–34.PubMed
64.
Patra J, Fischer B, Maksimowska S, Rehm J. Profiling poly-substance use typologies in a multi-site cohort of illicit opioid and other drug users in Canada—a latent class analysis (LCA). Addict Res Theory. 2009;17(2):168–85.CrossRef
65.
Fischer B, Patra J, Cruz MF, Gittins J, Rehm J. Comparing prescription opioid and heroin users in a canadian multi-site cohort of illicit opioid and other drug users. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2008;27(6):625–32.PubMedCrossRef
66.
Wild C, Wolfe J, Newton-Taylor M, Kang H. Prescription drug misuse in Edmonton and Alberta: a rapid assessment. Edmonton: Addiction and Mental Health Research Laboratory; 2008.
67.
Erickson A, Becker M, Shaw S, Kasper K, Keynan Y. Substance use and its impact on care outcomes among HIV-infected individuals in Manitoba. AIDS Care. 2015;27(9):1168–73.PubMedCrossRef
68.
Brands B, Blake J, Marsh D, Sproule B, Jeyapalan R, Li S. The impact of benzodiazepine use on methadone maintenance treatment outcomes. J Addict Dis. 2008;27(3):37–48.PubMedCrossRef
69.
Fulton HG, Barrett SP, Macisaac C, Stewart SH. The relationship between self-reported substance use and psychiatric symptoms in low-threshold methadone maintenance treatment clients. Harm Reduct J. 2011;8(18):1–10.
70.
Fraser A, Zamecnik J. Substance abuse monitoring by the correctional service of Canada. Ther Drug Monit. 2002;24:187–91.PubMedCrossRef
71.
Fraser A, Zamecnik J, Keravel J, McGrath L, Wells J. Experience with urine drug testing by the correctional service of Canada. Forensic Sci Int. 2001;121:16–22.PubMedCrossRef
72.
Fraser AD. Urine drug testing for social service agencies in Nova Scotia, Canada. J Forensic Sci. 1998;43(1):194–6.PubMedCrossRef
73.
Fraser AD. A 6-year experience with urine drug testing by family service agencies in Nova Scotia,Canada. Forensic Sci Int. 2001;121(3):151–6.PubMedCrossRef
74.
Canadian Institute for Health Information. National trauma registry bulletin (1999–2000). Ottawa: Canadian Institute for Health Information; 2002.
75.
Drug and Alcohol Treatment Information System (DATIS). Substance abuse statistical tables: Fiscal year 2007/2008 to fiscal year 2012/2013. Toronto: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; 2013.
76.
Margolese HC, Malchy L, Negrete JC, Tempier R, Gill K. Drug and alcohol use among patients with schizophrenia and related psychoses: levels and consequences. Schizophr Res. 2004;67(2–3):157–66.PubMedCrossRef
77.
Oberlander TF, Warburton W, Misri S, Riggs W, Aghajanian J, Hertzman C. Major congenital malformations following prenatal exposure to serotonin reuptake inhibitors and benzodiazepines using population-based health data. Birth Defect Res B. 2008;83(1):68–76.CrossRef
78.
Dussault C, Lemire A, Bouchard J, Brault M. Drug use among Quebec drivers: the 1999 roadside survey. In: Proceedings of the 15th international conference on alcohol, drugs and traffic safety; 2000.
79.
Neutel CI. Benzodiazepine-related traffic accidents in young and elderly drivers. Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp. 1998;13(S2):S115–23.CrossRef
80.
Maxwell CJ, Neutel CI, Hirdes JP. A prospective study of falls after benzodiazepine use: a comparison of new and repeat use. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 1997;6(1):27–35.PubMedCrossRef
81.
Woodall KL, Chow BLC, Lauwers A, Cass D. Toxicological findings in fatal motor vehicle collisions in Ontario, Canada: a one-year study. J Forensic Sci. 2015;60(3):669–74.PubMedCrossRef
82.
Neutel CI, Hirdes JP, Maxwell CJ, Patten SB. New evidence on benzodiazepine use and falls: the time factor. Age Ageing. 1996;25(4):273–8.PubMedCrossRef
83.
Préville M, Boyer R, Grenier S, Dubé M, Voyer P, Punti R, et al. The epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in Quebec’s older adult population. Can J Psychiatry. 2008;53(12):822–32.PubMed
84.
