Background
Materials and Methods
Materials
Methods
Treatment of test chemical
Administration of potentized homeopathic drug
Experimental design and control
Drug treated series
Drug pre-treated series (T1–T2)
Drug post-treated series (T3–T4)
Combined pre- and post-drug treated series (T5–T6)
Control series (C1–C6)
Laboratory methodology
Chromosome aberration (CA) study
Mitotic Index (Ml) and Micronuclei (MNE) studies
Sperm head anomaly (SHA) study
Scoring of data
Statistical analysis
Results
Qualitative changes
Quantitative changes
Chromosome aberrations (CA) study
Drug pre-fed series
Mitotic Index | Chromosome Aberration | Micronucleated Erythrocyte | Sperm Head Anomaly | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fixation Intervals (hr) | Drug potency | Series | % ± SE | % of Increased MI | % of Major CA | % of Other CA | % of Total CA ± SE | % of Prot. | % of MN in NCE | % of MN in PCE | P/N | % of Total MN in NCE & PCE | % of Prot. | % of SHA ± SE | % of prot. |
6 | 30 | T1
| 1.52 ± 0.20 | 5.4 | 6.2 | 11.6 ± 1.60 | 0.25 | 0.99 | 0.16 | 0.35 ± 0.04 | 1.72 ± 0.13 | ||||
C1
| 1.34 ± 0.17 | 0.18 | 5.6 | 4.4 | 10 ± 1.45 | -1.6 | 0.24 | 0.78 | 0.28 | 0.41 ± 0.04 | 0.06 | 1.62 ± 0.12 | -0.1 | ||
200 | 1.72 ± 0.02 | 4.6 | 6 | 10.6 ± 1.44 | 0.18 | 1.26 | 0.16 | 0.33 ± 0.06 | 1.74 ± 0.09 | ||||||
C2
| 1.66 ± 0.16 | 0.06 | 4,8 | 5.8 | 10.6 ± 1.44 | 0 | 0.26 | 0.76 | 0.30 | 0.37 ± 0.04 | 0.04 | 1.56 ± 0.23 | -0.18 | ||
12 | 30 | T1
| 1.68 ± 0.11 | 6.8 | 8.4 | 15.2 ± 1.08 | 0.23 | 0.71 | 0.03 | 0.33 ± 0.05 | 1.86 ± 0.13 | ||||
C1
| 1.38 ± 0.12 | 0.3 | 8 | 8.4 | 16.4 ± 1.75 | 1.2 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.47 | 0.47 ± 0.04 | 0.14a
| 2.04 ± 0.20 | 0.18 | ||
200 | T2
| 1.88 ± 0.11 | 4.4 | 7.2 | 11.6 ± 1.03 | 0.25 | 0.77 | 0.30 | 0.37 ± 0.04 | 1.80 ± 0.15 | |||||
C2
| 1.44 ± 0.19 | 0.44 | 6.8 | 8.4 | 15.2 ± 1.55 | 3.6 | 0.51 | 0.7 | 0.44 | 0.57 ± 0.06 | 0.20a
| 1.96 ± 0.25 | 0.16 | ||
24 | 30 | T1
| 1.68 ± 0.38 | 9.4 | 13.4 | 22.8 ± 1.98 | 0.46 | 1.22 | 0.38 | 0.67 ± 0.06 | 4.40 ± 0.30 | ||||
C1
| 1.04 ± 0.21 | 0.64a
