Background
Methods
Ethics & data access
Cancer in the cohort
Adverse childhood experiences (ACE)
Early life socioeconomic and biological confounders
Mediators across the lifecourse
Missing data, imputation and statistical analysis
Results
Men % (n) | Women % (n) | ||
---|---|---|---|
46.2 (2836) | 53.8 (3302) | ||
Cancer
|
No
| 96.7 (2743) | 89.4 (2951) |
Yes
| 3.3 (93) | 10.6 (351) | |
ACE
|
0
| 74.4 (2110) | 75.2 (2483) |
1
| 20.0 (566) | 19.4 (641) | |
2 or more
| 5.6 (160) | 5.4 (178) | |
Mother’s education
|
Stayed at school after min age
| 27.3 (773) | 26.5 (875) |
Left school at or before min age
| 69.5 (1970) | 70.0 (2310) | |
Missing
| 3.3 (93) | 3.5 (117) | |
Parental social class
|
Non-manual
| 30.9 (875) | 27.2 (931) |
Manual
| 65.7 (1862) | 68.0 (2246) | |
Missing
| 3.5 (99) | 3.8 (125) | |
Overcrowded household
|
<1.5 people per room
| 85.5 (2424) | 83.4 (2775) |
≥1.5 people per room
| 9.1 (257) | 11.3 (374) | |
Missing
| 5.5 (155) | 5.2 (173) | |
Parity
|
Primiparous
| 36.5 (1034) | 37.6 (1242) |
One
| 32.2 (913) | 28.6 (945) | |
Two or more
| 28.6 (812) | 30.7 (1013) | |
Missing
| 2.7 (77) | 3.1 (102) | |
Fœtal distress
|
No
| 87.4 (2478) | 89.1 (2943) |
Yes
| 9.9 (281) | 7.8 (256) | |
Missing
| 2.7 (77) | 3.1 (103) | |
Problems during pregnancy
|
No
| 72.7 (2063) | 70.7 (2333) |
Yes
| 24.5 (695) | 26.2 (865) | |
Missing
| 2.8 (78) | 3.2 (104) | |
Smoking in pregnancy
|
No
| 66.6 (1888) | 65.6 (2165) |
Sometimes
| 5.4 (152) | 5.0 (164) | |
Moderately
| 13.8 (390) | 14.3 (472) | |
Heavily
| 10.4 (296) | 11.0 (364) | |
Missing
| 3.9 (110) | 4.1 (137) | |
Breastfeeding
|
Yes for more than 1 month
| 44.6 (1264) | 43.4 (1432) |
Yes for up to one month
| 22.3 (631) | 23.1 (763) | |
No
| 27.4 (776) | 27.3 (901) | |
Missing
| 5.8 (165) | 6.2 (206) | |
Childhood pathologies
|
No
| 65.0 (1843) | 69.4 (2291) |
Yes
| 22.6 (640) | 18.5 (612) | |
Missing
| 12.5 (353) | 12.1 (399) | |
Education level 23 y
|
A levels or higher
| 25.6 (726) | 24.3 (801) |
O levels
| 39.4 (1117) | 45.1 (1489) | |
No qualifications
| 34.2 ((970) | 29.1 (961) | |
missing
| 0.8 (23) | 1.5 (51) | |
Social class 23 y
|
Non-manual active
| 38.6 (1094) | 54.3 (1792) |
Manual active
| 45.4 (1287) | 12.8 (422) | |
Inactive
| 12.9 (365) | 31.1 (1027) | |
Missing
| 3.17 (90) | 1.9 (61) | |
Alcohol consumption 23 y
|
Normal
| 70.1 (1988) | 56.4 (1862) |
Abstinence
| 4.2 (118) | 7.4 (244) | |
Heavy
| 17.6 (498) | 8.9 (293) | |
missing
| 8.2 (232) | 27.4 (903) | |
Smoking 23 y
|
Never
| 29.3 (832) | 33.4 (1102) |
Past
| 33.9 (960) | 27.9 (921) | |
Current
| 36.1 (1023) | 37.3 (1230) | |
missing
| 0.7 (21) | 1.5 (49) | |
Psychological malaise 23 y
|
No
| 96.1 (2725) | 89.5 (2956) |
Yes
| 3.0 (85) | 8.9 (295) | |
Missing
| 0.9 (26) | 1.5 (51) | |
Body mass index 23 y
|
Normal
| 75.3 (2136) | 76.5 (2526) |
(Kg/m2 WHO cut-offs) |
Underweight
| 2.3 (64) | 7.0 (231) |
Overweight
| 16.8 (477) | 11.3 (374) | |
Obese
| 3.9 (110) | 2.6 (86) | |
missing
| 1.7 (49) | 2.6 (85) | |
Mean (s.e.)