Beland SG, Preville M, Dubois MF, Lorrain D, Grenier S, Voyer P, et al. Benzodiazepine use and quality of sleep in the community-dwelling elderly population. Aging Ment Health. 2010;14(7):843–50.PubMedCrossRef
85.
Beland SG, Preville M, Dubois MF, Lorrain D, Voyer P, Bosse C, et al. The association between length of benzodiazepine use and sleep quality in older population. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2011;26(9):908–15.PubMedCrossRef
86.
Voyer P, McCubbin M, Preville M, Boyer R. Factors in duration of anxiolytic, sedative, and hypnotic drug use in the elderly. Can J Nurs Res. 2003;35(4):126–49.PubMed
87.
Lagnaoui R, Tournier M, Moride Y, Wolfson C, Ducruet T, Bégaud B, et al. The risk of cognitive impairment in older community-dwelling women after benzodiazepine use. Age Ageing. 2009;38(2):226–8.PubMedCrossRef
88.
Billioti de Gage S, Moride Y, Ducruet T, Kurth T, Verdoux H, Tournier M, et al. Benzodiazepine use and risk of Alzheimer’s disease: case-control study. BMJ. 2014;9(349):g5205.CrossRef
89.
Voaklander DC, Kelly KD, Rowe BH, Schopflocher DP, Svenson L, Yiannakoulias N, et al. Pain, medication, and injury in older farmers. Am J Ind Med. 2006;49(5):374–82.PubMedCrossRef
90.
Hemmelgarn B, Suissa S, Huang A, Boivin JF, Pinard G. Benzodiazepine use and the risk of motor vehicle crash in the elderly. JAMA. 1997;278(1):27–31.PubMedCrossRef
91.
Dhalla IA, Anderson GM, Mamdani MM, Bronskill SE, Sykora K, Rochon PA. Inappropriate prescribing before and after nursing home admission. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002;50(6):995–1000.PubMedCrossRef
92.
Kerr T, Fairbairn N, Tyndall M, Marsh D, Li K, Montaner J, et al. Predictors of non-fatal overdose among a cohort of polysubstance-using injection drug users. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007;87(1):39–45.PubMedCrossRef
93.
Ickowicz S, Hayashi K, Dong H, Milloy MJ, Kerr T, Montaner JS, et al. Benzodiazepine use as an independent risk factor for HIV infection in a canadian setting. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;1(155):190–4.CrossRef
94.
Fischer B, Brissette S, Brochu S, Bruneau J, el-Guebaly N, Noel L, et al. Determinants of overdose incidents among illicit opioid users in 5 Canadian cities. CMAJ. 2004;171(3):235–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
95.
Busto U, Romach M, Sellers E. Multiple drug use and psychiatric comorbidity in patients admitted to the hospital with severe benzodiazepine dependence. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1996;16(1):51–7.PubMedCrossRef
96.
Rizvi SJ, Sproule BA, Gallaugher L, McIntyre RS. Correlates of benzodiazepine use in major depressive disorder: the effect of anhedonia. J Affect Disord. 2015;187:101–5.PubMedCrossRef
97.
Belleville G. Mortality hazard associated with anxiolytic and hypnotic drug use in the national population health survey. Can J Psychiatry. 2010;55(9):558–67.PubMed
98.
Huybrechts KF, Rothman KJ, Silliman RA, Brookhart MA, Schneeweiss S. Risk of death and hospital admission for major medical events after initiation of psychotropic medications in older adults admitted to nursing homes. CMAJ. 2011;183(7):E411–9.PubMedPubMedCentral
99.
Dhalla IA, Mamdani MM, Sivilotti ML, Kopp A, Qureshi O, Juurlink DN. Prescribing of opioid analgesics and related mortality before and after the introduction of long-acting oxycodone. CMAJ. 2009;181(12):891–6.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
100.
Leece P, Cavacuiti C, Macdonald EM, Gomes T, Kahan M, Srivastava A, et al. Predictors of opioid-related death during methadone therapy. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2015;15(57):30–5.CrossRef
101.
Neutel CI, Patten SB. Risk of suicide attempts after benzodiazepine and/or antidepressant use. Ann Epidemiol. 1997;7(8):568–74.PubMedCrossRef
102.
Voaklander DC, Rowe BH, Dryden DM, Pahal J, Saar P, Kelly KD. Medical illness, medication use and suicide in seniors: a population-based case–control study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2008;62(2):138–46.PubMedCrossRef
