Background
Methods
Plant material
Extraction of essential oil
Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS)
Chemical reagents
Determination of antioxidant property
DPPH radical scavenging assay
ABTS scavenging assay
Lipid peroxidation by TBARS test
Antibacterial test
Test organisms
Bacteria culture condition
Determination of antibacterial properties
Statistical analysis
Result
Physio-chemical characteristics of extracted essential oil of Tegates minuta flower
Item | Physico-chemical characteristics of EO of T. minuta flower |
---|---|
Percentage yield | 0.33% w/w% |
Colour | Very pale yellow |
Fragrance (odour) | Pungent odour |
Chemical constituents of the essential oil of T. minuta extracted
S/N | Chemical constituents | Chemical formula | RT (min) | % Composition |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Butanoic acid, 2-methyl-, ethyl ester | C7H14O2
| 3.26 | 0.06 |
2 | 2-Hexenal, (E)- | C6H10O | 3.30 | 0.09 |
3 | 1-Hexanol | C6H14O | 3.37 | 0.09 |
4 | Heptanal | C7H14O | 3.643 | 0.05 |
5 | 2-Cyclopenten-1-one, 3,4-dimethyl- | C7H10O | 3.752 | 0.07 |
6 | 1H–Imidazole, 2-ethyl-4-methyl- | C6H10N2
| 3.832 | 1.29 |
7 | Phenol, 3,4-dimethyl- | C7H10O | 3.923 | 0.07 |
8 | (1S)-2,6,6-Trimethylbicyclo [3.1.1] hept-2-ene | C10H16
| 3.979 | 0.17 |
9 | Nona-3,5-dien-2-one | C9H14O | 4.022 | 0.07 |
10 | Camphene | C10H16
| 4.16 | 0.13 |
11 | 1-Octene | C8H16
| 4.158 | 0.08 |
12 | Bicyclo [3.1.0] hexane, 4-methylene- 1-(1-methylethyl)- | C10H16
| 4.286 | 0.39 |
13 | Furan, 2-pentyl- | C9H14O | 4.374 | 0.41 |
14 | Octanal | C8H16O | 4.457 | 0.36 |
15 | α –Phellandrene | C10H16
| 4.537 | 0.23 |
16 | 2,4-Heptanedione, 6-methyl- | C8H14O2
| 4.648 | 0.14 |
17 | β-Ocimene | C10H16
| 4.751 | 14.40 |
18 | 1,3,7-Octatriene, 3,7-dimethyl- | C10H16
| 4.843 | 0.57 |
19 | Valeric acid, 3-tridecyl ester | C18H36O2
| 4.903 | 9.24 |
20 | ɤ-Terpinene | C10H16
| 4.982 | 0.41 |
21 | 3,4-Dimethylbenzyl alcohol | C9H12O | 5.039 | 0.07 |
22 | Furan, 2,3-dihydro-3-methyl- | C5H8O | 5.066 | 0.15 |
23 | p-Cymen-7-ol | C10H14O | 5.224 | 1.03 |
24 | 6-Methyl-3,5-heptadiene-2-one | C8H12O | 5.299 | 0.26 |
25 | Furazan, 3-(dimethylaminomethylenamino)-4-(1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)- | C7H9N7O | 5.370 | 0.24 |
26 | 2,6-Dimethyl-1,3,5,7-octatetraene, E,E- | C10H14
| 5.435 | 0.07 |
27 | 2,4,6-Octatriene, 2,6-dimethyl-,E,Z)- | C10H16
| 5.484 | 1.88 |
28 | 5,7-Octadien-4-one, 2,6-dimethyl-, (Z)- | C10H16O | 5.617 | 1.50 |
29 | 5,7-Octadien-4-one, 2,6-dimethyl-, (E)- | C10H16O | 5.698 | 7.14 |
30 | Sorbic acid vinyl ester | C8H10O2
| 5.763 | 0.34 |
31 | Butanoic acid, 3-hexenyl ester, (E)- | C8H18O2
| 5.923 | 2.21 |
32 | Bicyclo [2.2.1] heptane, 7,7-dimethy l-2-methylene- | C10H16
| 6.028 | 0.62 |
33 | Decanal | C10H20O | 6.066 | 0.64 |
34 | Cyclopentanone, 2-cyclopentylidene | C10H14O | 6.121 | 0.43 |
35 | 2-Cyclohexen-1-ol, 2-methyl-5-(1-m ethylethenyl)-, cis | C10H16O | 6.246 | 0.22 |
36 | Phenol, m-tert-butyl- | C10H14O | 6.318 | 9.41 |
37 | Naphthalene, 1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,7-octa hydro-4a-methyl- | C11H18
| 6.380 | 5.58 |
38 | Phenol, 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl- | C10H14O | 6.494 | 0.60 |
39 | 4-Methyl-1,3-heptadiene | C10H14O | 6.573 | 0.26 |