| 15.6 | 13.9 | 29.4 ± 2.28 | 6.6 | 0.84 | 1.68 | 0.28 | 1.03 ± 0.07 | 0.36b
| 4.94 ± 0.29 | 0.54 | ||
200 | T2
| 1.84 ± 0.37 | 8.2 | 7.6 | 15.8 ± 1.94 | 0.59 | 1.33 | 0.33 | 0.73 ± 0.05 | 4.24 ± 0.30 | |||||
C2
| 1.11 ± 0.17 | 0.74 | 14.8 | 13.4 | 28.2 ± 1.47 | 12.4c
| 0.8 | 1.51 | 0.30 | 0.97 ± 0.10 | 0.24 | 4.74 ± 0.21 | 0.5 | ||
48 | 30 | T1
| 1.86 ± 0.13 | 8.6 | 10.2 | 18,80,96 | 0.84 | 1.34 | 0.48 | 1.01 ± 0.08 | 5.24 ± 0.38 | ||||
C1
| 1.44 ± 0.17 | 0.42 | 12.6 | 12.4 | 25 ± 1.36 | 6.2b
| 1.25 | 1.54 | 0.44 | 1.34 ± 0.12 | 0.33a
| 5.62 ± 0.31 | 0.38 | ||
200 | T2
| 2.04 ± 0.13 | 8.6 | 7.8 | 16.4 ± 1.09 | 0.87 | 1.5 | 0.51 | 1.07 ± 0.07 | 5.08 ± 0.38 | |||||
C2
| 1.42 ± 0.23 | 0.62 | 12.4 | 12 | 24.4 ± 0.96 | 8c
| 1.32 | 1.44 | 0.48 | 1.32 ± 0.11 | 0.25 | 5.68 ± 0.44 | 0.6 | ||
72 | 30 | T1
| 2.28 ± 0.18 | 7.6 | 8.6 | 16.2 ± 0.89 | 0.7 | 1.23 | 0.45 | 0.89 ± 0.09 | 6.18 ± 0.10 | ||||
C1
| 1.52 ± 0.10 | 0.76b
| 10 | 11 | 21 ± 1.45 | 4.8a
| 1.21 | 1.64 | 0.62 | 1.38 ± 0.04 | 0.49c
| 7.02 ± 0.20 | 0.84b
| ||
200 | T2
| 2.5 ± 0.20 | 5.8 | 6.6 | 12.4 ± 1.81 | 0.64 | 1.24 | 0.40 | 0.83 ± 0.13 | 6.16 ± 0.24 | |||||
C2
| 1.86 ± 0.23 | 0.64 | 9.8 | 9.6 | 19.4 ± 1.48 | 7b
| 1.5 | 1.16 | 0.59 | 1.38 ± 0.13 | 0.55a
| 6.98 ± 0.30 | 0.82 | ||
96 | 30 | T1
| 1.98 ± 0.20 | 6 | 9.2 | 15.2 ± 0.65 | 0.44 | 1.22 | 0.32 | 0.63 ± 0.05 | 3.62 ± 0.54 | ||||
C1
| 1.64 ± 0.16 | 0.34 | 9.4 | 9 | 18.4 ± 1.44 | 3.2 | 1.01 | 1.11 | 0.51 | 1.03 ± 0.08 | 0.40b
| 4.68 ± 0.60 | 1.06 | ||
200 | T2
| 2.2 ± 0.22 | 5. | 7 | 12 ± 2.44 | 0.39 | 0.95 | 0.33 | 0.53 ± 0.04 | 3.80 ± 0.29 | |||||
C2
| 1.48 ± 0.10 | 0.72a
| 8.2 | 8.2 | 16.6 ± 1.15 | 4.6 | 0.91 | 0.96 | 0.53 | 0.93 ± 0.11 | 0.40b
| 5.12 ± 0.10 | 1.32b
|
Drug post-fed series
Mitotic Index | Chromosome Aberration | Micronucleated Erythrocyte | Sperm Head Anomaly | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intervals (hr) | Drug potency | Series | % ± SE | % of Increased MI | % of Major CA | % of Other CA | Total CA ± SE | Prot. | % of MN in NCE | % of MN in PCE | P/N | % of Total MN in NCE & PCE | % of Prot, | % of SHA ± SE | % of prot. |
