Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Breast Cancer Research 6/2007

01.12.2007 | Review

Breast tumour angiogenesis

verfasst von: Stephen B Fox, Daniele G Generali, Adrian L Harris

Erschienen in: Breast Cancer Research | Ausgabe 6/2007

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

The central importance of tumour neovascularization has been emphasized by clinical trials using antiangiogenic therapy in breast cancer. This review gives a background to breast tumour neovascularization in in situ and invasive breast cancer, outlines the mechanisms by which this is achieved and discusses the influence of the microenvironment, focusing on hypoxia. The regulation of angiogenesis and the antivascular agents that are used in an antiangiogenic dosing schedule, both novel and conventional, are also summarized.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Miller KD: Recent translational research: antiangiogenic therapy for breast cancer: where do we stand?. Breast Cancer Res. 2004, 6: 128-132. 10.1186/bcr782.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Miller KD: Recent translational research: antiangiogenic therapy for breast cancer: where do we stand?. Breast Cancer Res. 2004, 6: 128-132. 10.1186/bcr782.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Kerbel RS: A cancer therapy resistant to resistance. Nature. 1997, 390: 335-336. 10.1038/36978.PubMedCrossRef Kerbel RS: A cancer therapy resistant to resistance. Nature. 1997, 390: 335-336. 10.1038/36978.PubMedCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Relf M, LeJeune S, Scott PA, Fox S, Smith K, Leek R, Moghaddam A, Whitehouse R, Bicknell R, Harris AL: Expression of the angiogenic factors vascular endothelial cell growth factor, acidic and basic fibroblast growth factor, tumor growth factor beta-1, platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor, placenta growth factor, and pleiotrophin in human primary breast cancer and its relation to angiogenesis. Cancer Res. 1997, 57: 963-969.PubMed Relf M, LeJeune S, Scott PA, Fox S, Smith K, Leek R, Moghaddam A, Whitehouse R, Bicknell R, Harris AL: Expression of the angiogenic factors vascular endothelial cell growth factor, acidic and basic fibroblast growth factor, tumor growth factor beta-1, platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor, placenta growth factor, and pleiotrophin in human primary breast cancer and its relation to angiogenesis. Cancer Res. 1997, 57: 963-969.PubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Folkman J: Angiogenesis in cancer, vascular, rheumatoid and other disease. Nat Med. 1995, 1: 27-31. 10.1038/nm0195-27.PubMedCrossRef Folkman J: Angiogenesis in cancer, vascular, rheumatoid and other disease. Nat Med. 1995, 1: 27-31. 10.1038/nm0195-27.PubMedCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Hanahan D, Folkman J: Patterns and emerging mechanisms of the angiogenic switch during tumorigenesis. Cell. 1996, 86: 353-364. 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80108-7.PubMedCrossRef Hanahan D, Folkman J: Patterns and emerging mechanisms of the angiogenic switch during tumorigenesis. Cell. 1996, 86: 353-364. 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80108-7.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Skobe M, Rockwell P, Goldstein N, Vosseler S, Fusenig NE: Halting angiogenesis suppresses carcinoma cell invasion. Nat Med. 1997, 3: 1222-1227. 10.1038/nm1197-1222.PubMedCrossRef Skobe M, Rockwell P, Goldstein N, Vosseler S, Fusenig NE: Halting angiogenesis suppresses carcinoma cell invasion. Nat Med. 1997, 3: 1222-1227. 10.1038/nm1197-1222.PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Brem SS, Jensen HM, Gullino PM: Angiogenesis as a marker of preneoplastic lesions of the human breast. Cancer. 1978, 41: 239-244. 10.1002/1097-0142(197801)41:1<239::AID-CNCR2820410133>3.0.CO;2-X.PubMedCrossRef Brem SS, Jensen HM, Gullino PM: Angiogenesis as a marker of preneoplastic lesions of the human breast. Cancer. 1978, 41: 239-244. 10.1002/1097-0142(197801)41:1<239::AID-CNCR2820410133>3.0.CO;2-X.PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Jensen HM, Chen I, De VM, Lewis AE: Angiogenesis induced by 'normal' human breast tissue: a probable marker for precancer. Science. 1982, 218: 293-295. 10.1126/science.6181563.PubMedCrossRef Jensen HM, Chen I, De VM, Lewis AE: Angiogenesis induced by 'normal' human breast tissue: a probable marker for precancer. Science. 1982, 218: 293-295. 10.1126/science.6181563.PubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Lichtenbeld HC, Barendsz-Janson AF, van Essen H, Struijker Boudier H, Griffioen AW, Hillen HF: Angiogenic potential of malignant and non-malignant human breast tissues in an in vivo angiogenesis model. Int J Cancer. 1998, 77: 455-459. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19980729)77:3<455::AID-IJC23>3.0.CO;2-5.PubMedCrossRef Lichtenbeld HC, Barendsz-Janson AF, van Essen H, Struijker Boudier H, Griffioen AW, Hillen HF: Angiogenic potential of malignant and non-malignant human breast tissues in an in vivo angiogenesis model. Int J Cancer. 1998, 77: 455-459. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19980729)77:3<455::AID-IJC23>3.0.CO;2-5.PubMedCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Deng G, Lu Y, Zlotnikov G, Thor A, Smith HS: Loss of heterozygosity in normal tissue adjacent to breast carcinomas. Science. 1996, 274: 2057-2059. 10.1126/science.274.5295.2057.PubMedCrossRef Deng G, Lu Y, Zlotnikov G, Thor A, Smith HS: Loss of heterozygosity in normal tissue adjacent to breast carcinomas. Science. 1996, 274: 2057-2059. 10.1126/science.274.5295.2057.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Engels K, Fox SB, Whitehouse RM, Gatter KC, Harris AL: Distinct angiogenic patterns are associated with high-grade in situ ductal carcinomas of the breast. J Pathol. 1997, 181: 207-212. 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199702)181:2<207::AID-PATH758>3.0.CO;2-4.PubMedCrossRef Engels K, Fox SB, Whitehouse RM, Gatter KC, Harris AL: Distinct angiogenic patterns are associated with high-grade in situ ductal carcinomas of the breast. J Pathol. 1997, 181: 207-212. 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199702)181:2<207::AID-PATH758>3.0.CO;2-4.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Guidi A, Fischer L, Harris J, Schnitt S: Microvessel density and distribution in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1994, 86: 614-619. 10.1093/jnci/86.8.614.PubMedCrossRef Guidi A, Fischer L, Harris J, Schnitt S: Microvessel density and distribution in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1994, 86: 614-619. 10.1093/jnci/86.8.614.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Marson LP, Kurian KM, Miller WR, Dixon JM: The effect of tamoxifen on breast tumour vascularity. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2001, 66: 9-15. 10.1023/A:1010672605265.PubMedCrossRef Marson LP, Kurian KM, Miller WR, Dixon JM: The effect of tamoxifen on breast tumour vascularity. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2001, 66: 9-15. 10.1023/A:1010672605265.PubMedCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Gasparini G, Fox SB, Verderio P, Bonoldi E, Bevilacqua P, Boracchi P, Dante S, Marubini E, Harris AL: Determination of angiogenesis adds information to estrogen receptor status in predicting the efficacy of adjuvant tamoxifen in node-positive breast cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res. 1996, 2: 1191-1198.PubMed Gasparini G, Fox SB, Verderio P, Bonoldi E, Bevilacqua P, Boracchi P, Dante S, Marubini E, Harris AL: Determination of angiogenesis adds information to estrogen receptor status in predicting the efficacy of adjuvant tamoxifen in node-positive breast cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res. 1996, 2: 1191-1198.PubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Macaulay V, Fox SB, Zhang H, Whitehouse RM, Leek RD, Gatter K, Bicknell R, Harris AL: Breast cancer angiogenesis and tamoxifen resistence. Endocr Rel Cancer. 1995, 2: 1-8.CrossRef Macaulay V, Fox SB, Zhang H, Whitehouse RM, Leek RD, Gatter K, Bicknell R, Harris AL: Breast cancer angiogenesis and tamoxifen resistence. Endocr Rel Cancer. 1995, 2: 1-8.CrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Gasparini G, Toi M, Verderio P, Ranieri G, Dante S, Bonoldi E, Boracchi P, Fanelli M, Tominaga T: Prognostic significance of p53, angiogenesis, and other conventional features in operable breast cancer: subanalysis in node-positive and node-negative patients. Int J Oncol. 1998, 12: 1117-1125.PubMed Gasparini G, Toi M, Verderio P, Ranieri G, Dante S, Bonoldi E, Boracchi P, Fanelli M, Tominaga T: Prognostic significance of p53, angiogenesis, and other conventional features in operable breast cancer: subanalysis in node-positive and node-negative patients. Int J Oncol. 1998, 12: 1117-1125.PubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Gasparini G, Biganzoli E, Bonoldi E, Morabito A, Fanelli M, Boracchi P: Angiogenesis sustains tumor dormancy in patients with breast cancer treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2001, 65: 71-75. 10.1023/A:1006476401801.PubMedCrossRef Gasparini G, Biganzoli E, Bonoldi E, Morabito A, Fanelli M, Boracchi P: Angiogenesis sustains tumor dormancy in patients with breast cancer treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2001, 65: 71-75. 10.1023/A:1006476401801.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Fox SB, Leek RD, Bliss J, Mansi JL, Gusterson B, Gatter KC, Harris AL: Association of tumor angiogenesis with bone marrow micrometastases in breast cancer patients. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1997, 89: 1044-1049. 10.1093/jnci/89.14.1044.PubMedCrossRef Fox SB, Leek RD, Bliss J, Mansi JL, Gusterson B, Gatter KC, Harris AL: Association of tumor angiogenesis with bone marrow micrometastases in breast cancer patients. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1997, 89: 1044-1049. 10.1093/jnci/89.14.1044.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Fox SB: Quantitative angiogenesis in breast cancer. Methods Mol Med. 2006, 120: 161-187.PubMed Fox SB: Quantitative angiogenesis in breast cancer. Methods Mol Med. 2006, 120: 161-187.PubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Uzzan B, Nicolas P, Cucherat M, Perret GY: Microvessel density as a prognostic factor in women with breast cancer: a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis. Cancer Res. 2004, 64: 2941-2955. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-03-1957.PubMedCrossRef Uzzan B, Nicolas P, Cucherat M, Perret GY: Microvessel density as a prognostic factor in women with breast cancer: a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis. Cancer Res. 2004, 64: 2941-2955. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-03-1957.