40 | Orcinol | C7H8O2
| 6.626 | 0.45 |
41 | 1H–Pyrazole, 4,5-dihydro-5,5-dimethyl-4-isopropylidene- | C8H14N2
| 6.659 | 0.76 |
42 | Bornyl acetate | C12H20O | 6.750 | 0.29 |
43 | Propanoic acid, 2-methyl-, octyl ester | C12H14O2
| 7.032 | 0.06 |
44 | 1,5,5-Trimethyl-6-methylene-cyclohexene | C10H16
| 7.128 | 0.15 |
45 | 2,6,10,14-Hexadecatetraen-1-ol, 3, 7,11,15-tetramethyl-, acetate, (E, E,E)- | C20H34O | 7.311 | 0.06 |
46 | 2-Isopropylidene-3-methylhexa-3,5-dienal | C10H14
| 7.428 | 0.18 |
47 | 1-Benzothiepin, 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro | C9H10O2S | 7.503 | 1.23 |
48 | Nonyl 2-methylbutanoate | C14H28O2
| 7.640 | 0.25 |
49 | Caryophyllene | C15H24
| 7.756 | 1.86 |
50 | Humulene | C15H24
| 7.977 | 0.73 |
51 | Naphthalene, 1,2,3,5,6,7,8,8a–octa hydro-1,8a–dimethyl-7-(1-methylethenyl)-, [1R-(1α,7β,8aα)]- | C15H24
| 8.073 | 0.25 |
52 | Aromandendrene | C15H24
| 8.092 | 0.32 |
53 | 1,6-Cyclodecadiene, 1-methyl-5-methylene-8-(1-methylethyl)-, [S-(E,E)]- | C15H26
| 8.142 | 0.51 |
54 | Bicyclogermacrene | C15H24
| 8.239 | 1.19 |
55 | ɤ -Muurolene | C15H24
| 8.327 | 0.17 |
56 | Naphthalene, 1,2,3,5,6,8a–hexahydro-4,7-dimethyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-, (1S–cis)- | C15H24
| 8.351 | 0.15 |
57 | 2,2,6-Trimethyl-1-(3-methylbuta-1, 3-dienyl)-7-oxabicyclo [4.1.0] heptan-3-ol | C14H22
| 8.423 | 0.60 |
58 | 1,6,10-Dodecatrien-3-ol, 3,7,11-trimethyl-, [S-(Z)]- | C15H24 O | 8.516 | 0.17 |
59 | Culmorin | C15H24 O2
| 8.566 | 0.02 |
60 | Tricyclo[2.2.1.0 (2,6)] heptane, 1,7-dimethyl-7-(4-methyl-3-pentenyl)-, (−)- | C15H24
| 8.698 | 0.19 |
61 | (−)-Spathulenol | C15H24 O | 8.767 | 4.56 |
62 | Caryophyllene oxide | C15H24 O | 8.813 | 1.01 |
63 | 1H–Cycloprop[e]azulen-4-ol, decahydro-1,1,4,7-tetramethyl-, [1aR-(1aα, 4β, 4aβ,7α, 7aβ, 7bα]- | C15H26 O | 8.865 | 0.25 |
64 | Levomenol | C15H26 O | 8.914 | 0.30 |
65 | 3-Cyclohexen-1-carboxaldehyde, 3,4-dimethyl- | C9H14 O | 8.965 | 0.22 |
66 | Tricyclo [4.4.0.0(2,7)] dec-3-ene-3-methanol, 1-methyl-8-(1-methylethyl)- | C15H24 O | 9.092 | 1.06 |
67 | Longipinocarveol, trans- | C15H24 O | 9.293 | 0.33 |
68 | Octadecanal | C18H36 O | 9.358 | 0.11 |
69 | 7-Tetracyclo [6.2.1.0(3.8)0(3.9)] undecanol, 4,4,11,11- tetramethyl | C15H24O | 9.379 | 0.11 |
70 | Phenol, 2-methyl-4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)- | C15H24 O | 9.501 | 0.12 |
71 | Carbonic acid, 4-isopropylphenyl propargyl ester | C17H14 O4
| 9.551 | 0.06 |
72 | 11-Isopropylidenetricyclo[4.3.1.1(2,5)]undec-3-en-10-one | C14H18
| 9.599 | 0.08 |
73 | Shyobunone | C15H24 O | 9.647 | 0.03 |
74 | 2-Acetyl-6-methoxynaphthalene | C13H12 O2
| 9.828 | 0.14 |
75 | Cholesterol | C27H46 O | 9.879 | 0.04 |
76 | Bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane, 2,6,6-trimethyl-,(1α,2β,5α) | C10H18
| 10.020 | 0.63 |
77 | 2-Pentadecanone, 6,10,14-trimethyl | C18H36 O | 10.060 | 0.53 |
78 | Caryophyllene oxide | C15H24O | 10.124 | 0.15 |
79 | 1-Hexadecanol | C16H34O | 10.230 | 0.22 |
80 | 2,6-Diisopropylnaphthalene | C16H20
| 10.300 | 0.18 |
81 | 2-Cyclohexen-1-one, 4-(3-hydroxybutyl)-3,5,5-trimethyl- | C13H22 O2
| 10.468 | 0.09 |
82 | 6Z-2,5,5,10-Tetramethyl-undeca-2,6,9-trien-8-one | C15H24 O | 10.502 | 0.09 |