6 | 30 | T3
| 1.72 ± 0.18 | 3.2 | 6 | 9.2 ± 0.82 | 0.15 | 1.07 | 0.12 | 0.25 ± 0.04 | 1.62 ± 0.20 | ||||
C3
| 1.84 ± 0.20 | -0.12 | 3.8 | 7.4 | 11.2 ± 0.96 | 2.0 | 0.23 | 0.73 | 0.32 | 0.35 ± 0.02 | 0.10a
| 1.68 ± 0.25 | 0.06 | ||
200 | T4
| 1.98 ± 0.23 | 3.4 | 5.2 | 8.6 ± 1.20 | 0.2 | 0.67 | 0.13 | 0.25 ± 0.04 | 1.48 ± 0.19 | |||||
C4
| 1.6 ± 0.18 | 0.38 | 5 | 6.6 | 11.6 ± 1.44 | 3.0 | 0.23 | 0.51 | 0.30 | 0.29 ± 0.03 | 0.04a
| 1.56 ± 0.18 | 0.08 | ||
12 | 30 | T3
| 1.84 ± 0.14 | 6 | 6.8 | 12.8 ± 0.82 | 0.2 | 0.58 | 0.25 | 0.27 ± 0.04 | 1.64 ± 0.18 | ||||
C3
| 1,36 ± 0,17 | 0.48 | 7.6 | 9.8 | 17.4 ± 1.44 | 4.6a
| 0.43 | 0.64 | 0.45 | 0.49 ± 0.05 | 0.22a
| 2.12 ± 0.26 | 0.48 | ||
200 | T4
| 2.08 ± 0.14 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 9.6 ± 1.03 | 0.17 | 0.41 | 0.23 | 0.21 ± 0.02 | 1.32 ± 0.16 | |||||
C4
| 1.38 ± 0.19 | 0.7a
| 6.8 | 9.8 | 16.6 ± 1.60 | 7.0a
| 0.4 | 0.57 | 0.45 | 0.47 ± 0.06 | 0.26a
| 2.04 ± 0.23 | 0.72a
| ||
24 | 30 | t3
| 1.7 ± 0.33 | 8.2 | 9.4 | 17.6 ± 1.52 | 0.54 | 1 | 0.31 | 0.65 ± 0.05 | 3.6 ± 0.24 | ||||
C3
| 1.1 ± 0.21 | 0.6 | 15.2 | 14.6 | 29.8 ± 1.55 | 12.2c
| 0.81 | 1.44 | 0.28 | 0.95 ± 0.08 | 0.30a
| 4.98 ± 0.28 | 1.38b
| ||
200 | T4
| 1.88 ± 0.35 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 13.2 ± 2.07 | 0.36 | 0.62 | 0.40 | 0.43 ± 0.04 | 3.1 ± 0.24 | |||||
C4
| 0.98 ± 0.22 | 0.9 | 16.4 | 14.2 | 30.6 ± 1.56 | 17.4c
| 0.86 | 1.69 | 0.28 | 1.05 ± 0.07 | 0.62c
| 5.12 ± 0.28 | 2.02c
| ||
48 | 30 | t3
| 2 ± 0.16 | 7.8 | 9 | 16.8 ± 0.77 | 0.54 | 0.76 | 0.45 | 0.61 ± 0.08 | 4.56 ± 0.39 | ||||
C3
| 0.98 ± 0.14 | 1.02b
| 11 | 12.8 | 23.8 ± 1.34 | 7.0b
| 1.34 | 1.28 | 0.54 | 1.32 ± 0.08 | 0.71c
| 5.9 ± 0.41 | 1.34a
| ||
200 | T4
| 2.34 ± 0.16 | 7 | 7.4 | 14.4 ± 0.90 | 0.32 | 0.41 | 0.50 | 0.35 ± 0.02 | 4.06 ± 0.39 | |||||
C4
| 1.06 ± 0.13 | 1.28c
| 12 | 13.8 | 25.8 ± 0.96 | 11.4c
| 1.15 | 1.41 | 0.50 | 1.22 ± 0.04 | 0.87c
| 6.02 ± 0.38 | 1.96b
| ||
72 | 30 | t3
| 2.76 ± 0.21 | 5.6 | 7.2 | 12.8 ± 1.38 | 0.47 | 0.64 | 0.33 | 0.51 ± 0.06 | 7.64 ± 0.16 | ||||