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Arbiser JL, Moses MA, Fernandez CA, Ghiso N, Cao Y, Klauber N, Frank D, Brownlee M, Flynn E, Parangi S, Byers HR, Folkman J: Oncogenic H-ras stimulates tumor angiogenesis by two distinct pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997, 94: 861-866. 10.1073/pnas.94.3.861.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Arbiser JL, Moses MA, Fernandez CA, Ghiso N, Cao Y, Klauber N, Frank D, Brownlee M, Flynn E, Parangi S, Byers HR, Folkman J: Oncogenic H-ras stimulates tumor angiogenesis by two distinct pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997, 94: 861-866. 10.1073/pnas.94.3.861.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Okada F, Rak JW, Croix BS, Lieubeau B, Kaya M, Roncari L, Shirasawa S, Sasazuki T, Kerbel RS: Impact of oncogenes in tumor angiogenesis: mutant K-ras up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor is necessary, but not sufficient for tumorigenicity of human colorectal carcinoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998, 95: 3609-3614. 10.1073/pnas.95.7.3609.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Okada F, Rak JW, Croix BS, Lieubeau B, Kaya M, Roncari L, Shirasawa S, Sasazuki T, Kerbel RS: Impact of oncogenes in tumor angiogenesis: mutant K-ras up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor is necessary, but not sufficient for tumorigenicity of human colorectal carcinoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998, 95: 3609-3614. 10.1073/pnas.95.7.3609.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Dameron KM, Volpert OV, Tainsky MA, Bouck N: The p53 tumor suppressor gene inhibits angiogenesis by stimulating the production of thrombospondin. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1994, 59: 483-489.PubMedCrossRef Dameron KM, Volpert OV, Tainsky MA, Bouck N: The p53 tumor suppressor gene inhibits angiogenesis by stimulating the production of thrombospondin. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1994, 59: 483-489.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Rodriguez-Manzaneque JC, Lane TF, Ortega MA, Hynes RO, Lawler J, Iruela-Arispe ML: Thrombospondin-1 suppresses spontaneous tumor growth and inhibits activation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and mobilization of vascular endothelial growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001, 98: 12485-12490. 10.1073/pnas.171460498.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Rodriguez-Manzaneque JC, Lane TF, Ortega MA, Hynes RO, Lawler J, Iruela-Arispe ML: Thrombospondin-1 suppresses spontaneous tumor growth and inhibits activation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and mobilization of vascular endothelial growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001, 98: 12485-12490. 10.1073/pnas.171460498.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Vaupel P, Mayer A, Briest S, Hockel M: Hypoxia in breast cancer: role of blood flow, oxygen diffusion distances, and anemia in the development of oxygen depletion. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2005, 566: 333-342.PubMedCrossRef Vaupel P, Mayer A, Briest S, Hockel M: Hypoxia in breast cancer: role of blood flow, oxygen diffusion distances, and anemia in the development of oxygen depletion. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2005, 566: 333-342.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Harris AL: Hypoxia: a key regulatory factor in tumour growth. Nat Rev Cancer. 2002, 2: 38-47. 10.1038/nrc704.PubMedCrossRef Harris AL: Hypoxia: a key regulatory factor in tumour growth. Nat Rev Cancer. 2002, 2: 38-47. 10.1038/nrc704.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Maxwell PH: The HIF pathway in cancer. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2005, 16: 523-530. 10.1016/j.semcdb.2005.03.001.PubMedCrossRef Maxwell PH: The HIF pathway in cancer. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2005, 16: 523-530. 10.1016/j.semcdb.2005.03.001.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Hewitson KS, McNeill LA, Riordan MV, Tian YM, Bullock AN, Welford RW, Elkins JM, Oldham NJ, Bhattacharya S, Gleadle JM, et al: Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) asparagine hydroxylase is identical to factor inhibiting HIF (FIH) and is related to the cupin structural family. J Biol Chem. 2002, 277: 26351-26355. 10.1074/jbc.C200273200.PubMedCrossRef Hewitson KS, McNeill LA, Riordan MV, Tian YM, Bullock AN, Welford RW, Elkins JM, Oldham NJ, Bhattacharya S, Gleadle JM, et al: Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) asparagine hydroxylase is identical to factor inhibiting HIF (FIH) and is related to the cupin structural family. J Biol Chem. 2002, 277: 26351-26355. 10.1074/jbc.C200273200.PubMedCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Fox SB, Bragança J, Turley H, Campo L, Han C, Gatter KC, Bhattacharya S, Harris AL: CITED4 inhibits hypoxia-activated transcription in cancer cells, and its cytoplasmic location in breast cancer is associated with elevated expression of tumor cell hypoxia-inducible factor 1α. Cancer Res. 2004, 64: 6075-6081. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-0708.PubMedCrossRef Fox SB, Bragança J, Turley H, Campo L, Han C, Gatter KC, Bhattacharya S, Harris AL: CITED4 inhibits hypoxia-activated transcription in cancer cells, and its cytoplasmic location in breast cancer is associated with elevated expression of tumor cell hypoxia-inducible factor 1α. Cancer Res. 2004, 64: 6075-6081. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-0708.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Bos R, van der Groep P, Greijer AE, Shvarts A, Meijer S, Pinedo HM, Semenza GL, van Diest PJ, van der Wall E: Levels of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha independently predict prognosis in patients with lymph node negative breast carcinoma. Cancer. 2003, 97: 1573-1581. 10.1002/cncr.11246.PubMedCrossRef Bos R, van der Groep P, Greijer AE, Shvarts A, Meijer S, Pinedo HM, Semenza GL, van Diest PJ, van der Wall E: Levels of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha independently predict prognosis in patients with lymph node negative breast carcinoma. Cancer. 2003, 97: 1573-1581. 10.1002/cncr.11246.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Schindl M, Schoppmann SF, Samonigg H, Hausmaninger H, Kwasny W, Gnant M, Jakesz R, Kubista E, Birner P, Oberhuber G, Austrian Breast and Colorectal Cancer Study Group: Overexpression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha is associated with an unfavorable prognosis in lymph node-positive breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2002, 8: 1831-1837.PubMed Schindl M, Schoppmann SF, Samonigg H, Hausmaninger H, Kwasny W, Gnant M, Jakesz R, Kubista E, Birner P, Oberhuber G, Austrian Breast and Colorectal Cancer Study Group: Overexpression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha is associated with an unfavorable prognosis in lymph node-positive breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2002, 8: 1831-1837.PubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Trastour C, Benizri E, Ettore F, Ramaioli A, Chamorey E, Pouysségur J, Berra E: HIF-1alpha and CA IX staining in invasive breast carcinomas: prognosis and treatment outcome. Int J Cancer. 2007, 120: 1451-1458. 10.1002/ijc.22436.PubMedCrossRef Trastour C, Benizri E, Ettore F, Ramaioli A, Chamorey E, Pouysségur J, Berra E: HIF-1alpha and CA IX staining in invasive breast carcinomas: prognosis and treatment outcome. Int J Cancer. 2007, 120: 1451-1458. 10.1002/ijc.22436.PubMedCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Dales JP, Garcia S, Meunier-Carpentier S, Andrac-Meyer L, Haddad O, Lavaut MN, Allasia C, Bonnier P, Charpin C: Overex-pression of hypoxia-inducible factor HIF-1alpha predicts early relapse in breast cancer: retrospective study in a series of 745 patients. Int J Cancer. 2005, 116: 734-739. 10.1002/ijc.20984.PubMedCrossRef Dales JP, Garcia S, Meunier-Carpentier S, Andrac-Meyer L, Haddad O, Lavaut MN, Allasia C, Bonnier P, Charpin C: Overex-pression of hypoxia-inducible factor HIF-1alpha predicts early relapse in breast cancer: retrospective study in a series of 745 patients. Int J Cancer. 2005, 116: 734-739. 10.1002/ijc.20984.PubMedCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Wiesener MS, Jürgensen JS, Rosenberger C, Scholze CK, Hörstrup JH, Warnecke C, Mandriota S, Bechmann I, Frei UA, Pugh CW, et al: Widespread hypoxia-inducible expression of HIF-2alpha in distinct cell populations of different organs. FASEB J. 2003, 17: 271-273.PubMed Wiesener MS, Jürgensen JS, Rosenberger C, Scholze CK, Hörstrup JH, Warnecke C, Mandriota S, Bechmann I, Frei UA, Pugh CW, et al: Widespread hypoxia-inducible expression of HIF-2alpha in distinct cell populations of different organs. FASEB J. 2003, 17: 271-273.PubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Maynard MA, Qi H, Chung J, Lee EH, Kondo Y, Hara S, Conaway RC, Conaway JW, Ohh M: Multiple splice variants of the human HIF-3 alpha locus are targets of the von Hippel-Lindau E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. J Biol Chem. 2003, 278: 11032-11040. 10.1074/jbc.M208681200.PubMedCrossRef Maynard MA, Qi H, Chung J, Lee EH, Kondo Y, Hara S, Conaway RC, Conaway JW, Ohh M: Multiple splice variants of the human HIF-3 alpha locus are targets of the von Hippel-Lindau E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. J Biol Chem. 2003, 278: 11032-11040. 10.1074/jbc.M208681200.PubMedCrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Raval RR, Lau KW, Tran MG, Sowter HM, Mandriota SJ, Li JL, Pugh CW, Maxwell PH, Harris AL, Ratcliffe PJ: Contrasting properties of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) and HIF-2 in von Hippel-Lindau-associated renal cell carcinoma. Mol Cell Biol. 2005, 25: 5675-5686. 10.1128/MCB.25.13.5675-5686.2005.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Raval RR, Lau KW, Tran MG, Sowter HM, Mandriota SJ, Li JL, Pugh CW, Maxwell PH, Harris AL, Ratcliffe PJ: Contrasting properties of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) and HIF-2 in von Hippel-Lindau-associated renal cell carcinoma. Mol Cell Biol. 2005, 25: 5675-5686. 10.1128/MCB.25.13.5675-5686.2005.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Giatromanolaki A, Sivridis E, Fiska A, Koukourakis MI: Hypoxia-inducible factor-2 alpha (HIF-2 alpha) induces angiogenesis in breast carcinomas. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol. 2006, 14: 78-82. 10.1097/01.pai.0000145182.98577.10.PubMedCrossRef Giatromanolaki A, Sivridis E, Fiska A, Koukourakis MI: Hypoxia-inducible factor-2 alpha (HIF-2 alpha) induces angiogenesis in breast carcinomas. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol. 2006, 14: 78-82. 10.1097/01.pai.0000145182.98577.10.