|
Mean (s.e.)
| ||
Gestational age in days
|
(missing n = 2986 )
| 279.9 (0.2) | 280.4 (0.2) |
Birthweight Kg
|
(missing n = 1775)
| 3.4 (0.0) | 3.2 (0.1) |
Mother’s age at birth
|
(missing n = 1156)
| 27.5 (0.1) | 27.6 (0.1) |
Men | Women | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
% (n) | Cancer ‘yes’ % (N = 93) | P* | Cancer ‘yes’ % (n = 351) | P* | |
Cancer
| 3.3 | 10.6 | |||
Characteristics in terms of reported cancer
| |||||
ACE
|
0
| 3.1 | 9.1 | ||
1
| 3.5 | 0.586 | 13.0 | 0.004 | |
2 or more
| 5.0 | 0.189 | 23.0 | <0.0001 | |
Mother’s education
|
Stayed at school after min age
| 2.6 | 9.1 | ||
Left school at or before min age
| 3.6 | 0.112 | 11.2 | 0.058 | |
Parental social class
|
Non-manual
| 2.7 | 8.6 | ||
Manual
| 3.6 | 0.176 | 11.5 | 0.010 | |
Overcrowded household
|
<1.5 people per room
| 3.1 | 10.0 | ||
≥1.5 people per room
| 4.9 | 0.251 | 15.4 | 0.002 | |
Parity
|
Primiparous
| 3.9 | 10.0 | ||
One
| 2.5 | 0.151 | 10.5 | 0.588 | |
Two or more
| 3.3 | 0.320 | 11.5 | 0.261 | |
Fœtal distress
|
No
| 3.2 | 10.5 | ||
Yes
| 4.2 | 0.561 | 12.0 | 0.591 | |
Problems during pregnancy
|
No
| 3.5 | 10.2 | ||
Yes
| 2.6 | 0.171 | 11.9 | 0.212 | |
Smoking in pregnancy
|
No
| 3.1 | 10.0 | ||
Sometimes
| 5.2 | 0.039 | 11.6 | 0.458 | |
Moderately
| 4.6 | 0.045 | 11.2 | 0.300 | |
Heavily
| 1.8 | 0.215 | 13.5 | 0.072 | |
Breastfeeding
|
Yes for more than 1 month
| 3.2 | 9.7 | ||
Yes for up to one month
| 3.4 | 0.884 | 11.1 | 0.275 | |
No
| 3.4 | 0.934 | 11.7 | 0.161 | |
Childhood pathologies
|
No
| 3.4 | 9.9 | ||
Yes
| 3.0 | 0.411 | 13.3 | 0.016 | |
Education level 23 y
|
A levels or higher
| 2.6 | 8.3 | ||
O levels
| 3.0 | 0.628 | 9.2 | 0.209 | |
No qualifications
| 4.0 | 0.113 | 14.6 | <0.0001 | |
Social class 23 y
|
Non-manual active
| 2.9 | 9.4 | ||
Manual active
| 3.4 | 0.320 | 11.5 | 0.222 | |
Inactive
| 3.6 | 0.628 | 12.2 | 0.018 | |
Alcohol consumption 23 y
|
Normal
| 3.1 | 10.0 | ||
Abstinence
| 4.1 | 0.373 | 10.9 | 0.578 | |
Heavy
| 3.6 | 0.820 | 14.1 | 0.031 | |
Smoking 23 y
|
Never
| 3.0 | 7.2 | ||
Past
| 3.0 | 0.797 | 9.2 | 0.214 | |
Current
| 3.7 | 0.504 | 14.6 | <0.0001 | |
Psychological malaise 23 y
|
No
| 3.2 | 10.0 | ||
Yes