C3
| 1.7 ± 0.18 | 1.06b
| 9.6 | 10.4 | 20 ± 1.45 | 7.2b
| 1.65 | 1.06 | 0.58 | 1.44 ± 0.09 | 0.93c
| 7.74 ± 0.30 | 0.10 | ||
200 | T4
| 2.9 ± 0.22 | 6.6 | 4.4 | 11 ± 1.50 | 0.26 | 0.59 | 0.30 | 0.33 ± 0.05 | 4.86 ± 0.33 | |||||
C4
| 1.56 ± 0.07 | 1.34c
| 9.4 | 11.2 | 20.6 ± 1.64 | 9.6c
| 1.17 | 1.62 | 0.60 | 1.32 ± 0.08 | 0.99c
| 7.28 ± 0.20 | 2.42c
| ||
96 | 30 | t3
| 2.3 ± 0.23 | 4.6 | 7.6 | 12.2 ± 1.14 | 0.28 | 0.92 | 0.17 | 0.37 ± 0.06 | 2.72 ± 0.18 | ||||
C3
| 1.26 ± 0.15 | 1.04c
| 8.2 | 10.2 | 18.4 ± 1.60 | 6.2a
| 0.86 | 0.94 | 0.49 | 0.91 ± 0.09 | 0.54c
| 4.64 ± 0.34 | 1.92b
| ||
200 | T4
| 2.56 ± 0.26 | 3.2 | 5.6 | 9.8 ± 1.24 | 0.18 | 0.71 | 0.16 | 0.25 ± 0.02 | 2.38 ± 0.24 | |||||
C4
| 1.42 ± 0.10 | 1.14b
| 7.4 | 10.4 | 17.6 ± 1.60 | 7.8b
| 0.94 | 1.01 | 0.49 | 0.97 ± 0.09 | 0.72c
| 5.14 ± 0.19 | 2.76c
|
Combined pre- and post-drug-fed series
Mitotic Index | Chromosome Aberration | Micronucleated Erythrocyte | Sperm Head Anomaly | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intervals (hr) | Drug potency | % ± SE | % of Increased MI. | % of Major CA | % of Other CA | % of Total CA ± SE | % of Prot. | % of MN in NCE | % of MN in PCE | P/N | % of Total MN in NCE & PCE | % of Prot. | % of SHA ± SE | % of prot. | |
6 | 30 | T5
| 1.84 ± 0.22 | 3.4 | 5.4 | 8.8 ± 1.14 | 0.15 | 0.58 | 0.11 | 0.21 ± 0.02 | 1.6 ± 0.15 | ||||
C5
| 1.42 ± 0.14 | 0.42 | 4.4 | 6 | 10.4 ± 1.82 | 1.6 | 0.31 | 0.72 | 0.33 | 0.41 ± 0.04 | 0.20a
| 1.64 ± 0.07 | 0.04 | ||
200 | T6
| 2.1 ± 0.25 | 2 | 3 | 5 ± 1.17 | 0.14 | 0.7 | 0.24 | 0.22 ± 0.05 | 1.72 ± 0.17 | |||||
C6
| 1.48 ± 0.16 | 0.62 | 4.2 | 4.6 | 10.8 ± 1.14 | 5.8 | 0.33 | 1.06 | 0.51 | 0.48 ± 0.05 | 0.26b
| 1.5 ± 0.12 | -0.22 | ||
12 | 30 | T5
| 2.24 ± 0.12 | 4.8 | 6.4 | 11.2 ± 0.65 | 0.16 | 0.59 | 0.20 | 0.27 ± 0.02 | 1.7 ± 0.22 | ||||
C5
| 1.56 ± 0.13 | 0.68b
| 8 | 9.4 | 17.4 ± 1.68 | 6.2b
| 0.43 | 0.77 | 0.49 | 0.55 ± 0.05 | 0.32c
| 2.16 ± 0.28 | 0.46a
| ||
200 | T6
| 2.42 ± 0.12 | 3 | 4.8 | 7.4 ± 0.74 | 0.14 | 0.38 | 0.18 | 0.17 ± 0.02 | 1.52 ± 0.19 | |||||
C6
| 1.46 ± 0.13 | 0.96c