103.
Poulin C, Stein J, Butt J. Surveillance of drug overdose deaths using medical examiner data. Chronic Dis Can. 1998;19(4):177–82.PubMed
104.
Kassam A, Carter B, Patten SB. Sedative hypnotic use in Alberta. Can J Psychiatry. 2006;51(5):287–94.PubMed
105.
Ontario Ministry of Health. Ontario health survey 1990. Toronto: Ministry of Health; 1994. Report No.: 2nd edition.
106.
107.
Davidson JR. Use of benzodiazepines in social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65(Suppl 5):29–33.PubMed
108.
Morin CM, LeBlanc M, Belanger L, Ivers H, Merette C, Savard J. Prevalence of insomnia and its treatment in canada. Can J Psychiatry. 2011;56(9):540–8.PubMed
109.
110.
Glass J, Lanctôt KL, Herrmann N, Sproule BA, Busto UE. Sedative hypnotics in older people with insomnia: meta-analysis of risks and benefits. BMJ. 2005;331(7526):1169–73.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
111.
Mah L, Upshur RE. Long term benzodiazepine use for insomnia in patients over the age of 60: discordance of patient and physician perceptions. BMC Fam Pract. 2002;8(3):9.CrossRef
112.
Fischer B, Keates A, Buhringer G, Reimer J, Rehm J. Non-medical use of prescription opioids and prescription opioid-related harms: why so markedly higher in north America compared to the rest of the world? Addiction. 2014;109(2):177–81.PubMedCrossRef
113.
Morin CM, Vallieres A, Guay B, Ivers H, Savard J, Merette C, et al. Cognitive behavioral therapy, singly and combined with medication, for persistent insomnia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009;301(19):2005–15.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
114.
Morgenthaler T, Kramer M, Alessi C, Friedman L, Boehlecke B, Brown T, et al. Practice parameters for the psychological and behavioral treatment of insomnia: an update. An American academy of sleep medicine report. Sleep. 2006;29(11):1415–9.PubMed
115.
Fischer B, Argento E. Prescription opioid related misuse, harms, diversion and interventions in Canada: a review. Pain Physician. 2012;15(3 Suppl):ES191–203.PubMed
116.
Fischer B, Gooch J, Goldman B, Kurdyak P, Rehm J. Non-medical prescription opioid use, prescription opioid-related harms and public health in canada: an update 5 years later. Can J Public Health. 2014;105(2):146–9.
117.
Jones CM, Mack KA, Paulozzi LJ. Pharmaceutical overdose deaths, United States, 2010. JAMA. 2013;309(7):657–9.PubMedCrossRef
118.
McMillan JM, Aitken E, Holroyd-Leduc JM. Management of insomnia and long-term use of sedative-hypnotic drugs in older patients. CMAJ. 2013;185(17):1499–505.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
119.
National Association of Pharmacy Regulatory Authorities. Benzodiazepine regulations. Ottawa: NAPRA; 2001.
120.
Currie J. Manufacturing addiction: the overprescription of benzodiazepines and sleeping pills to women in Canada. Vancouver: British Columbia Centre of Excellence for Women’s Health; 2003.
121.
Furlan AD, Reardon R, Weppler C, NOUGG, For the National Opioid Use Guideline Group (NOUGG), National Opioid Use Guideline Group. Opioids for chronic noncancer pain: a new Canadian practice guideline. CMAJ. 2010;182(9):923–30.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
122.
Lam RW, Kennedy SH, Grigoriadis S, McIntyre RS, Milev R, Ramasubbu R, et al. Canadian network for mood and anxiety treatments (CANMAT) clinical guidelines for the management of major depressive disorder in adults. III. Pharmacotherapy. J Affect Disord. 2009;117(Suppl 1):S26–43.PubMedCrossRef
123.
Canadian Psychiatric Association. Clinical practice guidelines. Management of anxiety disorders. Can J Psychiatry. 2006;51(8 Suppl 2):9S–91S.
124.
Anthierens S, Pasteels I, Habraken H, Steinberg P, Declercq T, Christiaens T. Barriers to nonpharmacologic treatments for stress, anxiety, and insomnia: Family physicians’ attitudes toward benzodiazepine prescribing. Can Fam Physician. 2010;56(11):e398–406.PubMedPubMedCentral