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Leek RD, Talks KL, Pezzella F, Turley H, Campo L, Brown NS, Bicknell R, Taylor M, Gatter KC, Harris AL: Relation of hypoxia-inducible factor-2 alpha (HIF-2 alpha) expression in tumor-infiltrative macrophages to tumor angiogenesis and the oxidative thymidine phosphorylase pathway in Human breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2002, 62: 1326-1329.PubMed Leek RD, Talks KL, Pezzella F, Turley H, Campo L, Brown NS, Bicknell R, Taylor M, Gatter KC, Harris AL: Relation of hypoxia-inducible factor-2 alpha (HIF-2 alpha) expression in tumor-infiltrative macrophages to tumor angiogenesis and the oxidative thymidine phosphorylase pathway in Human breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2002, 62: 1326-1329.PubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Generali D, Berruti A, Brizzi MP, Campo L, Bonardi S, Wigfield S, Bersiga A, Allevi G, Milani M, Aguggini S, et al: Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha expression predicts a poor response to primary chemoendocrine therapy and disease-free survival in primary human breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2006, 12: 4562-4568. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-2690.PubMedCrossRef Generali D, Berruti A, Brizzi MP, Campo L, Bonardi S, Wigfield S, Bersiga A, Allevi G, Milani M, Aguggini S, et al: Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha expression predicts a poor response to primary chemoendocrine therapy and disease-free survival in primary human breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2006, 12: 4562-4568. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-2690.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Semenza GL: Targeting HIF-1 for cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2003, 3: 721-732. 10.1038/nrc1187.PubMedCrossRef Semenza GL: Targeting HIF-1 for cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2003, 3: 721-732. 10.1038/nrc1187.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Kung AL, Wang S, Klco JM, Kaelin WG, Livingston DM: Suppression of tumor growth through disruption of hypoxia-inducible transcription. Nat Med. 2000, 6: 1335-1340. 10.1038/82146.PubMedCrossRef Kung AL, Wang S, Klco JM, Kaelin WG, Livingston DM: Suppression of tumor growth through disruption of hypoxia-inducible transcription. Nat Med. 2000, 6: 1335-1340. 10.1038/82146.PubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Rischin D, Peters L, Fisher R, Macann A, Denham J, Poulsen M, Jackson M, Kenny L, Penniment M, Corry J, et al: Tirapazamine, cisplatin, and radiation versus fluorouracil, cisplatin, and radiation in patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer: a randomized phase II trial of the Trans-Tasman Radiation Oncology Group (TROG 98.02). J Clin Oncol. 2005, 23: 79-87. 10.1200/JCO.2005.01.072.PubMedCrossRef Rischin D, Peters L, Fisher R, Macann A, Denham J, Poulsen M, Jackson M, Kenny L, Penniment M, Corry J, et al: Tirapazamine, cisplatin, and radiation versus fluorouracil, cisplatin, and radiation in patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer: a randomized phase II trial of the Trans-Tasman Radiation Oncology Group (TROG 98.02). J Clin Oncol. 2005, 23: 79-87. 10.1200/JCO.2005.01.072.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Nagasawa H, Yamashita M, Mikamo N, Shimamura M, Oka S, Uto Y, Hori H: Design, synthesis and biological activities of antiangiogenic hypoxic cytotoxin, triazine-N-oxide derivatives. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2002, 132: 33-40. 10.1016/S1095-6433(01)00526-8.PubMedCrossRef Nagasawa H, Yamashita M, Mikamo N, Shimamura M, Oka S, Uto Y, Hori H: Design, synthesis and biological activities of antiangiogenic hypoxic cytotoxin, triazine-N-oxide derivatives. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2002, 132: 33-40. 10.1016/S1095-6433(01)00526-8.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Boogaerts M, Mittelman M, Vaupel P: Beyond anaemia management: evolving role of erythropoietin therapy in neurological disorders, multiple myeloma and tumour hypoxia models. Oncology. 2005, 69 (Suppl 2): 22-30. 10.1159/000088285.PubMedCrossRef Boogaerts M, Mittelman M, Vaupel P: Beyond anaemia management: evolving role of erythropoietin therapy in neurological disorders, multiple myeloma and tumour hypoxia models. Oncology. 2005, 69 (Suppl 2): 22-30. 10.1159/000088285.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Hlatky L, Hahnfeldt P, Folkman J: Clinical application of antiangiogenic therapy: microvessel density, what it does and doesn't tell us. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2002, 94: 883-893.PubMedCrossRef Hlatky L, Hahnfeldt P, Folkman J: Clinical application of antiangiogenic therapy: microvessel density, what it does and doesn't tell us. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2002, 94: 883-893.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Vaupel P, Kallinowski F, Okunieff P: Blood flow, oxygen consumption and tissue oxygenation of human tumors. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1990, 277: 895-905.PubMedCrossRef Vaupel P, Kallinowski F, Okunieff P: Blood flow, oxygen consumption and tissue oxygenation of human tumors. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1990, 277: 895-905.PubMedCrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Fox SB, Gatter KC, Bicknell R, Going JJ, Stanton P, Cooke TG, Harris AL: Relationship of endothelial cell proliferation to tumor vascularity in human breast cancer. Cancer Res. 1993, 53: 4161-4163.PubMed Fox SB, Gatter KC, Bicknell R, Going JJ, Stanton P, Cooke TG, Harris AL: Relationship of endothelial cell proliferation to tumor vascularity in human breast cancer. Cancer Res. 1993, 53: 4161-4163.PubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Kakolyris S, Giatromanolaki A, Koukourakis M, Leigh IM, Georgoulias V, Kanavaros P, Sivridis E, Gatter KC, Harris AL: Assessment of vascular maturation in non-small cell lung cancer using a novel basement membrane component, LH39: correlation with p53 and angiogenic factor expression. Cancer Res. 1999, 59: 5602-5607.PubMed Kakolyris S, Giatromanolaki A, Koukourakis M, Leigh IM, Georgoulias V, Kanavaros P, Sivridis E, Gatter KC, Harris AL: Assessment of vascular maturation in non-small cell lung cancer using a novel basement membrane component, LH39: correlation with p53 and angiogenic factor expression. Cancer Res. 1999, 59: 5602-5607.PubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Kakolyris S, Fox SB, Koukourakis M, Giatromanolaki A, Brown N, Leek RD, Taylor M, Leigh IM, Gatter KC, Harris AL: Relationship of vascular maturation in breast cancer blood vessels to vascular density and metastasis, assessed by expression of a novel basement membrane component, LH39. Br J Cancer. 2000, 82: 844-851. 10.1054/bjoc.1999.1010.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kakolyris S, Fox SB, Koukourakis M, Giatromanolaki A, Brown N, Leek RD, Taylor M, Leigh IM, Gatter KC, Harris AL: Relationship of vascular maturation in breast cancer blood vessels to vascular density and metastasis, assessed by expression of a novel basement membrane component, LH39. Br J Cancer. 2000, 82: 844-851. 10.1054/bjoc.1999.1010.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Holash J, Maisonpierre PC, Compton D, Boland P, Alexander CR, Zagzag D, Yancopoulos GD, Wiegand SJ: Vessel cooption, regression, and growth in tumors mediated by angiopoietins and VEGF. Science. 1999, 284: 1994-1998. 10.1126/science.284.5422.1994.PubMedCrossRef Holash J, Maisonpierre PC, Compton D, Boland P, Alexander CR, Zagzag D, Yancopoulos GD, Wiegand SJ: Vessel cooption, regression, and growth in tumors mediated by angiopoietins and VEGF. Science. 1999, 284: 1994-1998. 10.1126/science.284.5422.1994.PubMedCrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Holash J, Wiegand SJ, Yancopoulos GD: New model of tumor angiogenesis: dynamic balance between vessel regression and growth mediated by angiopoietins and VEGF. Oncogene. 1999, 18: 5356-5362. 10.1038/sj.onc.1203035.PubMedCrossRef Holash J, Wiegand SJ, Yancopoulos GD: New model of tumor angiogenesis: dynamic balance between vessel regression and growth mediated by angiopoietins and VEGF. Oncogene. 1999, 18: 5356-5362. 10.1038/sj.onc.1203035.PubMedCrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Patan S, Munn LL, Jain RK: Intussusceptive microvascular growth in a human colon adenocarcinoma xenograft: a novel mechanism of tumor angiogenesis. Microvasc Res. 1996, 51: 260-272. 10.1006/mvre.1996.0025.PubMedCrossRef Patan S, Munn LL, Jain RK: Intussusceptive microvascular growth in a human colon adenocarcinoma xenograft: a novel mechanism of tumor angiogenesis. Microvasc Res. 1996, 51: 260-272. 10.1006/mvre.1996.0025.PubMedCrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Patan S: Vasculogenesis and angiogenesis as mechanisms of vascular network formation, growth and remodeling. J Neurooncol. 2000, 50: 1-15. 10.1023/A:1006493130855.PubMedCrossRef Patan S: Vasculogenesis and angiogenesis as mechanisms of vascular network formation, growth and remodeling. J Neurooncol. 2000, 50: 1-15. 10.1023/A:1006493130855.PubMedCrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Asahara T, Masuda H, Takahashi T, Kalka C, Pastore C, Silver M, Kearne M, Magner M, Isner JM: Bone marrow origin of endothelial progenitor cells responsible for postnatal vasculogenesis in physiological and pathological neovascularization. Circ Res. 1999, 85: 221-228.PubMedCrossRef Asahara T, Masuda H, Takahashi T, Kalka C, Pastore C, Silver M, Kearne M, Magner M, Isner JM: Bone marrow origin of endothelial progenitor cells responsible for postnatal vasculogenesis in physiological and pathological neovascularization. Circ Res. 1999, 85: 221-228.PubMedCrossRef
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Gunsilius E, Duba HC, Petzer AL, Kähler CM, Grünewald K, Stockhammer G, Gabl C, Dirnhofer S, Clausen J, Gastl G: Evidence from a leukaemia model for maintenance of vascular endothelium by bone-marrow-derived endothelial cells. Lancet. 2000, 355: 1688-1691. 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02241-8.PubMedCrossRef Gunsilius E, Duba HC, Petzer AL, Kähler CM, Grünewald K, Stockhammer G, Gabl C, Dirnhofer S, Clausen J, Gastl G: Evidence from a leukaemia model for maintenance of vascular endothelium by bone-marrow-derived endothelial cells. Lancet. 2000, 355: 1688-1691. 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02241-8.PubMedCrossRef
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Asahara T, Takahashi T, Masuda H, Kalka C, Chen D, Iwaguro H, Inai Y, Silver M, Isner JM: VEGF contributes to postnatal neovascularization by mobilizing bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells. EMBO J. 1999, 18: 3964-3972. 10.1093/emboj/18.14.3964.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Asahara T, Takahashi T, Masuda H, Kalka C, Chen D, Iwaguro H, Inai Y, Silver M, Isner JM: VEGF contributes to postnatal neovascularization by mobilizing bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells. EMBO J. 1999, 18: 3964-3972. 10.1093/emboj/18.14.3964.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Peters BA, Diaz LA, Polyak K, Meszler L, Romans K, Guinan EC, Antin JH, Myerson D, Hamilton SR, Vogelstein B, et al: Contribution of bone marrow-derived endothelial cells to human tumor vasculature. Nat Med. 2005, 11: 261-262. 10.1038/nm1200.PubMedCrossRef Peters BA, Diaz LA, Polyak K, Meszler L, Romans K, Guinan EC, Antin JH, Myerson D, Hamilton SR, Vogelstein B, et al: Contribution of bone marrow-derived endothelial cells to human tumor vasculature. Nat Med. 2005, 11: 261-262. 10.1038/nm1200.PubMedCrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Young PP, Vaughan DE, Hatzopoulos AK: Biologic properties of endothelial progenitor cells and their potential for cell therapy. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2007, 49: 421-429. 10.1016/j.pcad.2007.02.004.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Young PP, Vaughan DE, Hatzopoulos AK: Biologic properties of endothelial progenitor cells and their potential for cell therapy. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2007, 49: 421-429. 10.1016/j.pcad.2007.02.004.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Lyden D, Hattori K, Dias S, Costa C, Blaikie P, Butros L, Chadburn A, Heissig B, Marks W, Witte L, et al: Impaired recruitment of bone-marrow-derived endothelial and hematopoietic precursor cells blocks tumor angiogenesis and growth. Nat Med. 2001, 7: 1194-1201. 10.1038/nm1101-1194.PubMedCrossRef Lyden D, Hattori K, Dias S, Costa C, Blaikie P, Butros L, Chadburn A, Heissig B, Marks W, Witte L, et al: Impaired recruitment of bone-marrow-derived endothelial and hematopoietic precursor cells blocks tumor angiogenesis and growth. Nat Med. 2001, 7: 1194-1201. 10.1038/nm1101-1194.PubMedCrossRef
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Ziegelhoeffer T, Fernandez B, Kostin S, Heil M, Voswinckel R, Helisch A, Schaper W: Bone marrow-derived cells do not incorporate into the adult growing vasculature. Circ Res. 2004, 94: 230-238. 10.1161/01.RES.0000110419.50982.1C.PubMedCrossRef Ziegelhoeffer T, Fernandez B, Kostin S, Heil M, Voswinckel R, Helisch A, Schaper W: Bone marrow-derived cells do not incorporate into the adult growing vasculature. Circ Res. 2004, 94: 230-238. 10.1161/01.RES.0000110419.50982.1C.PubMedCrossRef
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Nolan DJ, Ciarrocchi A, Mellick AS, Jaggi JS, Bambino K, Gupta S, Heikamp E, McDevitt MR, Scheinberg DA, Benezra R, et al: Bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells are a major determinant of nascent tumor neovascularization. Genes Dev. 2007, 21: 1546-1558. 10.1101/gad.436307.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Nolan DJ, Ciarrocchi A, Mellick AS, Jaggi JS, Bambino K, Gupta S, Heikamp E, McDevitt MR, Scheinberg DA, Benezra R, et al: Bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells are a major determinant of nascent tumor neovascularization. Genes Dev. 2007, 21: 1546-1558. 10.1101/gad.436307.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Grunewald M, Avraham I, Dor Y, Bachar-Lustig E, Itin A, Jung S, Chimenti S, Landsman L, Abramovitch R, Keshet E: VEGF-induced adult neovascularization: recruitment, retention, and role of accessory cells. Cell. 2006, 124: 175-189. 10.1016/j.cell.2005.10.036.PubMedCrossRef Grunewald M, Avraham I, Dor Y, Bachar-Lustig E, Itin A, Jung S, Chimenti S, Landsman L, Abramovitch R, Keshet E: VEGF-induced adult neovascularization: recruitment, retention, and role of accessory cells. Cell. 2006, 124: 175-189. 10.1016/j.cell.2005.10.036.PubMedCrossRef
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Ceradini DJ, Kulkarni AR, Callaghan MJ, Tepper OM, Bastidas N, Kleinman ME, Capla JM, Galiano RD, Levine JP, Gurtner GC: Progenitor cell trafficking is regulated by hypoxic gradients through HIF-1 induction of SDF-1. Nat Med. 2004, 10: 858-864. 10.1038/nm1075.PubMedCrossRef Ceradini DJ, Kulkarni AR, Callaghan MJ, Tepper OM, Bastidas N, Kleinman ME, Capla JM, Galiano RD, Levine JP, Gurtner GC: Progenitor cell trafficking is regulated by hypoxic gradients through HIF-1 induction of SDF-1. Nat Med. 2004, 10: 858-864. 10.1038/nm1075.PubMedCrossRef
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Shirakawa K, Wakasugi H, Heike Y, Watanabe I, Yamada S, Saito K, Konishi F: Vasculogenic mimicry and pseudo-comedo formation in breast cancer. Int J Cancer. 2002, 99: 821-828. 10.1002/ijc.10423.PubMedCrossRef Shirakawa K, Wakasugi H, Heike Y, Watanabe I, Yamada S, Saito K, Konishi F: Vasculogenic mimicry and pseudo-comedo formation in breast cancer. Int J Cancer. 2002, 99: 821-828. 10.1002/ijc.10423.PubMedCrossRef
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Brat DJ, Van Meir EG: Glomeruloid microvascular proliferation orchestrated by VPF/VEGF: a new world of angiogenesis research. Am J Pathol. 2001, 158: 789-796.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Brat DJ, Van Meir EG: Glomeruloid microvascular proliferation orchestrated by VPF/VEGF: a new world of angiogenesis research. Am J Pathol. 2001, 158: 789-796.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Straume O, Chappuis PO, Salvesen HB, Halvorsen OJ, Haukaas SA, Goffin JR, Bégin LR, Foulkes WD, Akslen LA: Prognostic importance of glomeruloid microvascular proliferation indicates an aggressive angiogenic phenotype in human cancers. Cancer Res. 2002, 62: 6808-6811.PubMed Straume O, Chappuis PO, Salvesen HB, Halvorsen OJ, Haukaas SA, Goffin JR, Bégin LR, Foulkes WD, Akslen LA: Prognostic importance of glomeruloid microvascular proliferation indicates an aggressive angiogenic phenotype in human cancers. Cancer Res. 2002, 62: 6808-6811.PubMed
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Sundberg C, Nagy JA, Brown LF, Feng D, Eckelhoefer IA, Manseau EJ, Dvorak AM, Dvorak HF: Glomeruloid microvascular proliferation follows adenoviral vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor-164 gene delivery. Am J Pathol. 2001, 158: 1145-1160.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Sundberg C, Nagy JA, Brown LF, Feng D, Eckelhoefer IA, Manseau EJ, Dvorak AM, Dvorak HF: Glomeruloid microvascular proliferation follows adenoviral vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor-164 gene delivery. Am J Pathol. 2001, 158: 1145-1160.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang HT, Scott PA, Morbidelli L, Peak S, Moore J, Turley H, Harris AL, Ziche M, Bicknell R: The 121 amino acid isoform of vascular endothelial growth factor is more strongly tumorigenic than other splice variants in vivo. Br J Cancer. 2000, 83: 63-68. 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1279.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Zhang HT, Scott PA, Morbidelli L, Peak S, Moore J, Turley H, Harris AL, Ziche M, Bicknell R: The 121 amino acid isoform of vascular endothelial growth factor is more strongly tumorigenic than other splice variants in vivo. Br J Cancer. 2000, 83: 63-68. 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1279.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Dome B, Hendrix MJ, Paku S, Tovari J, Timar J: Alternative vascularization mechanisms in cancer: Pathology and therapeutic implications. Am J Pathol. 2007, 170: 1-15. 10.2353/ajpath.2007.060302.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Dome B, Hendrix MJ, Paku S, Tovari J, Timar J: Alternative vascularization mechanisms in cancer: Pathology and therapeutic implications. Am J Pathol. 2007, 170: 1-15. 10.2353/ajpath.2007.060302.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Sood AK, Seftor EA, Fletcher MS, Gardner LM, Heidger PM, Buller RE, Seftor RE, Hendrix MJ: Molecular determinants of ovarian cancer plasticity. Am J Pathol. 2001, 158: 1279-1288.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Sood AK, Seftor EA, Fletcher MS, Gardner LM, Heidger PM, Buller RE, Seftor RE, Hendrix MJ: Molecular determinants of ovarian cancer plasticity. Am J Pathol. 2001, 158: 1279-1288.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Warren B: The vascular morphology of tumors. Tumor Blood Circulation. Edited by: Peterson H. 1979, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1-47. Warren B: The vascular morphology of tumors. Tumor Blood Circulation. Edited by: Peterson H. 1979, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1-47.
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Chang YS, di Tomaso E, McDonald DM, Jones R, Jain RK, Munn LL: Mosaic blood vessels in tumors: frequency of cancer cells in contact with flowing blood. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000, 97: 14608-14613. 10.1073/pnas.97.26.14608.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Chang YS, di Tomaso E, McDonald DM, Jones R, Jain RK, Munn LL: Mosaic blood vessels in tumors: frequency of cancer cells in contact with flowing blood. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000, 97: 14608-14613. 10.1073/pnas.97.26.14608.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
76.
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Greenblatt M, Shubik P: Tumour angiogenesis: transfilter diffusion studies in the hamster by the transparent chamber technique. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1968, 41: 111-124.PubMed Greenblatt M, Shubik P: Tumour angiogenesis: transfilter diffusion studies in the hamster by the transparent chamber technique. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1968, 41: 111-124.PubMed
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Ehrmann RL, Knoth M: Choriocarcinoma. Transfilter stimulation of vasoproliferation in the hamster cheek pouch. Studied by light and electron microscopy. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1968, 41: 1329-1341.PubMed Ehrmann RL, Knoth M: Choriocarcinoma. Transfilter stimulation of vasoproliferation in the hamster cheek pouch. Studied by light and electron microscopy. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1968, 41: 1329-1341.PubMed
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Folkman J, Merler E, Abernathy C, Williams G: Isolation of a tumor factor responsible for angiogenesis. J Exp Med. 1971, 133: 275-288. 10.1084/jem.133.2.275.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Folkman J, Merler E, Abernathy C, Williams G: Isolation of a tumor factor responsible for angiogenesis. J Exp Med. 1971, 133: 275-288. 10.1084/jem.133.2.275.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Neufeld G, Kessler O: Pro-angiogenic cytokines and their role in tumor angiogenesis. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2006, 25: 373-385. 10.1007/s10555-006-9011-5.PubMedCrossRef Neufeld G, Kessler O: Pro-angiogenic cytokines and their role in tumor angiogenesis. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2006, 25: 373-385. 10.1007/s10555-006-9011-5.PubMedCrossRef
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Roskoski R: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling in tumor progression. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2007, 62: 179-213. 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2007.01.006.PubMedCrossRef Roskoski R: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling in tumor progression. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2007, 62: 179-213. 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2007.01.006.PubMedCrossRef
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Fox SB, Gasparini G, Harris AL: Angiogenesis: pathological, prognostic, and growth-factor pathways and their link to trial design and anticancer drugs. Lancet Oncol. 2001, 2: 278-289. 10.1016/S1470-2045(00)00323-5.PubMedCrossRef Fox SB, Gasparini G, Harris AL: Angiogenesis: pathological, prognostic, and growth-factor pathways and their link to trial design and anticancer drugs. Lancet Oncol. 2001, 2: 278-289. 10.1016/S1470-2045(00)00323-5.PubMedCrossRef
83.
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Engels K, Fox SB, Whitehouse RM, Gatter KC, Harris AL: Up-regulation of thymidine phosphorylase expression is associated with a discrete pattern of angiogenesis in ductal carcinomas in situ of the breast. J Pathol. 1997, 182: 414-420. 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199708)182:4<414::AID-PATH897>3.0.CO;2-Q.PubMedCrossRef Engels K, Fox SB, Whitehouse RM, Gatter KC, Harris AL: Up-regulation of thymidine phosphorylase expression is associated with a discrete pattern of angiogenesis in ductal carcinomas in situ of the breast. J Pathol. 1997, 182: 414-420. 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199708)182:4<414::AID-PATH897>3.0.CO;2-Q.PubMedCrossRef
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Fox SB, Westwood M, Moghaddam A, Comley M, Turley H, Whitehouse RM, Bicknell R, Gatter KC, Harris AL: The angiogenic factor platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor/thymidine phosphorylase is up-regulated in breast cancer epithelium and endothelium. Br J Cancer. 1996, 73: 275-280.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Fox SB, Westwood M, Moghaddam A, Comley M, Turley H, Whitehouse RM, Bicknell R, Gatter KC, Harris AL: The angiogenic factor platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor/thymidine phosphorylase is up-regulated in breast cancer epithelium and endothelium. Br J Cancer. 1996, 73: 275-280.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Bielenberg DR, Pettaway CA, Takashima S, Klagsbrun M: Neuropilins in neoplasms: expression, regulation, and function. Exp Cell Res. 2006, 312: 584-593. 10.1016/j.yexcr.2005.11.024.PubMedCrossRef Bielenberg DR, Pettaway CA, Takashima S, Klagsbrun M: Neuropilins in neoplasms: expression, regulation, and function. Exp Cell Res. 2006, 312: 584-593. 10.1016/j.yexcr.2005.11.024.PubMedCrossRef
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Kurebayashi J, Otsuki T, Kunisue H, Mikami Y, Tanaka K, Yamamoto S, Sonoo H: Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family members in breast cancer. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1999, 90: 977-981.PubMedCrossRef Kurebayashi J, Otsuki T, Kunisue H, Mikami Y, Tanaka K, Yamamoto S, Sonoo H: Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family members in breast cancer. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1999, 90: 977-981.PubMedCrossRef
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Okada K, Osaki M, Araki K, Ishiguro K, Ito H, Ohgi S: Expression of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1alpha), VEGF-C and VEGF-D in non-invasive and invasive breast ductal carcinomas. Anticancer Res. 2005, 25: 3003-3009.PubMed Okada K, Osaki M, Araki K, Ishiguro K, Ito H, Ohgi S: Expression of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1alpha), VEGF-C and VEGF-D in non-invasive and invasive breast ductal carcinomas. Anticancer Res. 2005, 25: 3003-3009.PubMed
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Gunningham SP, Currie MJ, Han C, Robinson BA, Scott PA, Harris AL, Fox SB: The short form of the alternatively spliced flt-4 but not its ligand VEGF-C is related to lymph node metastasis in human breast cancers. Clin Cancer Res. 2000, 6: 4278-4286.PubMed Gunningham SP, Currie MJ, Han C, Robinson BA, Scott PA, Harris AL, Fox SB: The short form of the alternatively spliced flt-4 but not its ligand VEGF-C is related to lymph node metastasis in human breast cancers. Clin Cancer Res. 2000, 6: 4278-4286.PubMed
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Currie MJ, Hanrahan V, Gunningham SP, Morrin HR, Frampton C, Han C, Robinson BA, Fox SB: Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor D is associated with hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-1alpha) and the HIF-1alpha target gene DEC1, but not lymph node metastasis in primary human breast carcinomas. J Clin Pathol. 2004, 57: 829-834. 10.1136/jcp.2003.015644.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Currie MJ, Hanrahan V, Gunningham SP, Morrin HR, Frampton C, Han C, Robinson BA, Fox SB: Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor D is associated with hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-1alpha) and the HIF-1alpha target gene DEC1, but not lymph node metastasis in primary human breast carcinomas. J Clin Pathol. 2004, 57: 829-834. 10.1136/jcp.2003.015644.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Nakamura Y, Yasuoka H, Tsujimoto M, Yang Q, Imabun S, Nakahara M, Nakao K, Nakamura M, Mori I, Kakudo K: Prognostic significance of vascular endothelial growth factor D in breast carcinoma with long-term follow-up. Clin Cancer Res. 2003, 9: 716-721.PubMed Nakamura Y, Yasuoka H, Tsujimoto M, Yang Q, Imabun S, Nakahara M, Nakao K, Nakamura M, Mori I, Kakudo K: Prognostic significance of vascular endothelial growth factor D in breast carcinoma with long-term follow-up. Clin Cancer Res. 2003, 9: 716-721.PubMed
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Kinoshita J, Kitamura K, Kabashima A, Saeki H, Tanaka S, Sugimachi K: Clinical significance of vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2001, 66: 159-164. 10.1023/A:1010692132669.PubMedCrossRef Kinoshita J, Kitamura K, Kabashima A, Saeki H, Tanaka S, Sugimachi K: Clinical significance of vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2001, 66: 159-164. 10.1023/A:1010692132669.PubMedCrossRef
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Yang W, Klos K, Yang Y, Smith TL, Shi D, Yu D: ErbB2 overexpression correlates with increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factors A, C, and D in human breast carcinoma. Cancer. 2002, 94: 2855-2861. 10.1002/cncr.10553.PubMedCrossRef Yang W, Klos K, Yang Y, Smith TL, Shi D, Yu D: ErbB2 overexpression correlates with increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factors A, C, and D in human breast carcinoma. Cancer. 2002, 94: 2855-2861. 10.1002/cncr.10553.PubMedCrossRef
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Mylona E, Alexandrou P, Giannopoulou I, Liapis G, Sofia M, Keramopoulos A, Nakopoulou L: The prognostic value of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs)-A and -B and their receptor, VEGFR-1, in invasive breast carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol. 2007, 104: 557-563. 10.1016/j.ygyno.2006.09.031.PubMedCrossRef Mylona E, Alexandrou P, Giannopoulou I, Liapis G, Sofia M, Keramopoulos A, Nakopoulou L: The prognostic value of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs)-A and -B and their receptor, VEGFR-1, in invasive breast carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol. 2007, 104: 557-563. 10.1016/j.ygyno.2006.09.031.PubMedCrossRef
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Presta LG, Chen H, O'Connor SJ, Chisholm V, Meng YG, Krummen L, Winkler M, Ferrara N: Humanization of an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor monoclonal antibody for the therapy of solid tumors and other disorders. Cancer Res. 1997, 57: 4593-4599.PubMed Presta LG, Chen H, O'Connor SJ, Chisholm V, Meng YG, Krummen L, Winkler M, Ferrara N: Humanization of an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor monoclonal antibody for the therapy of solid tumors and other disorders. Cancer Res. 1997, 57: 4593-4599.PubMed
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim KJ, Li B, Winer J, Armanini M, Gillett N, Phillips HS, Ferrara N: Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis suppresses tumour growth in vivo. Nature. 1993, 362: 841-844. 10.1038/362841a0.PubMedCrossRef Kim KJ, Li B, Winer J, Armanini M, Gillett N, Phillips HS, Ferrara N: Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis suppresses tumour growth in vivo. Nature. 1993, 362: 841-844. 10.1038/362841a0.PubMedCrossRef
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang W, Ran S, Sambade M, Huang X, Thorpe PE: A monoclonal antibody that blocks VEGF binding to VEGFR2 (KDR/Flk-1) inhibits vascular expression of Flk-1 and tumor growth in an orthotopic human breast cancer model. Angiogenesis. 2002, 5: 35-44. 10.1023/A:1021540120521.PubMedCrossRef Zhang W, Ran S, Sambade M, Huang X, Thorpe PE: A monoclonal antibody that blocks VEGF binding to VEGFR2 (KDR/Flk-1) inhibits vascular expression of Flk-1 and tumor growth in an orthotopic human breast cancer model. Angiogenesis. 2002, 5: 35-44. 10.1023/A:1021540120521.PubMedCrossRef
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Wedam SB, Low JA, Yang SX, Chow CK, Choyke P, Danforth D, Hewitt SM, Berman A, Steinberg SM, Liewehr DJ, et al: Antiangiogenic and antitumor effects of bevacizumab in patients with inflammatory and locally advanced breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2006, 24: 769-777. 10.1200/JCO.2005.03.4645.PubMedCrossRef Wedam SB, Low JA, Yang SX, Chow CK, Choyke P, Danforth D, Hewitt SM, Berman A, Steinberg SM, Liewehr DJ, et al: Antiangiogenic and antitumor effects of bevacizumab in patients with inflammatory and locally advanced breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2006, 24: 769-777. 10.1200/JCO.2005.03.4645.PubMedCrossRef
99.
Zurück zum Zitat Miller KD: E2100: a phase III trial of paclitaxel versus paclitaxel/bevacizumab for metastatic breast cancer. Clin Breast Cancer. 2003, 3: 421-422.PubMedCrossRef Miller KD: E2100: a phase III trial of paclitaxel versus paclitaxel/bevacizumab for metastatic breast cancer. Clin Breast Cancer. 2003, 3: 421-422.PubMedCrossRef
100.