| 3.4 | 0.999 | 16.8 | 0.001 | |
Body mass index 23 y
|
Normal
| 2.7 | 10.4 | ||
(Kg/m2 WHO cut-offs) |
Underweight
| 4.2 | 0.703 | 13.9 | 0.092 |
Overweight
| 4.5 | 0.159 | 10.7 | 0.662 | |
Obese
| 7.3 | 0.036 | 6.1 | 0.285 | |
Age at first pregnancy
|
Before 33
| 9.9 | |||
After 33
| 18.4 | <0.0001 | |||
No information on pregnancy
| 8.4 | 0.225 |
Model 1 early life factors | Model 2 + childhood pathologies and ACEs | Model 3 + adult mediating factors | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | ||
Mother's education
|
Left school after min age
| ||||||
Left school at or before min age
| 1.26 (0.73-2.17) | 0.412 | 1.25 (0.72-2.16) | 0.427 | 1.18 (0.67-2.09) | 0.563 | |
Father’s social class
|
Non-manual
| ||||||
Manual
| 1.16 (0.68-1.96) | 0.587 | 1.14 (0.67-1.94) | 0.620 | 1.07 (0.62-1.86) | 0.810 | |
Overcrowded household
|
<1.5 people per room
| ||||||
> = 1.5 people per room
| 1.43 (0.76-2.68) | 0.265 | 1.40 (0.75-2.64) | 0.295 | 1.36 (0.72-2.59) | 0.344 | |
Gestational age
|
(days)
| 1.01 (0.99-1.03) | 0.444 | 1.01 (0.99-1.03) | 0.445 | 1.01 (0.99-1.03) | 0.444 |
Parity
|
Primiparous
| ||||||
One
| 0.73 (0.42-1.26) | 0.263 | 0.72 (0.42-1.25) | 0.245 | 0.71 (0.41-1.23) | 0.215 | |
Two or more
| 0.95 (0.52-1.73) | 0.855 | 0.90 (0.48-1.66) | 0.726 | 0.85 (0.45-1.60) | 0.613 | |
Birthweight
|
(kg)
| 0.77 (0.49-1.21) | 0.259 | 0.78 (0.49-1.23) | 0.279 | 0.75 (0.47-1.20) | 0.231 |
Fœtal distress
|
No
| ||||||
Yes
| 1.38 (0.72-2.65) | 0.336 | 1.37 (0.71-2.63) | 0.348 | 1.35 (0.70-2.6) | 0.376 | |
Problems during pregnancy
|
No
| ||||||
Yes
| 0.69 (0.41-1.18) | 0.175 | 0.69 (0.41-1.18) | 0.180 | 0.71 (0.42-1.21) | 0.210 | |
Smoking during pregnancy
|
No
| ||||||
Sometimes
| 1.62 (0.75-3.49) | 0.222 | 1.59 (0.74-3.44) | 0.238 | 1.52 (0.70-3.33) | 0.294 | |
Moderately
| 1.38 (0.8-2.37) | 0.250 | 1.36 (0.79-2.35) | 0.270 | 1.36 (0.78-2.36) | 0.281 | |
Heavily
| 0.54 (0.21-1.37) | 0.194 | 0.52 (0.2-1.34) | 0.176 | 0.50 (0.20-1.28) | 0.149 | |
Mother’s age at birth
|
(years)
| 0.99 (0.95-1.04) | 0.731 | 0.99 (0.95-1.04) | 0.809 | 1.00 (0.95-1.04) | 0.887 |
Breastfed
|
Yes, for more than 1 month
| ||||||
Yes, for up to one month
