Background
Methods
Data collection and measurements
Variables
Statistical methods
Results
2004 | 2014 |
p-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | ||||
Male | 1994 | 745 | ||
Female | 2454 | 741 | ||
Age (Mean Years ± SD) | ||||
Male | 49.9 ± 13.3 | 48.4 ± 13.3 | 0.001 * | |
Female | 48.7 ± 12.7 | 46.9 ± 12.4 | 0.131 | |
Total | 49.2 ± 13.0 | 47.6 ± 12.9 | 0.001 * | |
Age group (proportion %) | ||||
25-34 | 707 (15.9) | 286 (19.2) | ||
35-44 | 945 (21.3) | 350 (23.6) | ||
45-54 | 1131 (25.4) | 351 (23.6) | ||
55-64 | 981 (22.1) | 329 (22.1) | ||
65-74 | 684 (15.4) | 170 (11.4) | 0.526 | |
Highest Education Level (proportion %) | ||||
No formal school | 354 (7.96) | 90 (6.1) | ||
Less than Primary school | 840 (18.9) | 223 (15.0) | ||
Primary school completed | 1548 (34.8) | 468 (31.5) | ||
Secondary school completed | 929 (20.9) | 278 (18.7) | ||
High school completed | 429 (9.6) | 186 (12.5) | ||
College/university completed | 320 (7.2) | 211 (14.2) | ||
Post graduate degree | 28 (0.6) | 28 (1.9) | <0.001 * | |
Yearly household Income (proportion %) $
| ||||
Mean (Kyats) | 44,968 | 259,605 | ||
Less than 100,000 Kyats | 3963 (95.1) | 481 (34.5) | ||
100,001- < 150,000 Kyats | 81 (1.9) | 268 (19.2) | ||
150,001- < 300,000 Kyats | 106 (2.5) | 404 (29.0) | ||
> 300,000 Kyats | 21 (0.5) | 242 (17.4) |
Male | Female | Total | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2004 (N = 1994) | 2014 (N = 745) |
p-value | 2004 (N = 2454) | 2014 (N = 741) |
p-value | 2004 (N = 4448) | 2014 (N = 1486) |
p-value | |
Prevalence | |||||||||
Combined | 26.8 (24.1-29.8) | 36.6 (32.1-41.2) | 0.001* | 26.6 (24.2-29.1) | 33.6 (30.8-36.6) | <0.001* | 26.7 (24.4-29.1) | 34.6 (32.2-37.1) | <0.001* |
Urban | 27.9 (23.9-32.4) | 38.7 (33.9-43.7) | 0.003* | 27.7 (24.4-31.3) | 34.5 (28.9-40.6) | 0.050* | 27.6 (24.3-31.1) | 34.5 (31.5-37.6) | 0.006* |
Rural | 24.0 (19.5-29.1) | 33.4 (27.4-40.1) | 0.025* | 24.0 (20.8-27.5) | 33.8 (30.7-37.1) | 0.001* | 24.3 (21.4-27.5) | 34.2 (30.0-38.6) | 0.002* |
Awareness | |||||||||
Combined | 15.0 (12.8-17.4) | 23.0 (19.9-26.5) | <0.001* | 22.8 (19.9-25.9) | 32.5 (29.1-36.1) | <0.001* | 19.4 (17.2-21.9) | 27.8 (24.9-31.0) | <0.001* |
Urban | 15.2 (12.6-18.3) | 22.6 (19.0-26.7) | 0.005* | 24.3 (20.1-29.0) | 31.5 (26.3-37.3) | 0.045* | 20.6 (17.4-24.3) | 26.9 (22.3-31.9) | 0.039* |
Rural | 14.1 (11.1-17.8) | 23.5 (19.5-28.1) | 0.003* | 18.8 (17.8-19.9) | 32.7 (33.8-38.7) | <0.001* | 16.5 (14.7-18.5) | 28.5 (23.8-33.7) | <0.001* |
Treatment | |||||||||
Combined | 38.0 (33.8-42.5) | 38.6 (31.6-46.1) | 0.891 | 48.1 (39.7-56.6) | 47.2 (40.8-53.7) | 0.865 | 43.1 (34.8-51.9) | 40.1 (33.1-47.6) | 0.589 |
Urban | 41.9 (34.5-49.6) | 46.7 (39.6-54.0) | 0.339 | 52.2 (43.2-61.0) | 55.6 (49.7-61.2) | 0.504 | 47.5 (37.4-57.8) | 46.3 (35.4-57.5) | 0.861 |
Rural | 35.5 (27.6-44.2) | 41.8 (33.3-50.9) | 0.271 | 38.0 (33.2-42.9) | 45.9 (40.2-51.8) | 0.042* | 36.9 (30.4-43.9) | 40.0 (32.4-48.1) | 0.522 |
Control | |||||||||
Combined | 35.8 (31.5-40.3) | 39.8 (34.7-45.2) | 0.234 | 53.0 (49.0-57.0) | 47.3 (44.7-49.8) | 0.019* | 48.4 (45.1-51.7) | 45.3 (39.8-50.9) | 0.330 |