Zurück zum Zitat Schneider BP, Miller KD: Angiogenesis of breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005, 23: 1782-1790. 10.1200/JCO.2005.12.017.PubMedCrossRef Schneider BP, Miller KD: Angiogenesis of breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005, 23: 1782-1790. 10.1200/JCO.2005.12.017.PubMedCrossRef
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Schneider BP, Sledge GW: Drug insight: VEGF as a therapeutic target for breast cancer. Nat Clin Pract Oncol. 2007, 4: 181-189. 10.1038/ncponc0740.PubMedCrossRef Schneider BP, Sledge GW: Drug insight: VEGF as a therapeutic target for breast cancer. Nat Clin Pract Oncol. 2007, 4: 181-189. 10.1038/ncponc0740.PubMedCrossRef
102.
Zurück zum Zitat Miller KD, Trigo JM, Wheeler C, Barge A, Rowbottom J, Sledge G, Baselga J: A multicenter phase II trial of ZD a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 and epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with previously treated metastatic breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2005, 11: 3369-3376. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-1923.PubMedCrossRef Miller KD, Trigo JM, Wheeler C, Barge A, Rowbottom J, Sledge G, Baselga J: A multicenter phase II trial of ZD a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 and epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with previously treated metastatic breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2005, 11: 3369-3376. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-1923.PubMedCrossRef
103.
Zurück zum Zitat Clarke K, Smith K, Gullick WJ, Harris AL: Mutant epidermal growth factor receptor enhances induction of vascular endothelial growth factor by hypoxia and insulin-like growth factor-1 via a PI3 kinase dependent pathway. Br J Cancer. 2001, 84: 1322-1329. 10.1054/bjoc.2001.1805.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Clarke K, Smith K, Gullick WJ, Harris AL: Mutant epidermal growth factor receptor enhances induction of vascular endothelial growth factor by hypoxia and insulin-like growth factor-1 via a PI3 kinase dependent pathway. Br J Cancer. 2001, 84: 1322-1329. 10.1054/bjoc.2001.1805.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
104.
Zurück zum Zitat Maity A, Pore N, Lee J, Solomon D, O'Rourke DM: Epidermal growth factor receptor transcriptionally up-regulates vascular endothelial growth factor expression in human glioblastoma cells via a pathway involving phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase and distinct from that induced by hypoxia. Cancer Res. 2000, 60: 5879-5886.PubMed Maity A, Pore N, Lee J, Solomon D, O'Rourke DM: Epidermal growth factor receptor transcriptionally up-regulates vascular endothelial growth factor expression in human glioblastoma cells via a pathway involving phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase and distinct from that induced by hypoxia. Cancer Res. 2000, 60: 5879-5886.PubMed
105.
Zurück zum Zitat Yen L, You XL, Al Moustafa AE, Batist G, Hynes NE, Mader S, Meloche S, Alaoui-Jamali MA: Heregulin selectively upregulates vascular endothelial growth factor secretion in cancer cells and stimulates angiogenesis. Oncogene. 2000, 19: 3460-3469. 10.1038/sj.onc.1203685.PubMedCrossRef Yen L, You XL, Al Moustafa AE, Batist G, Hynes NE, Mader S, Meloche S, Alaoui-Jamali MA: Heregulin selectively upregulates vascular endothelial growth factor secretion in cancer cells and stimulates angiogenesis. Oncogene. 2000, 19: 3460-3469. 10.1038/sj.onc.1203685.PubMedCrossRef
106.
Zurück zum Zitat Konecny GE, Meng YG, Untch M, Wang HJ, Bauerfeind I, Epstein M, Stieber P, Vernes JM, Gutierrez J, Hong K, et al: Association between HER-2/neu and vascular endothelial growth factor expression predicts clinical outcome in primary breast cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res. 2004, 10: 1706-1716. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-0951-3.PubMedCrossRef Konecny GE, Meng YG, Untch M, Wang HJ, Bauerfeind I, Epstein M, Stieber P, Vernes JM, Gutierrez J, Hong K, et al: Association between HER-2/neu and vascular endothelial growth factor expression predicts clinical outcome in primary breast cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res. 2004, 10: 1706-1716. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-0951-3.PubMedCrossRef
107.
Zurück zum Zitat Pegram MD, Konecny GE, O'Callaghan C, Beryt M, Pietras R, Slamon DJ: Rational combinations of trastuzumab with chemotherapeutic drugs used in the treatment of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004, 96: 739-749.PubMedCrossRef Pegram MD, Konecny GE, O'Callaghan C, Beryt M, Pietras R, Slamon DJ: Rational combinations of trastuzumab with chemotherapeutic drugs used in the treatment of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004, 96: 739-749.PubMedCrossRef
108.
Zurück zum Zitat Sandberg JA, Parker VP, Blanchard KS, Sweedler D, Powell JA, Kachensky A, Bellon L, Usman N, Rossing T, Borden E, et al: Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of an antiangiogenic ribozyme (ANGIOZYME) in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol. 2000, 40: 1462-1469.PubMed Sandberg JA, Parker VP, Blanchard KS, Sweedler D, Powell JA, Kachensky A, Bellon L, Usman N, Rossing T, Borden E, et al: Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of an antiangiogenic ribozyme (ANGIOZYME) in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol. 2000, 40: 1462-1469.PubMed
109.
Zurück zum Zitat Im SA, Kim JS, Gomez-Manzano C, Fueyo J, Liu TJ, Cho MS, Seong CM, Lee SN, Hong YK, Yung WK: Inhibition of breast cancer growth in vivo by antiangiogenesis gene therapy with adenovirus-mediated antisense-VEGF. Br J Cancer. 2001, 84: 1252-1257. 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1734.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Im SA, Kim JS, Gomez-Manzano C, Fueyo J, Liu TJ, Cho MS, Seong CM, Lee SN, Hong YK, Yung WK: Inhibition of breast cancer growth in vivo by antiangiogenesis gene therapy with adenovirus-mediated antisense-VEGF. Br J Cancer. 2001, 84: 1252-1257. 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1734.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
110.
Zurück zum Zitat Weng DE, Usman N: Angiozyme: a novel angiogenesis inhibitor. Curr Oncol Rep. 2001, 3: 141-146. 10.1007/s11912-001-0014-7.PubMedCrossRef Weng DE, Usman N: Angiozyme: a novel angiogenesis inhibitor. Curr Oncol Rep. 2001, 3: 141-146. 10.1007/s11912-001-0014-7.PubMedCrossRef
111.
Zurück zum Zitat Bergsland EK: Update on clinical trials targeting vascular endothelial growth factor in cancer. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2004, 61 (Suppl 5): S12-S20.PubMed Bergsland EK: Update on clinical trials targeting vascular endothelial growth factor in cancer. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2004, 61 (Suppl 5): S12-S20.PubMed
112.
Zurück zum Zitat Wood JM, Bold G, Buchdunger E, Cozens R, Ferrari S, Frei J, Hofmann F, Mestan J, Mett H, O'Reilly T, et al: PTK787/ZK 22 a novel and potent inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases, impairs vascular endothelial growth factor-induced responses and tumor growth after oral administration. Cancer Res. 2000, 60: 2178-2189.PubMed Wood JM, Bold G, Buchdunger E, Cozens R, Ferrari S, Frei J, Hofmann F, Mestan J, Mett H, O'Reilly T, et al: PTK787/ZK 22 a novel and potent inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases, impairs vascular endothelial growth factor-induced responses and tumor growth after oral administration. Cancer Res. 2000, 60: 2178-2189.PubMed
113.
Zurück zum Zitat Egeblad M, Werb Z: New functions for the matrix metalloproteinases in cancer progression. Nat Rev Cancer. 2002, 2: 161-174. 10.1038/nrc745.PubMedCrossRef Egeblad M, Werb Z: New functions for the matrix metalloproteinases in cancer progression. Nat Rev Cancer. 2002, 2: 161-174. 10.1038/nrc745.PubMedCrossRef
114.
Zurück zum Zitat Sparano JA, Bernardo P, Stephenson P, Gradishar WJ, Ingle JN, Zucker S, Davidson NE: Randomized phase III trial of marimastat versus placebo in patients with metastatic breast cancer who have responding or stable disease after first-line chemotherapy: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group trial E2196. J Clin Oncol. 2004, 22: 4683-4690. 10.1200/JCO.2004.08.054.PubMedCrossRef Sparano JA, Bernardo P, Stephenson P, Gradishar WJ, Ingle JN, Zucker S, Davidson NE: Randomized phase III trial of marimastat versus placebo in patients with metastatic breast cancer who have responding or stable disease after first-line chemotherapy: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group trial E2196. J Clin Oncol. 2004, 22: 4683-4690. 10.1200/JCO.2004.08.054.PubMedCrossRef
115.
Zurück zum Zitat Bottini A, Generali D, Brizzi MP, Fox SB, Bersiga A, Bonardi S, Allevi G, Aguggini S, Bodini G, Milani M, et al: Randomized phase II trial of letrozole and letrozole plus low-dose metronomic oral cyclophosphamide as primary systemic treatment in elderly breast cancer patients. J Clin Oncol. 2006, 24: 3623-3628. 10.1200/JCO.2005.04.5773.PubMedCrossRef Bottini A, Generali D, Brizzi MP, Fox SB, Bersiga A, Bonardi S, Allevi G, Aguggini S, Bodini G, Milani M, et al: Randomized phase II trial of letrozole and letrozole plus low-dose metronomic oral cyclophosphamide as primary systemic treatment in elderly breast cancer patients. J Clin Oncol. 2006, 24: 3623-3628. 10.1200/JCO.2005.04.5773.PubMedCrossRef
116.
Zurück zum Zitat Engelsman E, Klijn JC, Rubens RD, Wildiers J, Beex LV, Nooij MA, Rotmensz N, Sylvester R: 'Classical' CMF versus a 3-weekly intravenous CMF schedule in postmenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer. An EORTC Breast Cancer Co-operative Group Phase III Trial (10808). Eur J Cancer. 1991, 27: 966-970.PubMedCrossRef Engelsman E, Klijn JC, Rubens RD, Wildiers J, Beex LV, Nooij MA, Rotmensz N, Sylvester R: 'Classical' CMF versus a 3-weekly intravenous CMF schedule in postmenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer. An EORTC Breast Cancer Co-operative Group Phase III Trial (10808). Eur J Cancer. 1991, 27: 966-970.PubMedCrossRef
117.
Zurück zum Zitat Colleoni M, Orlando L, Sanna G, Rocca A, Maisonneuve P, Peruzzotti G, Ghisini R, Sandri MT, Zorzino L, Nolè F, et al: Metronomic low-dose oral cyclophosphamide and methotrexate plus or minus thalidomide in metastatic breast cancer: antitumor activity and biological effects. Ann Oncol. 2006, 17: 232-238. 10.1093/annonc/mdj066.PubMedCrossRef Colleoni M, Orlando L, Sanna G, Rocca A, Maisonneuve P, Peruzzotti G, Ghisini R, Sandri MT, Zorzino L, Nolè F, et al: Metronomic low-dose oral cyclophosphamide and methotrexate plus or minus thalidomide in metastatic breast cancer: antitumor activity and biological effects. Ann Oncol. 2006, 17: 232-238. 10.1093/annonc/mdj066.PubMedCrossRef
118.
