Background
Methods
Study population
Questionnaire survey
Sample collection and testing
Medical examination for HBsAg-positive participants
Statistical analyses
Ethical issues
Results
Demographic characteristics of the participants
Zhangqiu county | Rushan county | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HBsAg-positive group (number, %) | HBsAg-negative group (number, %) | P value | HBsAg-positive group (number, %) | HBsAg-negative group (number, %) | P value | |
Total | 1026 (100.00) | 1029 (100.00) | 1022 (100.00) | 1025 (100.00) | ||
Age (yrs) | ||||||
Under 30 | 57 (5.56) | 40 (3.89) | 0.232 | 66 (6.46) | 72 (7.02) | 0.462 |
30–39 | 161(15.69) | 170(16.52) | 79(7.73) | 79(7.71) | ||
40–49 | 284 (27.68) | 275 (26.72) | 242 (23.68) | 237 (23.12) | ||
50–59 | 226 (22.03) | 234 (22.74) | 336 (32.88) | 331 (32.29) | ||
60–69 | 196 (19.10) | 200 (19.44) | 211 (20.65) | 222 (21.66) | ||
Above 70 | 102 (9.94) | 110 (10.69) | 88 (8.61) | 84 (8.20) | ||
Gender | ||||||
Male | 520 (50.68) | 529 (51.41) | 0.742 | 516 (50.49) | 525 (51.22) | 0.471 |
Female | 506 (49.32) | 500 (48.59) | 506 (49.51) | 500 (48.78) |
Anti-HEV IgG seroprevalence among HBsAg-positive individuals
HBsAg-positive group | HBsAg-negative group | P value#* | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number detected | Positive, n (%, 95% CI) | Number detected | Positive, n (%, 95% CI) | ||
Zhangqiu county | |||||
Total | 1026 | 94 (9.16,7.47–11.09) | 1029 | 112 (10.88, 9.05–12.95) | 0.21 |
Age (yrs) | |||||
0- | 53 | 0 (0.00, 0–6.72) | 38 | 4 (10.53, 2.94–24.80) | 0.03 |
30- | 157 | 5 (3.18, 1.04–7.28) | 167 | 7 (4.19, 1.70–8.44) | 0.77 |
40- | 275 | 18 (6.55, 3.92–10.15) | 275 | 21 (7.64, 4.79–11.44) | 0.74 |
50- | 232 | 10 (4.31, 2.09–7.78) | 237 | 24 (10.13, 6.60–14.69) | 0.02 |
60- | 217 | 33 (15.21, 10.70–20.69) | 217 | 29 (13.36, 9.14–18.63) | 0.68 |
70- | 92 | 28 (30.43, 21.27–40.90) | 95 | 27 (28.42, 1.96–38.60) | 0.87 |
Gender | |||||
Male | 520 | 48 (9.23, 6.88–12.05) | 500 | 52 (10.40, 7.86–13.41) | 0.60 |
Female | 506 | 46 (9.09, 6.73–11.94) | 1029 | 112 (10.88, 9.05–12.95) | 0.33 |
Rushan county | |||||
Total | 1022 | 389 (38.06, 35.07–41.19) | 1025 | 407 (39.71, 36.70–42.78) | 0.47 |
Age (yrs) | |||||
0- | 67 | 5 (7.46, 2.47–16.56) | 73 | 15 (20.55, 11.98–31.62) | 0.027 |
30- | 74 | 25 (33.78, 23.19–45.18) | 78 | 26 (33.33, 23.06–44.92) | 1.00 |
40- | 234 | 95 (40.60, 34.25–47.19) | 234 | 94 (40.17, 33.84–46.76) | 1.00 |
50- | 337 | 132 (39.17, 33.92–44.60) | 340 | 139 (40.88, 35.61–46.76) | 0.70 |
60- | 226 | 103 (45.58, 38.96–52.31) | 225 | 100 (44.44, 37.84–51.20) | 0.85 |
70- | 84 | 29 (34.52, 24.48–45.69) | 75 | 33 (44.00, 32.55–55.94) | 0.26 |
Gender | |||||
Male | 516 | 216 (41.86, 37.56–46.25) | 525 | 229 (43.62, 39.33–47.98) | 0.57 |
Female | 506 | 173 (34.19, 30.06–38.50) | 500 | 178 (35.60, 31.40–39.97) | 0.64 |
County | Clinical type | Number detected | HEV IgG(+) Number (%, 95% CI) | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Zhangqiu | HBV carrier | 658 | 53 (8.05, 6.09–10.40) | 0.714 |
Chronic case | 102 | 9 (8.82, 4.11–16.09) | ||
Cirrhosis case | 22 | 0 (0.00, 0–15.44) | ||
HCC case | 1 | 0 (0.00, 0–97.5) | ||
Rushan | HBV carrier | 838 | 314 (37.47, 34.18–40.85) | 0.267 |
Chronic case | 74 | 30 (40.54, 29.27–52.59) | ||
Cirrhosis case | 8 | 3 (37.50, 8.52–75.51) | ||
HCC case | 3 | 3 (100.00, 29.24, 100.00) |
Anti-HEV IgG positive | Anti-HEV IgG negative | P value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | ||
Total | 483 | 100.00 | 1565 | 100.00 | |
HBeAg | |||||
Positive | 83 | 17.18 | 384 | 24.54 | 0.001 |