Urban | 37.8 (30.8-45.3) | 39.1 (33.5-45.0) | 0.763 | 52.4 (46.7-58.1) | 43.4 (40.1-46.7) | 0.010* | 50.9 (46.3-55.5) | 41.6 (38.4-44.8) | 0.003* |
Rural | 25.2 (31.3-45.5) | 38.1 (31.3-45.5) | 0.004* | 48.4 (41.8-55.1) | 31.0 (25.7-36.9) | 0.001* | 39.7 (32.7-47.2) | 35.3 (30.4-40.6) | 0.289 |
Systolic Blood pressure | Diastolic Blood Pressure | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2004 Mean(SE) | 2014 Mean(SE) |
p-value | 2004 Mean(SE) | 2014 Mean(SE) |
p-value | |
Male | 124.8 (0.88) | 130.2 (0.83) | <0.001* | 76.3 (0.60) | 81.5 (0.63) | <0.001* |
Female | 121.2 (0.87) | 126.2 (0.99) | <0.001* | 76.1 (0.37) | 80.3 (0.73) | <0.001* |
Total | 122.8 (0.82) | 128.1 (0.53) | <0.001* | 76.2 (0.35) | 80.9 (0.53) | <0.001* |
Urban | ||||||
Male | 124.4 (1.27) | 130.4 (0.95) | 0.002* | 77.2 (0.86) | 82.1 (0.92) | 0.001* |
Female | 120.7 (1.29) | 126.3 (1.49) | 0.014* | 76.2 (0.48) | 80.4 (1.10) | 0.003* |
Total | 122.2 (1.22) | 127.9 (0.79) | 0.001* | 76.6 (0.48) | 81.2 (0.78) | <0.001* |
Rural | ||||||
Male | 125.1 (1.25) | 129.3 (0.26) | 0.014* | 74.4 (0.75) | 80.0 (0.35) | <0.001* |
Female | 121.8 (0.52) | 125.1 (0.84) | 0.008* | 75.9 (0.54) | 79.9 (0.36) | <0.001* |
Total | 123.7 (0.83) | 127.4 (0.42) | 0.001* | 75.4 (0.39) | 80.0 (0.21) | <0.001* |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pOR (95% CI) |
p-value | pOR (95% CI) |
p-value | pOR (95% CI) |
p-value | pOR (95% CI) |
p-value | ||
Socio-demographic: | |||||||||
Age | 1.06 (1.06-1.07) | <0.001* | 1.07 (1.06-1.08) | <0.001* | 1.06 (1.05-1.08) | <0.001* | 1.07 (1.05-1.08) | <0.001* | |
Location | Urban | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||||
Rural | 0.85 (0.64-1.14) | 0.262 | 0.89 (0.66-1.19) | 0.394 | 1.05 (0.79-1.39) | 0.726 | 1.08 (0.82-1.42) | 0.546 | |
Gender | Male | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||||
Female | 1.15 (1.01-1.31) | 0.032* | 1.20 (1.00-1.43) | 0.047* | 0.98 (0.84-1.14) | 0.728 | 1.08 (0.89-1.32) | 0.386 | |
Education | No formal | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||||
1-5 years | 1.34 (0.92-1.95) | 0.116 | 1.38 (0.95-1.99) | 0.085 | 1.10 (0.74-1.64) | 0.622 | 1.13 (0.75-1.71) | 0.525 | |
6-11 years | 1.48 (0.98-2.24) | 0.062 | 1.46 (0.98-2.16) | 0.059 | 1.11 (0.70-1.77) | 0.622 | 1.17 (0.74-1.86) | 0.463 | |
> 11 years | 1.42 (0.91-2.22) | 0.113 | 1.36 (0.87-2.13) | 0.163 | 1.00 (0.63-1.57) | 0.987 | 1.03 (0.64-1.64) | 0.903 | |
Ethnicity | Bamar | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||||
Non-Bamar | 1.01 (0.80-1.29) | 0.901 | 0.97 (0.75-1.25) | 0.783 | 0.91 (0.69-1.20) | 0.495 | 0.91 (0.71-1.18) | 0.450 | |
Behavioural: | |||||||||
Tobacco smoking | No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | |||||
Yes | 0.83 (0.69-1.01) | 0.069 | 0.78 (0.65-0.94) | 0.013* | 0.97 (0.82-1.16) | 0.738 | |||
Alcohol consumption | No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | |||||
Yes | 1.46 (1.12- 1.9) | 0.009* | 1.53 (1.18-1.99) | 0.004* | 1.64 (1.24-2.17) | 0.002* | |||