Zurück zum Zitat Colleoni M, Rocca A, Sandri MT, Zorzino L, Masci G, Nolè F, Peruzzotti G, Robertson C, Orlando L, Cinieri S, et al: Low-dose oral methotrexate and cyclophosphamide in metastatic breast cancer: antitumor activity and correlation with vascular endothelial growth factor levels. Ann Oncol. 2002, 13: 73-80. 10.1093/annonc/mdf013.PubMedCrossRef Colleoni M, Rocca A, Sandri MT, Zorzino L, Masci G, Nolè F, Peruzzotti G, Robertson C, Orlando L, Cinieri S, et al: Low-dose oral methotrexate and cyclophosphamide in metastatic breast cancer: antitumor activity and correlation with vascular endothelial growth factor levels. Ann Oncol. 2002, 13: 73-80. 10.1093/annonc/mdf013.PubMedCrossRef
119.
Zurück zum Zitat O'Leary JJ, Shapiro RL, Ren CJ, Chuang N, Cohen HW, Potmesil M: Antiangiogenic effects of camptothecin analogues 9-amino-20(S)-camptothecin, topotecan, and CPT-11 studied in the mouse cornea model. Clin Cancer Res. 1999, 5: 181-187.PubMed O'Leary JJ, Shapiro RL, Ren CJ, Chuang N, Cohen HW, Potmesil M: Antiangiogenic effects of camptothecin analogues 9-amino-20(S)-camptothecin, topotecan, and CPT-11 studied in the mouse cornea model. Clin Cancer Res. 1999, 5: 181-187.PubMed
120.
Zurück zum Zitat Klauber N, Parangi S, Flynn E, Hamel E, D'Amato RJ: Inhibition of angiogenesis and breast cancer in mice by the microtubule inhibitors 2-methoxyestradiol and taxol. Cancer Res. 1997, 57: 81-86.PubMed Klauber N, Parangi S, Flynn E, Hamel E, D'Amato RJ: Inhibition of angiogenesis and breast cancer in mice by the microtubule inhibitors 2-methoxyestradiol and taxol. Cancer Res. 1997, 57: 81-86.PubMed
121.
Zurück zum Zitat Fox S, Engels K, Comley M, Whitehouse R, Turley H, Gatter K, Harris AL: Relationship of elevated tumour thymidine phosphorylase in node positive breast carcinomas to the effects of adjuvant CMF. Ann Oncol. 1997, 8: 271-275. 10.1023/A:1008280110558.PubMedCrossRef Fox S, Engels K, Comley M, Whitehouse R, Turley H, Gatter K, Harris AL: Relationship of elevated tumour thymidine phosphorylase in node positive breast carcinomas to the effects of adjuvant CMF. Ann Oncol. 1997, 8: 271-275. 10.1023/A:1008280110558.PubMedCrossRef
122.
Zurück zum Zitat Schwartz EL, Baptiste N, Wadler S, Makower D: Thymidine phosphorylase mediates the sensitivity of human colon carcinoma cells to 5-fluorouracil. J Biol Chem. 1995, 270: 19073-19077. 10.1074/jbc.270.32.19073.PubMedCrossRef Schwartz EL, Baptiste N, Wadler S, Makower D: Thymidine phosphorylase mediates the sensitivity of human colon carcinoma cells to 5-fluorouracil. J Biol Chem. 1995, 270: 19073-19077. 10.1074/jbc.270.32.19073.PubMedCrossRef
123.
Zurück zum Zitat Haraguchi M, Furukawa T, Sumizawa T, Akiyama S: Sensitivity of human KB cells expressing platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor to pyrimidine antimetabolites. Cancer Res. 1993, 53: 5680-5682.PubMed Haraguchi M, Furukawa T, Sumizawa T, Akiyama S: Sensitivity of human KB cells expressing platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor to pyrimidine antimetabolites. Cancer Res. 1993, 53: 5680-5682.PubMed
124.
Zurück zum Zitat Kazi AA, Koos RD: Estrogen-induced activation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, and edema in the uterus are mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway. Endocrinology. 2007, 148: 2363-2374. 10.1210/en.2006-1394.PubMedCrossRef Kazi AA, Koos RD: Estrogen-induced activation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, and edema in the uterus are mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway. Endocrinology. 2007, 148: 2363-2374. 10.1210/en.2006-1394.PubMedCrossRef
125.
Zurück zum Zitat Ruohola JK, Valve EM, Karkkainen MJ, Joukov V, Alitalo K, Harkonen PL: Vascular endothelial growth factors are differentially regulated by steroid hormones and antiestrogens in breast cancer cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1999, 149: 29-40. 10.1016/S0303-7207(99)00003-9.PubMedCrossRef Ruohola JK, Valve EM, Karkkainen MJ, Joukov V, Alitalo K, Harkonen PL: Vascular endothelial growth factors are differentially regulated by steroid hormones and antiestrogens in breast cancer cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1999, 149: 29-40. 10.1016/S0303-7207(99)00003-9.PubMedCrossRef
126.
Zurück zum Zitat Mueller MD, Vigne JL, Minchenko A, Lebovic DI, Leitman DC, Taylor RN: Regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene transcription by estrogen receptors alpha and beta. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000, 97: 10972-10977. 10.1073/pnas.200377097.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Mueller MD, Vigne JL, Minchenko A, Lebovic DI, Leitman DC, Taylor RN: Regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene transcription by estrogen receptors alpha and beta. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000, 97: 10972-10977. 10.1073/pnas.200377097.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
127.
Zurück zum Zitat McNamara DA, Harmey J, Wang JH, Kay E, Walsh TN, Bouchier-Hayes DJ: Tamoxifen inhibits endothelial cell proliferation and attenuates VEGF-mediated angiogenesis and migration in vivo. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2001, 27: 714-718. 10.1053/ejso.2001.1177.PubMedCrossRef McNamara DA, Harmey J, Wang JH, Kay E, Walsh TN, Bouchier-Hayes DJ: Tamoxifen inhibits endothelial cell proliferation and attenuates VEGF-mediated angiogenesis and migration in vivo. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2001, 27: 714-718. 10.1053/ejso.2001.1177.PubMedCrossRef
128.
Zurück zum Zitat Garvin S, Nilsson UW, Dabrosin C: Effects of oestradiol and tamoxifen on VEGF, soluble VEGFR-1, and VEGFR-2 in breast cancer and endothelial cells. Br J Cancer. 2005, 93: 1005-1010. 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602824.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Garvin S, Nilsson UW, Dabrosin C: Effects of oestradiol and tamoxifen on VEGF, soluble VEGFR-1, and VEGFR-2 in breast cancer and endothelial cells. Br J Cancer. 2005, 93: 1005-1010. 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602824.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
129.
Zurück zum Zitat Morena AM, Oshima CT, Gebrim LH, Egami MI, Silva MR, Segreto RA, Giannotti Filho O, Teixeira VP, Segreto HR: Early nuclear alterations and immunohistochemical expression of Ki-67, Erb-B2, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor (TGF-beta1) and integrine-linked kinase (ILK) two days after tamoxifen in breast carcinoma. Neoplasma. 2004, 51: 481-486.PubMed Morena AM, Oshima CT, Gebrim LH, Egami MI, Silva MR, Segreto RA, Giannotti Filho O, Teixeira VP, Segreto HR: Early nuclear alterations and immunohistochemical expression of Ki-67, Erb-B2, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor (TGF-beta1) and integrine-linked kinase (ILK) two days after tamoxifen in breast carcinoma. Neoplasma. 2004, 51: 481-486.PubMed
130.
Zurück zum Zitat Hyder SM: Sex-steroid regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor in breast cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2006, 13: 667-687. 10.1677/erc.1.00931.PubMedCrossRef Hyder SM: Sex-steroid regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor in breast cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2006, 13: 667-687. 10.1677/erc.1.00931.PubMedCrossRef
131.
Zurück zum Zitat Silva ID, Salicioni AM, Russo IH, Higgy NA, Gebrim LH, Russo J: Tamoxifen down-regulates CD36 messenger RNA levels in normal and neoplastic human breast tissues. Cancer Res. 1997, 57: 378-81.PubMed Silva ID, Salicioni AM, Russo IH, Higgy NA, Gebrim LH, Russo J: Tamoxifen down-regulates CD36 messenger RNA levels in normal and neoplastic human breast tissues. Cancer Res. 1997, 57: 378-81.PubMed
132.
Zurück zum Zitat Nie D, Honn KV: Eicosanoid regulation of angiogenesis in tumors. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2004, 30: 119-125. 10.1055/s-2004-822976.PubMedCrossRef Nie D, Honn KV: Eicosanoid regulation of angiogenesis in tumors. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2004, 30: 119-125. 10.1055/s-2004-822976.PubMedCrossRef
133.
Zurück zum Zitat Wood J, Bonjean K, Ruetz S, Bellahcène A, Devy L, Foidart JM, Castronovo V, Green JR: Novel antiangiogenic effects of the bisphosphonate compound zoledronic acid. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002, 302: 1055-1061. 10.1124/jpet.102.035295.PubMedCrossRef Wood J, Bonjean K, Ruetz S, Bellahcène A, Devy L, Foidart JM, Castronovo V, Green JR: Novel antiangiogenic effects of the bisphosphonate compound zoledronic acid. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002, 302: 1055-1061. 10.1124/jpet.102.035295.PubMedCrossRef
134.
Zurück zum Zitat Santini D, Vincenzi B, Dicuonzo G, Avvisati G, Massacesi C, Battistoni F, Gavasci M, Rocci L, Tirindelli MC, Altomare V, et al: Zoledronic acid induces significant and long-lasting modifications of circulating angiogenic factors in cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res. 2003, 9: 2893-2897.PubMed Santini D, Vincenzi B, Dicuonzo G, Avvisati G, Massacesi C, Battistoni F, Gavasci M, Rocci L, Tirindelli MC, Altomare V, et al: Zoledronic acid induces significant and long-lasting modifications of circulating angiogenic factors in cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res. 2003, 9: 2893-2897.PubMed
135.
Zurück zum Zitat Leek RD, Harris AL: Tumor-associated macrophages in breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 2002, 7: 177-189. 10.1023/A:1020304003704.PubMedCrossRef Leek RD, Harris AL: Tumor-associated macrophages in breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 2002, 7: 177-189. 10.1023/A:1020304003704.PubMedCrossRef
136.
Zurück zum Zitat Harkonen PL, Vaananen HK: Monocyte-macrophage system as a target for estrogen and selective estrogen receptor modulators. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006, 1089: 218-227. 10.1196/annals.1386.045.PubMedCrossRef Harkonen PL, Vaananen HK: Monocyte-macrophage system as a target for estrogen and selective estrogen receptor modulators. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006, 1089: 218-227. 10.1196/annals.1386.045.PubMedCrossRef
137.
Zurück zum Zitat Shi W, Harris AL: Notch signaling in breast cancer and tumor angiogenesis: cross-talk and therapeutic potentials. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 2006, 11: 41-52. 10.1007/s10911-006-9011-7.PubMedCrossRef Shi W, Harris AL: Notch signaling in breast cancer and tumor angiogenesis: cross-talk and therapeutic potentials. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 2006, 11: 41-52. 10.1007/s10911-006-9011-7.PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Breast tumour angiogenesis
verfasst von
Stephen B Fox
Daniele G Generali
Adrian L Harris
Publikationsdatum
01.12.2007
Verlag
BioMed Central
Erschienen in
Breast Cancer Research / Ausgabe 6/2007
Elektronische ISSN: 1465-542X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/bcr1796