Negative | 400 | 82.82 | 1181 | 75.46 | |
Anti-HBe | |||||
Positive | 313 | 64.80 | 1022 | 65.30 | 0.840 |
Negative | 170 | 35.20 | 543 | 34.70 | |
HBV DNA (IU/ml) | |||||
< 103 | 324 | 67.08 | 933 | 59.62 | 0.011 |
103–106 | 97 | 20.08 | 404 | 25.81 | |
≥ 106 | 62 | 12.84 | 228 | 14.57 | |
ALT(U/L) | |||||
Normal | 440 | 91.10 | 1442 | 92.14 | 0.463 |
Elevated | 43 | 8.90 | 123 | 7.86 | |
Liver abnormalitya | |||||
Yes | 5 | 1.04 | 13 | 0.83 | 0.674 |
No | 478 | 98.96 | 1552 | 99.17 |
Anti-HEV IgM seroprevalence among HBsAg-positive individuals
Number detected | Positive number | Positive rate (%, 95% CI) | P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 1022 | 16 | 1.57 (0.90–2.53) | – |
Age group (yrs) | ||||
Under 30 | 66 | 0 | 0 (0–5.44) | 0.768 |
30–39 | 79 | 1 | 1.26 (0.03–6.85) | |
40–49 | 242 | 6 | 2.48 (0.92–5.32) | |
50–59 | 336 | 5 | 1.49 (0.48–3.44) | |
60–69 | 211 | 3 | 1.42 (0.29–4.10) | |
Above 70 | 88 | 1 | 1.14 (0.03–6.17) | |
Gender | ||||
Male | 516 | 8 | 1.55 (0.67–3.03) | 0.969 |
Female | 506 | 8 | 1.58 (0.68–3.09) | |
Clinical typea | ||||
HBV carrier | 838 | 12 | 1.43 (0.74–2.49) | 0.060# |
Chronic cases | 74 | 0 | 0 (0–4.86) | |
Cirrhosis | 8 | 0 | 0 (0–36.94) | |
HCC | 3 | 1 | 33.33 (0.84–90.57) |
Comparison of HEV seroprevalence between CHB group and control group
Zhangqiu | Rushan | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Participant number |
P
| OR (95% CI) | Participant number |
P
| OR (95% CI) | |
Gender | ||||||
Male | 1049 | Ref. | Ref. | 1041 | Ref. | Ref. |
Female | 1006 | 0.05 | 0.72 (0.52,0.98) | 1006 | < 0.001 | 0.71 (0.58,0.86) |
Age (yrs) | ||||||
Under 30 | 97 | Ref. | Ref. | 138 | Ref. | Ref. |
30–39 | 331 | 0.54 | 0.71 (0.24,2.10) | 158 | < 0.001 | 3.38 (1.87,6.11) |
40–49 | 559 | 0.46 | 1.45 (0.54,3.88) | 479 | < 0.001 | 4.64 (2.74,7.86) |
50–59 | 460 | 0.41 | 1.53 (0.56,4.17) | 667 | < 0.001 | 4.17 (2.49,6.99) |
60–69 | 396 | 0.02 | 3.22 (1.18,8.73) | 433 | < 0.001 | 5.47 (3.20,9.35) |
Above 70 | 212 | < 0.001 | 8.62 (3.08,24.15) | 172 | < 0.001 | 4.49 (2.45,8.22) |
Education attainment | ||||||
Illiteracy | 227 | Ref. | Ref. | 115 | Ref. | Ref. |
Primary school | 739 | 0.246 | 1.32 (0.83,2.09) | 560 | 0.025 | 1.66 (1.06,2.60) |
Junior middle school | 972 | 0.676 | 1.12 (0.64,1.96) | 1121 | 0.037 | 1.63 (1.03,2.58) |
Senior middle school and above | 117 | 0.715 | 1.18 (0.48,2.92) | 251 | 0.033 | 1.76 (1.04,2.96) |
Occupation about swine laughter or selling | ||||||
Yes | 11 | Ref. | Ref. | 61 | Ref. | Ref. |
No | 2044 | 0.122 | 0.29 (0.06,1.39) | 1986 | 0.654 | 1.13 (0.66,1.93) |
Occupation about seafood cultivation, processing or selling | ||||||
Yes | 0 | – | – | 43 | Ref. | Ref. |
No | 2055 | – | – | 2004 | 0.103 | 0.59 (0.31,1.11) |
Wash hands before dining | ||||||
≧2 times per day | 2015 | Ref. | Ref. | 1877 | Ref. | Ref. |
≦one time per day | 40 | 0.506 | 0.61 (0.14,2.63) | 170 | 0.984 | 1.00 (0.72,1.39) |
Drinking unboiled water | ||||||
≧3 times per week | 51 | Ref. | Ref. | 143 | Ref. | Ref. |
1–2 times per week | 417 | 0.637 | 1.32 (0.42, 4.12) | 214 | 0.12 | 0.69 (0.44,1.09) |
Less than once per week | 1587 | 0.673 | 1.27 (0.42, 3.87) | 1690 | 0.6 | 0.91 (0.63,1.31) |
Eating outside | ||||||
≧3 times per week | 94 | Ref. | Ref. | 98 | Ref. | Ref. |
1–2 times per week | 611 | 0.926 | 1.04 (0.47,2.29) | 140 | 0.924 | 0.97 (0.55,1.72) |
Less than once per week | 1350 | 0.644 | 0.83 (0.38,1.81) | 1809 | 0.34 | 1.25 (0.79,1.96) |
Chronic hepatitis B infection | ||||||
Yes | 1026 | Ref. | Ref. | 1022 | Ref. | Ref. |
No | 1029 | 0.187 | 1.23 (0.90,1.68) | 1025 | 0.609 | 1.05 (0.87,1.26) |