Low physical activity | No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | |||||
Yes | 1.82 (1.23-2.69) | 0.005* | 1.83 (1.23-2.69) | 0.005* | 1.91 (1.28-2.85) | 0.004* | |||
Metabolic: | |||||||||
BMI | Normal | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | |||||
Underweight | 0.42 (0.30-0.59) | <0.001* | 0.44 (0.31-0.62) | <0.001* | 0.43 (0.30-0.61) | <0.001* | |||
Overweight | 2.02 (1.58-2.58) | <0.001* | 1.88 (1.49-2.37) | <0.001* | 1.89 (1.49-2.40) | <0.001* | |||
Diabetes | No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | |||||
Yes | 1.94 (1.36-2.77) | <0.001* | 1.61 (1.13-2.31) | 0.013* | 1.60 (1.10-2.32) | 0.018* | |||
Hypercholesterolemia | No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | |||||
Yes | 1.48 (1.20-1.82) | <0.001* | 1.22 (0.99-1.48) | 0.052 | 1.22 (1.00-1.49) | 0.050* |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pOR (95% CI) |
p-value | pOR (95% CI) |
p-value | pOR (95% CI) |
p-value | pOR (95% CI) |
p-value | ||
Socio-demographic: | |||||||||
Age | 1.05 (1.04-1.07) | <0.001* | 1.06 (1.04-1.07) | <0.001* | 1.05 (1.03-1.07) | <0.001* | 1.06 (1.04-1.07) | <0.001* | |
Location | Urban | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||||
Rural | 0.97 (0.65-1.43) | 0.862 | 0.93 (0.62-1.40) | 0.710 | 1.18 (0.72-1.90) | 0.470 | 1.14 (0.68-1.92) | 0.587 | |
Gender | Male | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||||
Female | 1.09 (0.82-1.47) | 0.505 | 1.27 (0.71-2.27) | 0.382 | 0.80 (0.58-1.11) | 0.163 | 1.03 (0.58-1.83) | 0.900 | |
Education | No formal | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||||
1-5 years | 0.63 (0.30-1.30) | 0.184 | 0.62 (0.31-1.24) | 0.154 | 0.70 (0.31-1.60) | 0.364 | 0.70 (0.32-1.56) | 0.344 | |
6-11 years | 0.74 (0.36-1.55) | 0.389 | 0.69 (0.34-1.41) | 0.278 | 0.84 (0.39-1.78) | 0.619 | 0.83 (0.40-1.75) | 0.590 | |
> 11 years | 0.71 (0.32-1.60) | 0.370 | 0.65 (0.31-1.37) | 0.226 | 0.69 (0.29-1.64) | 0.361 | 0.67 (0.28-1.59) | 0.328 | |
Ethnicity | Bamar | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||||
Non-Bamar | 0.76 (0.58-0.99) | 0.046* | 0.74 (0.56-0.99) | 0.045* | 0.79 (0.60-1.04) | 0.091 | 0.79 (0.61-1.02) | 0.070 | |
Behavioural: | |||||||||
Tobacco smoking | No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | |||||
Yes | 0.72 (0.46-1.14) | 0.146 | 0.64 (0.43-0.96) | 0.035* | 0.83 (0.67-1.04) | 0.101 | |||
Alcohol consumption | No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | |||||
Yes | 1.84 (1.04-3.26) | 0.039* | 2.04 (1.23-3.38) | 0.011* | 2.01 (1.09-4.03) | 0.030* | |||
Low physical activity | No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | |||||
Yes | 0.96 (0.65-1.40) | 0.833 | 0.96 (0.68-1.38) | 0.826 | 0.94 (0.66-1.37) | 0.751 | |||
Metabolic: | |||||||||
BMI | Normal | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | |||||
Underweight | 0.40 (0.22-0.71) | 0.006* | 0.41 (0.22-0.78) | 0.011* | 0.41 (0.21-0.80) | 0.014* | |||
Overweight | 3.09 (2.43-3.91) | <0.001* | 2.95 (2.34-3.72) | <0.001* | 2.93 (2.28-3.78) | <0.001* | |||