125.
Bruce SE, Vasile RG, Goisman RM, Salzman C, Spencer M, Machan JT, et al. Are benzodiazepines still the medication of choice for patients with panic disorder with or without agoraphobia? Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160(8):1432–8.PubMedCrossRef
126.
Rogers A, Pilgrim D, Brennan S, Sulaiman I, Watson G, Chew-Graham C. Prescribing benzodiazepines in general practice: a new view of an old problem. Health (London). 2007;11(2):181–98.PubMedCrossRef
127.
Bandelow B, Sher L, Bunevicius R, Hollander E, Kasper S, Zohar J, et al. Guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder in primary care. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2012;16(2):77–84.PubMedCrossRef
128.
Locke AB, Kirst N, Shultz CG. Diagnosis and management of generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder in adults. Am Fam Physician. 2015;91(9):617–24.PubMed
129.
Eagles L. Guidance for prescribing and withdrawal of benzodiazepines and hypnotics in general practice. Aberdeen: NHS Grampian; 2008. Report No.: 1.
130.
el-Guebaly N, Sareen J, Stein MB. Are there guidelines for the responsible prescription of benzodiazepines? Can J Psychiatry. 2010;55(11):709–14.PubMed
131.
Dormuth CR, Miller TA, Huang A, Mamdani MM, Juurlink DN. Effect of a centralized prescription network on inappropriate prescriptions for opioid analgesics and benzodiazepines. CMAJ. 2012;184(16):E852–6.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
132.
Gomes T, Juurlink D, Yao Z, Camacho X, Paterson JM, Singh S, et al. Impact of legislation and a prescription monitoring program on the prevalence of potentially inappropriate prescriptions for monitored drugs in ontario: A time series analysis. CMAJ Open. 2014;2(4):256–61.CrossRef
133.
Pimlott NJ, Hux JE, Wilson LM, Kahan M, Li C, Rosser WW. Educating physicians to reduce benzodiazepine use by elderly patients: a randomized controlled trial. CMAJ. 2003;168(7):835–9.PubMedPubMedCentral
134.
Tannenbaum C, Martin P, Tamblyn R, Benedetti A, Ahmed S. Reduction of inappropriate benzodiazepine prescriptions among older adults through direct patient education: the EMPOWER cluster randomized trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(6):890–8.PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Benzodiazepine Use, Misuse, and Harm at the Population Level in Canada: A Comprehensive Narrative Review of Data and Developments Since 1995
verfasst von
Yoko Murphy
Emily Wilson
Elliot M. Goldner
Benedikt Fischer
Publikationsdatum
01.07.2016
Verlag
Springer International Publishing
Erschienen in
Clinical Drug Investigation / Ausgabe 7/2016
Print ISSN: 1173-2563
Elektronische ISSN: 1179-1918
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40261-016-0397-8

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 7/2016

Clinical Drug Investigation 7/2016 Zur Ausgabe

Original Research Article

Linking the Price of Cancer Drug Treatments to Their Clinical Value

Original Research Article

Switching from a Free Association of Perindopril/Amlodipine to a Fixed-Dose Combination: Increased Antihypertensive Efficacy and Tolerability

Original Research Article

The Cerebrospinal Fluid Distribution of Postoperatively Administred Dexketoprofen and Etoricoxib and Their Effect on Pain and Inflammatory Markers in Patients Undergoing Hip Arthroplasty

Original Research Article

Economic Evaluation of Intravenous Immunoglobulin plus Corticosteroids for the Treatment of Steroid-Resistant Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy in Thailand

Original Research Article

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Omalizumab for the Treatment of Severe Persistent Asthma in Real Clinical Practice in Spain

Original Research Article

Comparing the Effects of Sertraline with Duloxetine for Depression Severity and Symptoms: A Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial