Background
Methods
Data sources
Data linkage
Case selection
Outcome coding and case exclusions
In-hospital death
Readmissions
Complications
Costs and LOS
Discharge destination
Critical care services
Factor coding and grouping
Statistical analysis
Results
Injury hospital admisionsa | ||
---|---|---|
July 2012 to June 2014 | ||
Total number of patients | 152,835 | |
Age group (years) | ||
0–14 years | 21,058 | 13.8 |
15–24 years | 22,851 | 15.0 |
25–44 years | 35,394 | 23.2 |
45–64 years | 29,325 | 19.2 |
65–84 years | 27,886 | 18.3 |
85 and over | 16,321 | 10.7 |
Gender | ||
Maleb | 85,329 | 55.8 |
Female | 67,506 | 44.2 |
Injury severityc | ||
Serious injury (ICISS< 0.941) | 19,095 | 12.5 |
Other injury (ICISS> = 0.941) | 133,740 | 87.5 |
Number of comorbidities | ||
0 | 123,046 | 80.5 |
1 | 21,046 | 13.8 |
2 | 5699 | 3.7 |
3 | 2120 | 1.4 |
> 3 | 924 | 0.6 |
Body region | ||
Head | 25,982 | 17.0 |
Neck | 3428 | 2.2 |
Thorax | 7359 | 4.8 |
Abdomen, lower back, lumbar spine & pelvis | 9410 | 6.2 |
Shoulder & upper arm | 11,224 | 7.3 |
Elbow & forearm | 15,465 | 10.1 |
Wrist & hand | 25,722 | 16.8 |
Hip & thigh | 12,862 | 8.4 |
Knee & lower leg | 19,806 | 13.0 |
Ankle & foot | 5662 | 3.7 |
Foreign body (various regions) | 2585 | 1.7 |
Burns (various regions) | 1802 | 1.2 |
Multiple body regions | 36 | 0.0 |
Unspecified body region | 534 | 0.4 |
Body region not relevant | 10,958 | 7.2 |
Grouped injury type (first occurring) | ||
Superficial injury | 7364 | 4.8 |
Open wound | 21,309 | 13.9 |
Fracture | 63,505 | 41.6 |
Dislocation, sprain & strain | 10,502 | 6.9 |
Injury to nerves & spinal cord | 1990 | 1.3 |
Injury to blood vessels | 1332 | 0.9 |
Injury to muscle & tendon | 8205 | 5.4 |
Crushing injury | 326 | 0.2 |
Traumatic amputation | 1588 | 1.0 |
Eye injury- excluding foreign body | 481 | 0.3 |
Intracranial injury | 6038 | 4.0 |
Injury to internal organs | 1684 | 1.1 |
Foreign body | 2585 | 1.7 |
Burns | 1802 | 1.2 |
Other and unspecified injury | 13,166 | 8.6 |
Systemic-poisoning/toxic effects | 9782 | 6.4 |
Other effects of external cause/complication | 1176 | 0.8 |
Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA)d | ||
1 | 16,548 | 10.8 |
2 | # | # |
3 | 9982 | 6.5 |
4 | 16,954 | 11.1 |
5 | 10,147 | 6.6 |
6 | 11,217 | 7.3 |
7 | 11,123 | 7.3 |
8 | 24,412 | 16.0 |
9 | 22,627 | 14.8 |
10 | 21,648 | 14.2 |
999 (missing) | < 5 | < 5 |
Outcomes | ||||||
In-hospital death, n (%)a | Average number of CHADx complicationsb, mean (CI) | Care needed post index admission dischargec, n (%) | Hospital cost of index admissiond,a (A$), mean (CI) | Length of stay of index admission (days), median (IQR) | ||
No of patients selected for analysis | 152,795 | 152,835 | 148,539 | 118,570 | 152,835 | |
No of patients with outcome | 1341 | 20300e | 39,731 | 118,570 | 152,835 | |
Overall indicator | 0.9% | 2.4 (2.4–2.5) | 26.8% | 7013 (6929–7096) | 1 (1–3) | |
Age group (years) | ||||||
0–14 years | 9 (0.0) | 1.5 (1.4–1.6) | 7451 (35.5) | 3221 (3092–3350) | 1 (1–1) | |
15–24 years | 13 (0.1) | 1.8 (1.7–1.9) | 5282 (23.5) | 4639 (4476–4802) | 1 (1–1) | |
25–44 years | 57 (0.2) | 1.9 (1.8–1.9) | 7606 (21.9) | 5311 (5156–5466) | 1 (1–2) | |
45–64 years | 79 (0.3) | 2.1 (2.0–2.1) | 6318 (21.9) | 6864 (6658–7071) | 1 (1–3) | |
65–84 years | 459 (1.6) | 2.6 (2.6–2.7) | 7261 (27.0) | 11,484 (11233–11,736) | 3 (1–13) | |
85 and over | 724 (4.4) | 2.9 (2.9–3.0) | 5813 (39.8) | 13,380 (13067–13,694) | 6 (1–21) | |
Gender | ||||||
Male | 671 (0.8) | 2.4 (2.3–2.4) | 21,698 (26.1) | 6336 (6225–6446) | 1 (1–2) | |
Female | 670 (1.0) | 2.5 (2.4–2.5) | 18,033 (27.6) | 7889 (7762–8017) | 1 (1–5) | |
Number of comorbiditiesf | ||||||
0 | 430 (0.3) | 2.1 (2.1–2.2) | 30,797 (25.5) | 5373 (5298–5448) | 1 (1–2) | |
1 | 379 (1.8) | 2.7 (2.6–2.7) | 5891 (29.6) | 10,725 (10447–11,003) | 2 (1–10) | |