| 1.03 (0.58-1.81) | 0.924 | 1.04 (0.59-1.82) | 0.905 | 1.04 (0.59-1.84) | 0.898 | |
No
| 1.00 (0.59-1.68) | 0.991 | 0.99 (0.59-1.68) | 0.982 | 0.96 (0.56-1.64) | 0.885 | |
Childhood pathologies
|
No
| ||||||
Yes
| 0.87 (0.51-1.49) | 0.623 | 0.83 (0.48-1.43) | 0.500 | |||
ACE
|
No adversities
| ||||||
One adversity
| 1.11 (0.66-1.87) | 0.687 | 1.03 (0.61-1.76) | 0.904 | |||
Two or more adversities
| 1.50 (0.68-3.29) | 0.314 | 1.39 (0.62-3.11) | 0.419 | |||
Education level at 23 y
|
A levels or higher
| ||||||
O levels
| 1.00 (0.51-1.96) | 0.995 | |||||
No qualifications
| 1.24 (0.56-2.73) | 0.599 | |||||
Social class 23 y
|
Non-manual active
| ||||||
manual active
| 0.92 (0.5-1.69) | 0.788 | |||||
Inactive
| 1.06 (0.50-2.24) | 0.885 | |||||
Smoking 23 y
|
Never
| ||||||
Past
| 1.02 (0.55-1.87) | 0.962 | |||||
Current
| 1.21 (0.68-2.18) | 0.516 | |||||
Alcohol 23 y
|
Normal
| ||||||
Abstainance
| 1.33 (0.49-3.59) | 0.573 | |||||
Heavy
| 1.10 (0.62-1.94) | 0.743 | |||||
Psychological malaise 23 y
|
No
| ||||||
Yes
| 0.95 (0.23-3.92) | 0.938 | |||||
BMI groups
|
Normal
| ||||||
Underweight
| 1.40 (0.33-5.89) | 0.647 | |||||
Overweight
| 1.58 (0.90-2.78) | 0.113 | |||||
Obese
|
2.72 (1.17-6.32)
|
0.020
|
Model 1 early life factors | Model 2 + childhood pathologies and ACEs | Model 3 + adult mediating factors | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | ||
Mother’s education
|
Left school after min age
| ||||||
Left school at or before min age
| 1.06 (0.80-1.41) | 0.681 | 1.06 (0.79-1.41) | 0.697 | 1.07 (0.79-1.45) | 0.659 | |
Father’s social class
|
Non-manual
| ||||||
Manual
| 1.17 (0.88-1.56) | 0.286 | 1.11 (0.83-1.49) | 0.473 | 1.13 (0.84-1.53) | 0.419 | |
Overcrowded household
|
<1.5 people per room
| ||||||
> = 1.5 people per room
|
1.47 (1.07-2.04)
|
0.019
| 1.39 (1.0-1.92) | 0.051 | 1.33 (0.95-1.85) | 0.093 | |
Gestational age
|
(days)
| 1.00 (0.99-1.01) | 0.648 | 1.00 (0.99-1.01) | 0.664 | 1.00 (0.99-1.01) | 0.889 |
Parity
|
Primiparous
| ||||||
One
| 1.17 (0.88-1.57) | 0.283 | 1.14 (0.85-1.52) | 0.391 | 1.06 (0.78-1.43) | 0.715 | |
Two or more
| 1.32 (0.95-1.83) | 0.095 | 1.20 (0.86-1.67) | 0.279 | 1.09 (0.77-1.54) | 0.642 | |
Birthweight
|
(kg)
| 0.90 (0.70-1.16) | 0.425 | 0.91 (0.71-1.18) | 0.488 | 0.93 (0.72-1.21) | 0.585 |
Fœtal distress
|
No
| ||||||
Yes
| 1.24 (0.81-1.89) | 0.316 | 1.25 (0.82-1.90) | 0.306 | 1.23 (0.81-1.89) | 0.334 | |
Problems during pregnancy
|
No
| ||||||
Yes
| 1.16 (0.91-1.49) | 0.240 | 1.13 (0.88-1.45) | 0.332 | 1.14 (0.88-1.47) | 0.324 | |
Smoking during pregnancy
|
No
| ||||||
Sometimes
| 1.08 (0.65-1.79) | 0.771 | 0.94 (0.56-1.57) | 0.801 | 0.91 (0.54-1.54) | 0.739 | |
Moderately
| 1.07 (0.78-1.49) | 0.664 | 1.06 (0.76-1.46) | 0.742 | 1.00 (0.72-1.39) | 0.997 | |
Heavily
| 1.30 (0.93-1.82) | 0.126 | 1.22 (0.87-1.72) | 0.251 | 1.17 (0.82-1.66) | 0.384 | |
Mother’s age at birth
|
(years)
|
0.98 (0.95-1.00)
|
0.040
| 0.98 (0.96-1.00) | 0.086 | 0.98 (0.96-1.01) | 0.176 |
Breastfed
|
Yes, for more than 1 month
| ||||||
Yes, for up to one month
| 1.10 (0.83-1.46) | 0.517 | 1.09 (0.81-1.45) | 0.567 | 1.08 (0.80-1.45) | 0.627 | |
No
| 1.14 (0.87-1.51) | 0.340 | 1.09 (0.82-1.44) | 0.550 | 1.08 (0.81-1.43) | 0.601 | |
Childhood pathologies
|
No
| ||||||
Yes
| 1.31 (0.99-1.73) | 0.061 | 1.24 (0.93-1.65) | 0.149 | |||
ACE
|
No adversities
| ||||||
One adversity
|
1.40 (1.06-1.83)
|
0.016
| 1.30 (0.98-1.72) | 0.066 | |||
Two or more adversities
|
2.46 (1.66-3.65)
|
<0.001
|
2.14 (1.42-3.21)
|
<0.001
| |||
Age at 1st pregnancy
|
<=33y
| ||||||
>34y
|
2.24 (1.63-3.08)
|
<0.001
| |||||
No pregnancies, or no information
| 0.94 (0.65-1.34) | 0.716 | |||||
Education level at 23 y
|
A levels or higher
| ||||||
O levels
| 0.95 (0.67-1.34) | 0.756 | |||||
No qualifications
| 1.30 (0.87-1.93) | 0.198 | |||||
Social class 23 y
|
Non-manual active
| ||||||
manual active
| 0.93 (0.64-1.37) | 0.726 | |||||
Inactive
| 1.04 (0.77-1.41) | 0.796 | |||||
Smoking 23 y
|
Never
| ||||||
Past
| 1.27 (0.9-1.78) | 0.174 | |||||
Current
|
1.72 (1.25-2.36)
|
0.001
| |||||
Alcohol 23 y
|
Normal
| ||||||
Abstainance
| 1.00 (0.66-1.52) | 0.983 | |||||
Heavy
| 1.42 (0.99-2.04) | 0.055 | |||||
Psychological malaise 23 y
|
No
| ||||||
Yes
| 1.35 (0.94-1.93) | 0.099 | |||||
BMI groups
|
Normal
| ||||||
Underweight
| 1.26 (0.81-1.95) | 0.299 | |||||
Overweight
| 0.93 (0.63-1.37) | 0.706 | |||||
Obese
| 0.47 (0.17-1.24) | 0.126 |