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 6/2007

Breast Cancer Research 6/2007 Zur Ausgabe

Adjuvante Immuntherapie verlängert Leben bei RCC

25.04.2024 Nierenkarzinom Nachrichten

Nun gibt es auch Resultate zum Gesamtüberleben: Eine adjuvante Pembrolizumab-Therapie konnte in einer Phase-3-Studie das Leben von Menschen mit Nierenzellkarzinom deutlich verlängern. Die Sterberate war im Vergleich zu Placebo um 38% geringer.

Alectinib verbessert krankheitsfreies Überleben bei ALK-positivem NSCLC

25.04.2024 NSCLC Nachrichten

Das Risiko für Rezidiv oder Tod von Patienten und Patientinnen mit reseziertem ALK-positivem NSCLC ist unter einer adjuvanten Therapie mit dem Tyrosinkinase-Inhibitor Alectinib signifikant geringer als unter platinbasierter Chemotherapie.

Bei Senioren mit Prostatakarzinom auf Anämie achten!

24.04.2024 DGIM 2024 Nachrichten

Patienten, die zur Behandlung ihres Prostatakarzinoms eine Androgendeprivationstherapie erhalten, entwickeln nicht selten eine Anämie. Wer ältere Patienten internistisch mitbetreut, sollte auf diese Nebenwirkung achten.

ICI-Therapie in der Schwangerschaft wird gut toleriert

Müssen sich Schwangere einer Krebstherapie unterziehen, rufen Immuncheckpointinhibitoren offenbar nicht mehr unerwünschte Wirkungen hervor als andere Mittel gegen Krebs.

Update Onkologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.