2 | 276 (4.8) | 3.0 (2.9–3.1) | 1942 (37.6) | 17,230 (16497–17,964) | 6 (2–20) | |
3 | 152 (7.2) | 3.2 (3.0–3.3) | 745 (39.4) | 21,173 (20059–22,288) | 10 (4–27) | |
> 3 | 104 (11.3) | 3.6 (3.4–3.9) | 356 (45.6) | 29,884 (27596–32,172) | 18 (7–36) | |
Injury severityg | ||||||
Serious injury (ICISS< 0.941) | 945 (5.0) | 3.1 (3.0–3.1) | 6617 (38.0) | 21,019 (20544–21,494) | 9 (3–26) | |
Other injury (ICISS> = 0.941) | 396 (0.3) | 1.9 (1.9–2.0) | 33,114 (25.3) | 4988 (4931–5045) | 1 (1–2) | |
Body region | ||||||
Head | 312 (1.2) | 2.5 (2.4–2.6) | 5533 (22.1) | 4974 (4774–5173) | 1 (1–1) | |
Neck | 42 (1.2) | 2.6 (2.4–2.9) | 630 (19.0) | 7879 (6966–8791) | 1 (1–3) | |
Thorax | 99 (1.3) | 2.5 (2.4–2.6) | 1382 (19.4) | 8614 (8132–9095) | 2 (1–7) | |
Abdomen, lower back, lumbar spine & pelvis | 106 (1.1) | 2.4 (2.3–2.5) | 2319 (25.6) | 8894 (8488–9300) | 2 (1–11) | |
Shoulder & upper arm | 74 (0.7) | 2.0 (1.9–2.1) | 2825 (25.7) | 7192 (6938–7445) | 1 (1–3) | |
Elbow & forearm | 21 (0.1) | 1.7 (1.6–1.7) | 4456 (29.2) | 5257 (5132–5382) | 1 (1–2) | |
Wrist & hand | 7 (0.0) | 1.4 (1.3–1.5) | 7980 (31.3) | 3259 (3206–3312) | 1 (1–1) | |
Hip & thigh | 503 (3.9) | 3.1 (3.0–3.2) | 4623 (39.0) | 18,695 (18306–19,084) | 8 (2–26) | |
Knee & lower leg | 52 (0.3) | 1.9 (1.9–2.0) | 4903 (25.1) | 9273 (9011–9536) | 2 (1–4) | |
Ankle & foot | 7 (0.1) | 1.8 (1.6–1.9) | 1338 (24.0) | 5158 (4881–5436) | 1 (1–2) | |
Foreign body | 11 (0.4) | 1.8 (1.6–2.1) | 617 (24.4) | 2879 (2697–3060) | 1 (1–2) | |
Burns | 6 (0.3) | 2.6 (2.3–2.8) | 608 (34.3) | 10,265 (8864–11,666) | 1 (1–4) | |
Multiple body regions | 0 (0.0) | 2.0 (0.9–3.1) | 7 (21.2) | 3888 (1728–6049) | 1 (1–2) | |
Unspecified body region | 2 (0.4) | 1.9 (1.4–2.3) | 84 (16.2) | 4869 (3663–6076) | 1 (1–4) | |
Body region not relevant | 99 (0.9) | 2.2 (2.1–2.4) | 2426 (23.2) | 5417 (5148–5687) | 1 (1–3) | |
Grouped injury type (first occurring) | ||||||
Superficial injury | 32 (0.4) | 1.9 (1.8–2.1) | 1363 (19.1) | 3547 (3371–3723) | 1 (1–2) | |
Open wound | 44 (0.2) | 1.7 (1.7–1.8) | 6065 (29.2) | 3352 (3266–3438) | 1 (1–4) | |
Fracture | 769 (1.2) | 2.6 (2.6–2.6) | 19,884 (32.2) | 10,096 (9959–10,232) | 2 (1–6) | |
Dislocation, sprain & strain | 18 (0.2) | 1.6 (1.5–1.8) | 1515 (14.5) | 4005 (3820–4191) | 1 (1–1) | |
Injury to nerves & spinal cord | 11 (0.6) | 2.7 (2.3–3.2) | 612 (31.2) | 11,097 (9125–13,069) | 1 (1–2) | |
Injury to blood vessels | 7 (0.5) | 1.9 (1.6–2.3) | 389 (29.8) | 8686 (7363–10,009) | 1 (1–2) | |
Injury to muscle & tendon | 5 (0.1) | 1.6 (1.5–1.7) | 1806 (22.2) | 4075 (3923–4227) | 1 (1–2) | |
Crushing injury | 0 (0.0) | 1.2 (0.8–1.5) | 86 (26.5) | 2428 (1841–3015) | 1 (1–1) | |
Traumatic amputation | < 5 | 2.0 (1.7–2.4) | 550 (34.8) | 5758 (5151–6366) | 1 (1–2) | |
Eye injury- excluding foreign body | < 5 | 1.9 (1.4–2.3) | 227 (48.4) | 5862 (4676–7048) | 1 (1–3) | |
Intracranial injury | 260 (4.3) | 3.0 (2.9–3.2) | 1066 (19.0) | 9675 (8970–10,380) | 1 (1–5) | |
Injury to internal organs | 27 (1.6) | 2.7 (2.5–2.9) | 431 (26.8) | 14,381 (13146–15,616) | 4 (2–8) | |
Foreign body | 11 (0.4) | 1.8 (1.6–2.1) | 617 (24.4) | 2879 (2697–3060) | 1 (1–1) | |
Burns | 6 (0.3) | 2.6 (2.3–2.8) | 608 (34.3) | 10,265 (8864–11,666) | 1 (1–5) | |
Other and unspecified injury | 50 (0.4) | 1.8 (1.7–1.9) | 2086 (16.4) | 3189 (3062–3317) | 1 (1–1) | |
Systemic-poisoning/toxic effects | 52 (0.5) | 2.1 (2.0–2.3) | 2175 (23.2) | 4794 (4566–5022) | 1 (1–2) | |
Other effects of external cause/complication | 47 (4.0) | 2.6 (2.3–3.0) | 251 (22.9) | 11,259 (9494–13,023) | 2 (1–6) | |
SEIFA | ||||||
1 | 152 (0.9) | 2.5 (2.4–2.6) | 5142 (32.1) | 6990 (6767–7214) | 1 (1–3) | |
2 | # | 2.4 (2.3–2.6) | # | # | 1 (1–3) | |
3 | 112 (1.1) | 2.5 (2.4–2.6) | 2745 (28.4) | 7391 (7087–7695) | 1 (1–4) | |