Diabetes | No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | |||||
Yes | 1.83 (1.39-2.41) | 0.001* | 1.47 (1.04-2.07) | 0.034* | 1.49 (1.05-2.12) | 0.029* | |||
Hypercholesterolemia | No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | |||||
Yes | 1.27 (0.80-2.00) | 0.277 | 1.15 (0.74-1.78) | 0.496 | 1.17 (0.78-1.76) | 0.410 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pOR (95% CI) |
p-value | pOR (95% CI) |
p-value | pOR (95% CI) | p-value | pOR (95% CI) |
p-value | pOR (95% CI) |
p-value | ||
Socio-demographic: | |||||||||||
Year | 2004 | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | |||||
2014 | 1.49 (1.21-1.82) | 0.001* | 1.49 (1.22-1.82) | <0.001* | 1.44 (1.17-1.77) | 0.001* | 1.28 (0.92-1.78) | 0.129 | 1.22 (0.89-1.68) | 0.207 | |
Age | 1.06 (1.05-1.06) | <0.001* | 1.05 (1.04-1.07) | <0.001* | 1.06 (1.05-1.07) | <0.001* | 1.05 (1.04-1.07) | <0.001* | 1.06 (1.05-1.07) | <0.001* | |
Location | Urban | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||||||
Rural | 0.94 (0.72-1.23) | 0.629 | 0.92 (0.69-1.22) | 0.535 | 1.15 (0.83-1.58) | 0.385 | 1.12 (0.79-1.59) | 0.496 | |||
Gender | Male | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | |||||
Female | 1.09 (0.88-1.35) | 0.406 | 1.10 (0.89-1.36) | 0.376 | 1.24 (0.85-1.81) | 0.254 | 0.85 (0.67-1.08) | 0.171 | 1.05 (0.72-1.53) | 0.78 | |
Education | No formal | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||||||
1-5 years | 0.79 (0.49-1.26) | 0.304 | 0.78 (0.49-1.25) | 0.293 | 0.78 (0.46-1.33) | 0.35 | 0.78 (0.46-1.32) | 0.346 | |||
6-11 years | 0.89 (0.55-1.44) | 0.623 | 0.86 (0.53-1.38) | 0.511 | 0.88 (0.54-1.44) | 0.597 | 0.88 (0.54-1.43) | 0.584 | |||
> 11 years | 0.65 (0.50-1.44) | 0.529 | 0.80 (0.47-1.36) | 0.388 | 0.75 (0.42-1.32) | 0.303 | 0.73 (0.41-1.29) | 0.268 | |||
Ethnicity | Bamar | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||||||
Non-Bamar | 0.81 (0.68-0.98) | 0.030* | 0.80 (0.66-0.96) | 0.021* | 0.81 (0.68-0.98) | 0.029* | 0.81 (0.68-0.96) | 0.017* | |||
Behavioural: | |||||||||||
Tobacco smoking | No | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||||||||
Yes | 0.67 (0.52-0.88) | 0.006* | 0.87 (0.74-1.01) | 0.061 | |||||||
Alcohol consumption | No | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||||||||
Yes | 1.92 (1.33-2.76) | 0.001* | 2.00 (1.26-3.17) | 0.005* | |||||||
Low physical activity | No | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||||||||
Yes | 1.10 (0.81-1.50) | 0.517 | 1.01 (0.81-1.49) | 0.532 | |||||||
Metabolic: | |||||||||||
BMI | Normal | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||||||||
Underweight | 0.43 (0.29-0.64) | <0.001* | 0.42 (0.28-0.64) | <0.001* | |||||||
Overweight | 2.62 (2.17-3.17) | <0.001* | 2.62 (2.14-3.20) | <0.001* | |||||||
Diabetes | No | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||||||||
Yes | 1.49 (1.16-1.91) | 0.003* | 1.50 (1.16-1.93) | 0.003* | |||||||
Hypercholesterolemia | No | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||||||||
Yes | 1.16 (0.86-1.56) | 0.317 | 1.17 (0.88-1.54) | 0.264 |