| 5.8 | 10.2 | 16 ± 1.54 | 8.2c
| 0.36 | 0.81 | 0.45 | 0.51 ± 0.04 | 0.34c
| 2.12 ± 0.21 | 0.6 | ||
24 | 30 | T5
| 2.04 ± 0.18 | 6.0 | 6.6 | 12.6 ± 1.2 | 0.31 | 1 | 0.31 | 0.47 ± 0.04 | 3.02 ± 0.19 | ||||
C5
| 1.1 ± 0.20 | 0.94b
| 14.6 | 15.6 | 30.2 ± 1.63 | 17.6c
| 0.91 | 1.81 | 0.32 | 1.12 ± 0.08 | 0.77c
| 5.09 ± 0.30 | 2.07c
| ||
200 | T6
| 2.28 ± 0.26 | 4.8 | 5.6 | 10.4 ± 1.30 | 0.18 | 0.47 | 0.32 | 0.25 ± 0.02 | 2.64 ± 0.23 | |||||
C6
| 0.98 ± 0.17 | 1.3b
| 13.4 | 18.4 | 31.8 ± 1.55 | 21.4c
| 0.87 | 1.72 | 0.30 | 1.05 ± 0.10 | 0.80c
| 4.96 ± 0.57 | 2.32b
| ||
48 | 30 | T5
| 2.44 ± 0.09 | 5.6 | 5.8 | 11.4 ± 1.03 | 0.36 | 0.53 | 0.51 | 0.41 ± 0.06 | 3.64 ± 0.29 | ||||
C5
| 1.44 ± 0.20 | 1b
| 12.4 | 13.6 | 26 ± 1.87 | 14.6c
| 0.98 | 1.63 | 0.46 | 1.20 ± 0.04 | 0.79 | 5.64 ± 0.34 | 2b
| ||
200 | T6
| 2.84 ± 0.16 | 5.0 | 5.8 | 10.8 ± 1.14 | 0.12 | 0.44 | 0.55 | 0.23 ± 0.02 | 3.38 ± 0.35 | |||||
C6
| 1.16 ± 0.13 | 1.68c
| 13.0 | 14 | 27 ± 1.11 | 16.2c
| 1.06 | 1.56 | 0.49 | 1.22 ± 0.05 | 0.99c
| 5.74 ± 0.32 | 2.36b
| ||
72 | 30 | T5
| 2.86 ± 0.14 | 3.2 | 5.6 | 8.8 ± 1.14 | 0.7 | 1.23 | 0.46 | 0.89 ± 0.09 | 4.72 ± 0.23 | ||||
C5
| 1.68 ± 0.09 | 1.18c
| 8.0 | 9.4 | 17.4 ± 1.51 | 8.6c
| 1.21 | 1.64 | 0.57 | 1.38 ± 0.04 | 0.49c
| 7.06 ± 0.24 | 2.34c
| ||
200 | T6
| 3.18 ± 0.28 | 3.6 | 4.8 | 8.4 ± 1.33 | 0.12 | 0.55 | 0.27 | 0.21 ± 0.04 | 5.38 ± 0.20 | |||||
C6
| 1.6 ± 0.09 | 1.58c
| 9.0 | 12.4 | 21.4 ± 1.30 | 13c
| 1.45 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 1.38 ± 0.09 | 1.17c
| 7.96 ± 0.35 | 2.58c
| ||
96 | 30 | T5
| 2.68 ± 0.24 | 3.8 | 4.8 | 8.6 ± 0.90 | 0.27 | 0.69 | 0.29 | 0.37 ± 0.02 | 2.18 ± 0.15 | ||||
C5
| 1.68 ± 0.13 | 1.00b
| 9.2 | 10 | 19.2 ± 1.55 | 10.6c
| 1.18 | 1.34 | 0.46 | 1.20 ± 0.04 | 0.83c
| 4.88 ± 0.30 | 2.7c
| ||
200 | T6
| 3 ± 0.23 | 3.6 | 4.4 | 8 ± 0.61 | 0.15 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.23 ± 0.02 | 1.86 ± 0.13 | |||||
C6
| 1.58 ± 0.13 | 1.42b
| 9.0 | 9.8 | 18.8 ± 1.31 | 10.8c
| 1.06 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 1.10 ± 0.07 | 0.87c
| 5.02 ± 0.14 | 3.16c
|