4 | 154 (0.9) | 2.4 (2.3–2.5) | 5274 (32.2) | 7341 (7081–7602) | 1 (1–3) | |
5 | 87 (0.9) | 2.4 (2.3–2.5) | 3057 (30.8) | 6412 (6135–6688) | 1 (1–2) | |
6 | 85 (0.8) | 2.3 (2.2–2.4) | 3057 (27.9) | 6824 (6494–7153) | 1 (1–3) | |
7 | 75 (0.7) | 2.5 (2.4–2.6) | 2987 (27.5) | 7079 (6780–7377) | 1 (1–3) | |
8 | 207 (0.8) | 2.4 (2.4–2.5) | 5156 (21.7) | 6736 (6526–6947) | 1 (1–3) | |
9 | 197 (0.9) | 2.4 (2.4–2.5) | 5632 (25.6) | 7069 (6841–7297) | 1 (1–3) | |
10 | 195 (0.9) | 2.4 (2.4–2.5) | 4000 (19.0) | 7066 (6816–7315) | 1 (1–3) | |
999 | < 5 | – | < 5 | < 5 | < 5 | |
Outcomes | ||||||
Use of critical care services at index admission n (%) | Readmissionh, n (%) | |||||
ICU stay > 0 h | MV use > 0 h | CCU stay > 0 h | 30 day-all-cause | 30 day -non-planned | 30 day-potentially avoidable | |
No of patients selected for analysis | 152,835 | 152,835 | 152,835 | 149,943 | 149,943 | 149,943 |
No of patients with outcome | 4519 | 2234 | 664 | 18,514 | 11,803 | 4777 |
Overall indicator | 3.0% | 1.5% | 0.4% | 12.3% | 7.9% | 3.2% |
Age group (years) | ||||||
0–14 years | 158 (0.8) | 77 (0.4) | 8 (0.0) | 1346 (6.4) | 856 (4.1) | 380 (1.8) |
15–24 years | 687 (3.0) | 418 (1.8) | 64 (0.3) | 1893 (8.4) | 1244 (5.5) | 512 (2.3) |
25–44 years | 1244 (3.5) | 780 (2.2) | 94 (0.3) | 3508 (10.1) | 2369 (6.8) | 1083 (3.1) |
45–64 years | 1069 (3.6) | 563 (1.9) | 143 (0.5) | 3627 (12.5) | 2182 (7.5) | 1000 (3.5) |
65–84 years | 962 (3.4) | 332 (1.2) | 222 (0.8) | 4992 (18.3) | 3032 (11.1) | 1123 (4.1) |
85 and over | 399 (2.4) | 64 (0.4) | 133 (0.8) | 3148 (20.3) | 2120 (13.6) | 679 (4.4) |
Gender | ||||||
Male | 2645 (3.1) | 1429 (1.7) | 325 (0.4) | 9292 (11.1) | 6071 (7.3) | 2647 (3.2) |
Female | 1874 (2.8) | 805 (1.2) | 339 (0.5) | 9222 (13.9) | 5732 (8.6) | 2130 (3.2) |
Number of comorbiditiesf | ||||||
0 | 1936 (1.6) | 924 (0.8) | 310 (0.3) | 13,105 (10.8) | 8091 (6.7) | 3490 (2.9) |
1 | 1400 (6.7) | 746 (3.5) | 175 (0.8) | 3491 (17.2) | 2339 (11.5) | 818 (4.0) |
2 | 724 (12.7) | 366 (6.4) | 106 (1.9) | 1172 (22.1) | 825 (15.6) | 277 (5.2) |
3 | 280 (13.2) | 135 (6.4) | 42 (2.0) | 484 (25.1) | 346 (17.9) | 124 (6.4) |
> 3 | 179 (19.4) | 63 (6.8) | 31 (3.4) | 262 (32.3) | 202 (24.9) | 68 (8.4) |
Injury severityg | ||||||
Serious injury (ICISS< 0.941) | 2367 (12.4) | 1171 (6.1) | 192 (1.0) | 3364 (18.8) | 2366 (13.2) | 953 (5.3) |
Other injury (ICISS> = 0.941) | 2152 (1.6) | 1063 (0.8) | 472 (0.4) | 15,150 (11.5) | 9437 (7.1) | 3824 (2.9) |
Body region | ||||||
Head | 783 (3.0) | 604 (2.3) | 87 (0.3) | 2654 (10.4) | 1894 (7.5) | 629 (2.5) |
Neck | 147 (4.3) | 77 (2.2) | 13 (0.4) | 351 (10.5) | 261 (7.8) | 93 (2.8) |
Thorax | 617 (8.4) | 224 (3.0) | 59 (0.8) | 1046 (14.6) | 739 (10.3) | 227 (3.2) |
Abdomen, lower back, lumbar spine & pelvis | 346 (3.7) | 125 (1.3) | 31 (0.3) | 1501 (16.3) | 1031 (11.2) | 354 (3.9) |
Shoulder & upper arm | 100 (0.9) | 27 (0.2) | 38 (0.3) | 1602 (14.4) | 955 (8.6) | 432 (3.9) |
Elbow & forearm | 48 (0.3) | 15 (0.1) | 47 (0.3) | 1925 (12.5) | 1069 (7.0) | 519 (3.4) |
Wrist & hand | 27 (0.1) | 10 (0.0) | 57 (0.2) | 2046 (8.0) | 1149 (4.5) | 572 (2.2) |
Hip & thigh | 557 (4.3) | 81 (0.6) | 109 (0.8) | 2249 (18.3) | 1475 (12.0) | 532 (4.3) |
Knee & lower leg | 147 (0.7) | 37 (0.2) | 59 (0.3) | 2260 (11.5) | 1298 (6.6) | 703 (3.6) |
Ankle & foot | 15 (0.3) | 6 (0.1) | 8 (0.1) | 653 (11.7) | 441 (7.9) | 241 (4.3) |
Foreign body | 43 (1.7) | 21 (0.8) | 11 (0.4) | 228 (9.0) | 143 (5.6) | 37 (1.5) |
Burns | 113 (6.3) | 75 (4.2) | 7 (0.4) | 275 (15.5) | 222 (12.5) | 138 (7.8) |
Multiple body regions | < 5 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (21.2) | < 5 | 0 (0.0) |
Unspecified body region | < 5 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 81 (15.4) | # | 12 (2.3) |
Body region not relevant | 1573 (14.4) | 932 (8.5) | 138 (1.3) | 1636 (15.6) | 1075 (10.2) | 288 (2.7) |