83 | Ar-tumerone | C15H20 O | 10.610 | 0.50 |
84 | 3-(4,8,12-Trimethyltridecyl) furan | C20H36O | 10.706 | 0.49 |
85 | 3,3-Dimethylbutan-2-yl (E)-2-methylbut-2-enoate | C11H20O2
| 10.920 | 0.24 |
86 | 1-Isopropenyl-3,3-dimethyl-5-(3-methyl-1-oxo-2-butenyl) Cyclopentane | C15H24O | 10.970 | 1.43 |
87 | 3-Methyl-2-butenoic acid, 2-methyloct-5-yn-4-yl ester | C14H22O2
| 11.022 | 0.19 |
88 | Fumaric acid, heptadecyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ester | C8H6F6O4
| 11.117 | 0.40 |
89 | Methyl 3-(1-formyl-3,4-methylenedioxy)benzoate | C16H12O5
| 11.305 | 0.42 |
90 | (E)-2-Isopropyl-5-methylphenyl 2-methylbut-2-enoate | Ni | 11.523 | 0.52 |
91 | 3-Methyl-2-butenoic acid, 2-methyl | C14H22O2
| 11.668 | 0.28 |
92 | Cyclohexane, (2-nitro-2-propenyl)- | C9H15NO2
| 11.928 | 2.28 |
93 | Hexane, 1,6-dibromo- | C6H12Br2
| 11.942 | 0.33 |
94 | 2,2':5',2"-Terthiophene | C14H8S3
| 12.089 | 0.25 |
95 | Eicosane | C20H42
| 12.175 | 0.18 |
96 | Benzo[b]naphtho[2,3-d]thiophene,8-dimethyl- | C18H14
| 12.591 | 0.90 |
97 | 2,4-Cyclohexadien-1-one, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy- | C14H22O2
| 12.992 | 0.02 |
98 | Octasiloxane,1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7,9,9,11,11,13,13,15,15-hexadecamethyl- | C16H48O7Si8
| 13.141 | 0.16 |
Total content of EO (%) | 89.16 | |||
Yield of EO (%) | 0.33 |
Essential oil scavenging activity on DPPH radical
Essential oil scavenging activity on ABTS radical
Inhibition of lipid peroxidation
MIC of the essential oil of T. muinuta flower
Bacteria | Concentrations of essential oil (mg/mL) and MIC (mg/mL) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.5 | 0.25 | 0.125 | 0.06 | 0.03 | MIC(mg/mL) | |||||||
Gram positive | A | B | A | B | A | B | A | B | A | B | Oil | Ciprofloxacin |
S. aureus
| − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | + | − | 0.125 | 0.00 |
L. ivanovii
| − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | 0.06 | 0.00 |
M. smegatis
| − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | + | + | 0.125 | 0.06 |
S. uberis
| − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | + | − | 0.125 | 0.00 |
Gram negative | ||||||||||||
E. cloacae
| − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | 0.06 | 0.00 |
E. coli
| − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | + | 0.06 | 0.125 |
Vibro spp. | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | + | + | + | 0.06 | 0.25 |
MBC of the essential oil
Bacteria | Concentrations of essential oil (mg/mL) and MBC (mg/mL) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.5 | 0.25 | 0.125 | 0.06 | 0.03 | MBC (mg/mL) | |||||||
Gram positive | A | B | A | B | A | B | A | B | A | B | Oil | Ciprofloxacin |
S. aureus
| + | − | + | − | + | − | + | − | + | + | 0.00 | 0.06 |
L. ivanovii
| + | − | + | − | + | − | + | − | + | − | 0.00 | 0.00 |
M. smegatis
| + | − | + | − | + | − | + | − | + | + | 0.00 | 0.06 |
S. uberis
| − | − | + | − | + | − | + | − | + | − | 0.5 | 0.00 |
Gram negative | ||||||||||||
E. cloacae
| − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | 0.06 | 0.00 |
E. coli
| − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | + | 0.06 | 0.125 |
Vibro spp. | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | + | + | + | 0.125 | 0.25 |