Grouped injury type (first occurring) | ||||||
Superficial injury | 56 (0.8) | 26 (0.4) | 15 9 (0.2) | 853 (11.7) | 565 (7.8) | 157 (2.2) |
Open wound | 86 (0.4) | 43 (0.2) | 60 (0.3) | 1984 (9.4) | 1226 (5.8) | 523 (2.5) |
Fracture | 1431 (2.3) | 390 (0.6) | 314 (0.5) | 8868 (14.2) | 5431 (8.7) | 2642 (4.2) |
Dislocation, sprain & strain | 28 (0.3) | < 5 | 13 (0.1) | 902 (8.6) | 556 (5.3) | 216 (2.1) |
Injury to nerves & spinal cord | 53 (2.7) | 34 (1.7) | 5 (0.3) | 176 (9.0) | 116 (5.9) | 47 (2.4) |
Injury to blood vessels | 49 (3.7) | 30 (2.3) | 7 (0.5) | 107 (8.2) | 66 (5.0) | # |
Injury to muscle & tendon | # | < 5 | 13 (0.2) | 634 (7.8) | 368 (4.5) | 162 (2.0) |
Crushing injury | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 27 (8.3) | 14 (4.3) | < 5 |
Traumatic amputation | 11 (0.7) | 9 (0.6) | < 5 | 187 (11.8) | 103 (6.5) | 66 (4.2) |
Eye injury- excluding foreign body | < 5 | < 5 | < 5 | 92 (19.4) | 63 (13.3) | 23 (4.8) |
Intracranial injury | 587 (9.7) | 466 (7.7) | 38 (0.6) | 689 (12.2) | 526 (9.3) | 181 (3.2) |
Injury to internal organs | 426 (25.3) | 180 (10.7) | 18 (1.1) | 233 (14.4) | 197 (12.2) | 72 (4.5) |
Foreign body | 43 (1.7) | 21 (0.8) | 11 (0.4) | 228 (9.0) | 143 (5.6) | 37 (1.5) |
Burns | 113 (6.3) | 75 (4.2) | 7 (0.4) | 275 (15.5) | 222 (12.5) | 138 (7.8) |
Other and unspecified injury | 43 (0.3) | 20 (0.2) | 22 (0.2) | 1623 (12.5) | 1132 (8.7) | 198 (1.5) |
Systemic-poisoning/toxic effects | 1451 (14.8) | 853 (8.7) | 126 (1.3) | 1483 (15.8) | 973 (10.4) | 247 (2.6) |
Other effects of external cause/complication | 122 (10.4) | 79 (6.7) | 12 (1.0) | 153 (13.9) | 102 (9.2) | 41 (3.7) |
SEIFA | 614 (3.7) | 277 (1.7) | 52 (0.3) | 1906 (11.8) | 1335 (8.3) | 554 (3.4) |
1 | # | # | # | # | # | # |
2 | 395 (4.0) | 155 (1.6) | 69 (0.7) | 1212 (12.4) | 816 (8.4) | 348 (3.6) |
3 | 539 (3.2) | 275 (1.6) | 67 (0.4) | 2095 (12.6) | 1404 (8.5) | 538 (3.2) |
4 | 281 (2.8) | 150 (1.5) | 30 (0.3) | 1086 (10.9) | 716 (7.2) | 302 (3.0) |
5 | 323 (2.9) | 184 (1.6) | 41 (0.4) | 1340 (12.2) | 904 (8.2) | 394 (3.6) |
6 | 309 (2.8) | 152 (1.4) | 42 (0.4) | 1265 (11.6) | 857 (7.8) | 350 (3.2) |
7 | 666 (2.7) | 359 (1.5) | 130 (0.5) | 2924 (12.2) | 1862 (7.8) | 775 (3.2) |
8 | 581 (2.6) | 284 (1.3) | 115 (0.5) | 2849 (12.8) | 1711 (7.7) | 652 (2.9) |
9 | 526 (2.4) | 281 (1.3) | 108 (0.5) | 2792 (13.1) | 1520 (7.1) | 598 (2.8) |
10 | < 5 | < 5 | < 5 | < 5 | < 5 | < 5 |
999 | 614 (3.7) | 277 (1.7) | 52 (0.3) | 1906 (11.8) | 1335 (8.3) | 554 (3.4) |
Factors associated with in-hospital death
Outcomes | ||||||
In-hospital death OR (95% CI) | Number of complications IRR (95% CI) | Care needed post index admission discharge OR (95% CI) | Hospital cost (index admission) Beta coefficient (95% CI) | Length of stay (days) IRR (95% CI) | ||
Age group (years) | ||||||
0–14 years | 0.03 (0.01–0.05) | 0.07 (0.06–0.08) | 1.48 (1.43–1.54) | − 0.86 (− 0.89--0.84) | 0.13 (0.13–0.13) | |
15–24 years | 0.03 (0.02–0.06) | 0.17 (0.16–0.18) | 0.83 (0.79–0.86) | − 0.61 (− 0.64--0.59) | 0.21 (0.20–0.21) | |
25–44 years | 0.10 (0.07–0.13) | 0.21 (0.20–0.22) | 0.76 (0.73–0.79) | − 0.53 (− 0.55--0.51) | 0.26 (0.26–0.27) | |
45–64 years | 0.16 (0.13–0.20) | 0.35 (0.33–0.36) | 0.76 (0.73–0.78) | − 0.37 (− 0.39--0.34) | 0.40 (0.40–0.41) | |
65–84 years | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
85 and over | 2.78 (2.46–3.12) | 1.53 (1.45–1.62) | 1.78 (1.71–1.86) | 0.17 (0.14–0.19) | 1.36 (1.33–1.39) | |
Gender | ||||||
Male | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
Female | 1.26 (1.14–1.41) | 1.79 (1.73–1.86) | 1.08 (1.06–1.11) | 0.09 (0.07–0.10) | 1.73 (1.71–1.75) | |
Number of comorbidities | ||||||
0 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
1 | 5.23 (4.55–6.01) | 3.26 (3.11–3.41) | 1.23 (1.19–1.27) | 0.53 (0.51–0.55) | 2.59 (2.54–2.64) | |
2 | 14.53 (12.46–16.94) | 5.80 (5.36–6.27) | 1.76 (1.66–1.86) | 1.14 (1.10–1.17) | 3.99 (3.86–4.12) | |
3 | 22.08 (18.25–26.70) | 7.76 (6.85–8.79) | 1.90 (1.73–2.09) | 1.47 (1.41–1.52) | 5.00 (4.75–5.27) | |
> 3 | 36.16 (28.88–45.28) | 10.92 (9.07–13.16) | 2.45 (2.13–2.83) | 1.94 (1.86–2.02) | 6.93 (6.41–7.49) | |
Injury severity | ||||||
Serious injury (ICISS< 0.941) | 17.56 (15.60–19.76) | 8.83 (8.48–9.19) | 1.81 (1.75–1.87) | 1.46 (1.44–1.48) | 5.08 (4.99–5.17) | |
Other injury (ICISS> = 0.941) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
Body region | ||||||
Head | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
Neck | 1.02 (0.74–1.41) | 1.76 (1.58–1.96) | 0.82 (0.75–0.90) | 0.28 (0.24–0.32) | 1.75 (1.67–1.82) | |
Thorax | 1.12 (0.89–1.41) | 2.65 (2.45–2.86) | 0.85 (0.79–0.91) | 0.59 (0.56–0.63) | 1.96 (1.90–2.02) | |
Abdomen, lower back, lumbar spine & pelvis | 0.94 (0.75–1.17) | 2.71 (2.53–2.91) | 1.21 (1.15–1.28) | 0.60 (0.57–0.63) | 2.52 (2.45–2.59) | |
Shoulder & upper arm | 0.55 (0.42–0.70) | 1.38 (1.28–1.48) | 1.22 (1.16–1.28) | 0.59 (0.56–0.62) | 1.42 (1.38–1.46) | |
Elbow & forearm | 0.11 (0.07–0.17) | 0.64 (0.59–0.68) | 1.45 (1.38–1.52) | 0.53 (0.50–0.55) | 0.76 (0.74–0.78) | |
Wrist & hand | 0.02 (0.01–0.05) | 0.18 (0.16–0.19) | 1.60 (1.54–1.67) | 0.23 (0.20–0.25) | 0.40 (0.39–0.41) | |
Hip & thigh | 3.35 (2.90–3.86) | 7.10 (6.68–7.54) | 2.25 (2.15–2.36) | 1.60 (1.57–1.62) | 4.47 (4.36–4.59) | |
Knee & lower leg | 0.22 (0.16–0.29) | 1.34 (1.26–1.42) | 1.18 (1.13–1.23) | 0.92 (0.89–0.94) | 1.67 (1.63–1.70) | |
Ankle & foot | 0.10 (0.05–0.22) | 0.64 (0.58–0.71) | 1.11 (1.04–1.19) | 0.34 (0.30–0.37) | 0.94 (0.91–0.98) | |
Foreign body | 0.35 (0.19–0.64) | 0.45 (0.38–0.53) | 1.14 (1.03–1.25) | − 0.04 (− 0.09–0.01) | 0.40 (0.38–0.43) | |
Burns | 0.28 (0.12–0.62) | 1.94 (1.68–2.23) | 1.84 (1.66–2.04) | 0.43 (0.38–0.49) | 1.71 (1.62–1.81) | |
Multiple body regions | ## | 1.11 (0.38–3.23) | 0.95 (0.41–2.18) | 0.07 (−0.37–0.51) | 1.63 (1.10–2.41) | |
Unspecified body region | 0.31 (0.08–1.24) | 0.85 (0.63–1.14) | 0.68 (0.54–0.86) | 0.07 (− 0.05–0.19) | 1.26 (1.14–1.40) | |
Body region not relevant | 0.75 (0.60–0.94) | 1.18 (1.10–1.27) | 1.06 (1.01–1.12) | 0.10 (0.07–0.12) | 1.01 (0.98–1.03) | |
Grouped injury type (first occurring) | ||||||
Superficial injury | 0.10 (0.07–0.14) | 0.29 (0.26–0.32) | 0.50 (0.47–0.53) | −1.03 (−1.06--1.00) | 0.44 (0.43–0.46) | |
Open wound | 0.05 (0.03–0.06) | 0.17 (0.16–0.18) | 0.87 (0.84–0.90) | − 0.88 (− 0.90--0.86) | 0.31 (0.30–0.32) | |
Fracture | 0.27 (0.24–0.31) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
Dislocation, sprain & strain | 0.04 (0.02–0.06) | 0.20 (0.18–0.22) | 0.36 (0.34–0.38) | −0.87 (− 0.90--0.84) | 0.27 (0.26–0.28) | |
Injury to nerves & spinal cord | 0.12 (0.07–0.23) | 0.42 (0.36–0.49) | 0.95 (0.87–1.05) | −0.22 (− 0.27--0.16) | 0.72 (0.68–0.76) | |
Injury to blood vessels | 0.12 (0.06–0.25) | 0.30 (0.25–0.37) | 0.89 (0.79–1.00) | −0.03 (− 0.10–0.04) | 0.43 (0.40–0.46) | |
Injury to muscle & tendon | 0.01 (0.01–0.03) | 0.16 (0.14–0.17) | 0.60 (0.57–0.63) | −0.57 (− 0.61--0.54) | 0.26 (0.26–0.27) | |
Crushing injury | ## | 0.04 (0.02–0.09) | 0.76 (0.59–0.97) | − 1.13 (− 1.28--0.98) | 0.18 (0.15–0.21) | |
Traumatic amputation | 0.01 (0.00–0.10) | 0.24 (0.20–0.30) | 1.12 (1.01–1.25) | − 0.36 (− 0.42--0.29) | 0.31 (0.29–0.33) | |
Eye injury- excluding foreign body | 0.05 (0.01–0.33) | 0.31 (0.22–0.43) | 1.97 (1.64–2.37) | − 0.54 (− 0.64--0.43) | 0.39 (0.35–0.44) | |
Intracranial injury | Reference | 1.05 (0.96–1.13) | 0.49 (0.46–0.53) | −0.59 (− 0.62--0.56) | 1.03 (1.00–1.07) | |
Injury to internal organs | 0.36 (0.24–0.54) | 1.64 (1.42–1.89) | 0.77 (0.69–0.86) | 0.40 (0.34–0.46) | 1.04 (0.98–1.10) | |
Foreign body | 0.09 (0.05–0.17) | 0.17 (0.14–0.20) | 0.68 (0.62–0.75) | − 0.99 (− 1.03--0.94) | 0.19 (0.18–0.20) | |
Burns | 0.07 (0.03–0.17) | 0.73 (0.63–0.85) | 1.10 (0.99–1.21) | − 0.51 (− 0.57--0.46) | 0.79 (0.75–0.84) | |
Other and unspecified injury | 0.08 (0.06–0.11) | 0.23 (0.22–0.25) | 0.41 (0.39–0.43) | − 1.20 (− 1.22--1.18) | 0.42 (0.41–0.43) | |
Systemic-poisoning/toxic effects | 0.12 (0.09–0.16) | 0.39 (0.36–0.42) | 0.64 (0.61–0.67) | −0.91 (− 0.93--0.88) | 0.40 (0.39–0.41) | |
Other effects of external cause/complication | 0.92 (0.67–1.27) | 0.91 (0.76–1.09) | 0.62 (0.54–0.72) | −0.34 (− 0.41--0.27) | 1.03 (0.96–1.10) | |
SEIFA | ||||||
1 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
2 | 1.03 (0.78–1.35) | 1.04 (0.95–1.15) | 1.08 (1.02–1.14) | 0.16 (0.12–0.19) | 1.00 (0.96–1.03) | |
3 | 1.22 (0.96–1.56) | 1.14 (1.04–1.24) | 0.84 (0.79–0.89) | 0.10 (0.07–0.14) | 1.05 (1.02–1.09) | |
4 | 0.99 (0.79–1.24) | 0.90 (0.83–0.97) | 1.00 (0.96–1.05) | −0.04 (−0.07--0.02) | 1.04 (1.01–1.07) | |
5 | 0.93 (0.72–1.22) | 0.83 (0.76–0.91) | 0.94 (0.89–0.99) | 0.02 (−0.01–0.05) | 0.88 (0.85–0.91) | |
6 | 0.82 (0.63–1.08) | 0.82 (0.75–0.89) | 0.82 (0.77–0.86) | −0.03 (− 0.06–0.00) | 0.89 (0.86–0.92) | |
7 | 0.73 (0.55–0.97) | 1.01 (0.92–1.10) | 0.80 (0.76–0.84) | − 0.05 (− 0.08--0.02) | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) | |
8 | 0.92 (0.75–1.14) | 0.96 (0.89–1.03) | 0.58 (0.56–0.61) | −0.07 (− 0.10--0.04) | 0.96 (0.93–0.98) | |
9 | 0.95 (0.77–1.17) | 1.00 (0.93–1.07) | 0.73 (0.70–0.76) | − 0.10 (− 0.13--0.08) | 1.04 (1.01–1.07) | |
10 | 0.98 (0.79–1.21) | 1.02 (0.95–1.10) | 0.50 (0.47–0.52) | −0.09 (− 0.12--0.06) | 1.04 (1.02–1.07) | |
999 | ## | ## | ## | 0.03 (−2.33–2.40) | 0.18 (0.02–1.74) | |
Outcomes | ||||||
ICU stay OR (95% CI) | MV use OR (95% CI) | CCU stay OR (95% CI) | 30 day-all-cause readmission OR (95% CI) | 30 day-non-planned readmission OR (95% CI) | 30 day-potentially avoidable readmission OR (95% CI) | |
Age group (years) | ||||||
0–14 years | 0.21 (0.18–0.25) | 0.30 (0.24–0.39) | 0.05 (0.02–0.10) | 0.31 (0.29–0.32) | 0.34 (0.31–0.37) | 0.43 (0.38–0.48) |
15–24 years | 0.87 (0.79–0.96) | 1.55 (1.34–1.79) | 0.35 (0.26–0.46) | 0.41 (0.39–0.43) | 0.47 (0.44–0.50) | 0.54 (0.49–0.60) |
25–44 years | 1.02 (0.94–1.11) | 1.87 (1.64–2.13) | 0.33 (0.26–0.42) | 0.50 (0.48–0.52) | 0.58 (0.55–0.62) | 0.75 (0.69–0.82) |
45–64 years | 1.06 (0.97–1.16) | 1.62 (1.42–1.86) | 0.61 (0.49–0.75) | 0.64 (0.61–0.67) | 0.65 (0.62–0.69) | 0.83 (0.76–0.91) |
65–84 years | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
85 and over | 0.70 (0.62–0.79) | 0.33 (0.25–0.43) | 1.02 (0.83–1.27) | 1.13 (1.08–1.19) | 1.26 (1.19–1.34) | 1.06 (0.96–1.17) |
Gender | ||||||
Male | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Female | 0.89 (0.84–0.95) | 0.71 (0.65–0.77) | 1.32 (1.13–1.54) | 1.29 (1.25–1.33) | 1.21 (1.16–1.25) | 1.01 (0.96–1.08) |
Number of comorbidities | ||||||
0 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
1 | 4.46 (4.15–4.78) | 4.86 (4.41–5.35) | 3.32 (2.76–4.00) | 1.72 (1.65–1.79) | 1.83 (1.74–1.92) | 1.42 (1.31–1.54) |
2 | 9.10 (8.32–9.96) | 9.07 (8.01–10.27) | 7.50 (6.01–9.37) | 2.35 (2.20–2.52) | 2.59 (2.39–2.80) | 1.87 (1.65–2.12) |
3 | 9.52 (8.33–10.88) | 8.99 (7.46–10.83) | 8.00 (5.78–11.08) | 2.77 (2.49–3.07) | 3.06 (2.72–3.45) | 2.32 (1.93–2.79) |
> 3 | 15.03 (12.69–17.80) | 9.67 (7.43–12.59) | 13.74 (9.45–20.00) | 3.95 (3.41–4.58) | 4.65 (3.96–5.46) | 3.10 (2.41–3.98) |
Injury severity | ||||||
Serious injury (ICISS< 0.941) | 8.65 (8.14–9.19) | 8.15 (7.49–8.87) | 2.87 (2.42–3.39) | 1.78 (1.71–1.86) | 1.98 (1.89–2.08) | 1.88 (1.75–2.03) |
Other injury (ICISS> = 0.941) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Body region | ||||||
Head | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Neck | 1.44 (1.20–1.73) | 0.97 (0.76–1.23) | 1.13 (0.63–2.03) | 1.00 (0.89–1.13) | 1.05 (0.92–1.20) | 1.13 (0.90–1.40) |
Thorax | 2.95 (2.64–3.28) | 1.32 (1.13–1.54) | 2.41 (1.73–3.35) | 1.47 (1.36–1.58) | 1.43 (1.31–1.56) | 1.29 (1.10–1.50) |
Abdomen, lower back, lumbar spine & pelvis | 1.23 (1.08–1.40) | 0.57 (0.47–0.69) | 0.98 (0.65–1.48) | 1.67 (1.56–1.79) | 1.57 (1.45–1.70) | 1.58 (1.38–1.80) |
Shoulder & upper arm | 0.29 (0.23–0.36) | 0.10 (0.07–0.15) | 1.01 (0.69–1.48) | 1.45 (1.35–1.55) | 1.17 (1.08–1.27) | 1.60 (1.41–1.81) |
Elbow & forearm | 0.10 (0.07–0.13) | 0.04 (0.02–0.07) | 0.91 (0.64–1.29) | 1.23 (1.15–1.31) | 0.93 (0.86–1.00) | 1.38 (1.22–1.55) |
Wrist & hand | 0.03 (0.02–0.05) | 0.02 (0.01–0.03) | 0.66 (0.47–0.92) | 0.75 (0.70–0.79) | 0.58 (0.54–0.63) | 0.90 (0.80–1.01) |
Hip & thigh | 1.46 (1.30–1.63) | 0.27 (0.21–0.34) | 2.54 (1.92–3.37) | 1.92 (1.81–2.04) | 1.70 (1.58–1.82) | 1.78 (1.59–2.01) |
Knee & lower leg | 0.24 (0.20–0.29) | 0.08 (0.06–0.11) | 0.89 (0.64–1.24) | 1.11 (1.05–1.18) | 0.88 (0.82–0.95) | 1.46 (1.31–1.63) |
Ankle & foot | 0.09 (0.05–0.14) | 0.04 (0.02–0.10) | 0.42 (0.20–0.87) | 1.13 (1.03–1.24) | 1.06 (0.95–1.18) | 1.77 (1.52–2.06) |
Foreign body | 0.54 (0.40–0.74) | 0.34 (0.22–0.53) | 1.27 (0.68–2.38) | 0.85 (0.73–0.97) | 0.74 (0.62–0.88) | 0.58 (0.42–0.81) |
Burns | 2.15 (1.76–2.64) | 1.82 (1.43–2.33) | 1.16 (0.54–2.51) | 1.57 (1.38–1.80) | 1.78 (1.53–2.06) | 3.32 (2.75–4.02) |
Multiple body regions | 0.92 (0.13–6.72) | ## | ## | 2.31 (1.00–5.32) | 1.71 (0.60–4.87) | ## |
Unspecified body region | 0.12 (0.03–0.49) | ## | ## | 1.56 (1.22–1.98) | 1.22 (0.90–1.65) | 0.92 (0.51–1.64) |
Body region not relevant | 5.39 (4.94–5.90) | 3.91 (3.52–4.34) | 3.80 (2.90–4.97) | 1.58 (1.48–1.69) | 1.42 (1.31–1.53) | 1.11 (0.97–1.28) |
Grouped injury type (first occurring) | ||||||
Superficial injury | 0.33 (0.25–0.43) | 0.57 (0.39–0.85) | 0.41 (0.24–0.69) | 0.80 (0.74–0.86) | 0.88 (0.81–0.97) | 0.50 (0.42–0.59) |
Open wound | 0.18 (0.14–0.22) | 0.33 (0.24–0.45) | 0.57 (0.43–0.75) | 0.63 (0.60–0.66) | 0.65 (0.61–0.69) | 0.58 (0.52–0.63) |
Fracture | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Dislocation, sprain & strain | 0.12 (0.08–0.17) | 0.05 (0.01–0.14) | 0.25 (0.14–0.43) | 0.57 (0.53–0.61) | 0.59 (0.54–0.64) | 0.48 (0.41–0.55) |
Injury to nerves & spinal cord | 1.19 (0.90–1.57) | 2.81 (1.98–4.01) | 0.51 (0.21–1.23) | 0.59 (0.51–0.69) | 0.66 (0.54–0.80) | 0.55 (0.41–0.74) |
Injury to blood vessels | 1.66 (1.24–2.21) | 3.73 (2.56–5.43) | 1.06 (0.50–2.25) | 0.54 (0.44–0.66) | 0.56 (0.43–0.71) | 0.42 (0.28–0.63) |
Injury to muscle & tendon | 0.08 (0.05–0.14) | 0.06 (0.02–0.18) | 0.32 (0.18–0.56) | 0.51 (0.47–0.55) | 0.49 (0.44–0.55) | 0.46 (0.39–0.54) |
Crushing injury | ## | ## | ## | 0.55 (0.37–0.81) | 0.47 (0.28–0.81) | 0.21 (0.07–0.66) |
Traumatic amputation | 0.30 (0.17–0.55) | 0.92 (0.48–1.79) | 0.25 (0.06–1.02) | 0.81 (0.69–0.94) | 0.73 (0.60–0.89) | 0.98 (0.77–1.26) |
Eye injury- excluding foreign body | 0.36 (0.14–0.97) | 0.68 (0.17–2.72) | 0.42 (0.06–2.99) | 1.45 (1.15–1.82) | 1.60 (1.23–2.09) | 1.15 (0.75–1.75) |
Intracranial injury | 4.67 (4.23–5.16) | 13.53 (11.80–15.53) | 1.27 (0.91–1.79) | 0.83 (0.77–0.91) | 1.07 (0.98–1.18) | 0.75 (0.64–0.87) |
Injury to internal organs | 14.69 (13.01–16.59) | 19.37 (16.12–23.28) | 2.17 (1.35–3.51) | 1.02 (0.88–1.17) | 1.46 (1.25–1.69) | 1.05 (0.83–1.34) |
Foreign body | 0.73 (0.54–1.00) | 1.33 (0.85–2.06) | 0.86 (0.47–1.57) | 0.59 (0.52–0.68) | 0.63 (0.53–0.74) | 0.33 (0.24–0.46) |
Burns | 2.90 (2.38–3.54) | 7.03 (5.46–9.04) | 0.78 (0.37–1.66) | 1.11 (0.97–1.26) | 1.50 (1.30–1.73) | 1.91 (1.60–2.28) |
Other and unspecified injury | 0.14 (0.10–0.19) | 0.25 (0.16–0.39) | 0.34 (0.22–0.52) | 0.86 (0.81–0.91) | 1.00 (0.94–1.07) | 0.35 (0.30–0.40) |
Systemic-poisoning/toxic effects | 7.56 (7.00–8.16) | 15.46 (13.69–17.46) | 2.63 (2.13–3.23) | 1.13 (1.07–1.20) | 1.21 (1.13–1.30) | 0.61 (0.53–0.70) |
Other effects of external cause/complication | 5.02 (4.13–6.10) | 11.65 (9.08–14.95) | 2.07 (1.16–3.70) | 0.97 (0.82–1.15) | 1.07 (0.87–1.31) | 0.87 (0.64–1.19) |
SEIFA | ||||||
1 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
2 | 0.94 (0.81–1.08) | 0.85 (0.69–1.06) | 0.39 (0.20–0.76) | 1.12 (1.04–1.22) | 1.03 (0.93–1.13) | 0.97 (0.83–1.12) |
3 | 1.07 (0.94–1.22) | 0.93 (0.76–1.13) | 2.21 (1.54–3.17) | 1.06 (0.98–1.14) | 1.01 (0.92–1.11) | 1.04 (0.91–1.19) |
4 | 0.85 (0.76–0.96) | 0.97 (0.82–1.15) | 1.26 (0.88–1.81) | 1.08 (1.01–1.15) | 1.03 (0.95–1.11) | 0.94 (0.84–1.06) |
5 | 0.74 (0.64–0.85) | 0.88 (0.72–1.08) | 0.94 (0.60–1.48) | 0.91 (0.84–0.99) | 0.86 (0.78–0.94) | 0.88 (0.76–1.01) |
6 | 0.77 (0.67–0.88) | 0.98 (0.81–1.18) | 1.16 (0.77–1.75) | 1.03 (0.96–1.11) | 0.99 (0.91–1.08) | 1.04 (0.91–1.19) |
7 | 0.74 (0.65–0.85) | 0.81 (0.67–0.99) | 1.20 (0.80–1.81) | 0.97 (0.90–1.05) | 0.94 (0.86–1.03) | 0.93 (0.81–1.06) |
8 | 0.73 (0.65–0.81) | 0.88 (0.75–1.03) | 1.70 (1.23–2.34) | 1.04 (0.97–1.10) | 0.93 (0.87–1.00) | 0.94 (0.84–1.05) |
9 | 0.68 (0.61–0.77) | 0.75 (0.63–0.88) | 1.62 (1.17–2.25) | 1.10 (1.03–1.17) | 0.92 (0.86–0.99) | 0.85 (0.76–0.95) |
10 | 0.65 (0.57–0.73) | 0.77 (0.65–0.91) | 1.59 (1.14–2.22) | 1.13 (1.06–1.20) | 0.85 (0.79–0.92) | 0.81 (0.72–0.91) |
999 | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## |
Factors associated with complications
Number of complications in CHADx classes | CHADx subclasses with the twenty largest number of CHADx codes | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Class | Description | n (%) | Subclass | Description | n (%) |
5 | Cardiovascular complications | 6755 (13.7) | 15.2 | Electrolyte disorders w/o dehydration | 3158 (6.4) |
7 | Gastrointestinal complications | 6058 (12.3) | 5.6 | Hypotension | 2859 (5.8) |
15 | Metabolic disorders | 6005 (12.1) | 10.4 | Alterations to mental state | 2688 (5.4) |
9 | Genitourinary complications | 5279 (10.7) | 7.4 | Constipation | 2512 (5.1) |
17 | Other complications | 5046 (10.2) | 5.3 | Cardiac arrythmias, conduction disturbances & abnormal heart beat | 2350 (4.8) |
6 | Respiratory complications | 3970 (8.0) | 7.5 | Nausea and Vomiting | 2036 (4.1) |
10 | Hospital-acquired psychiatric states | 3686 (7.5) | 14.2 | Other hospital-acquired anaemia | 1687 (3.4) |
1 | Intra and post procedural complications | 2696 (5.5) | 9.2 | Urinary tract infection | 1660 (3.4) |
14 | Haematological disorders | 2605 (5.3) | 9.3 | Urinary retention | 1574 (3.2) |
2 | Adverse drug events | 2584 (5.2) | 6.3 | Acute lower respiratory infections (including influenza & pneumonia) | 1458 (2.9) |
8 | Skin conditions | 2541 (5.1) | 8.3 | Dermatitis, rash and other skin effects | 1398 (2.8) |
3 | Accidental injuries | 955 (1.9) | 15.1 | Dehydration/volume depletion | 1148 (2.3) |
4 | Specific infections | 692 (1.4) | 1.7 | Other complications of surgical and Medical care not elsewhere classified (including shock) | 1063 (2.2) |
16 | Nervous system complications | 551 (1.1) | 9.1 | Acute & unspecified kidney failure | 1028 (2.1) |
11 | Early pregnancy complications | 0 (0.0) | 6.1 | Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), respiratory failure and pulmonary collapse (including atelectasis) | 981 (2.0) |
12 | Labour, delivery & postpartum complications | 4 (0.0) | 8.1 | Pressure injury | 957 (1.9) |
13 | Perinatal complications | 13 (0.0) | 9.4 | Other complications and symptoms of the urinary system | 940 (1.9) |
2.16 | Adverse effects due to other drugs | 935 (1.9) | |||
15.5 | Disorders of mineral metabolism | 786 (1.6) | |||
17.6 | Fever (not classified to condition) | 769 (1.6) | |||
All other CHADx subclasses | 17,453 (35.3) |