Background
Health inequality and health inequity
The relevance of sex and gender in health
Consideration of sex and gender in research
Methods to consider sex and gender in systematic reviews
Consideration of sex and gender in Cochrane reviews
Healthcare-associated infections: a public health problem
Role of sex and gender in infectious diseases transmission and outcomes
Why this study is important
Study aims
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Objective 1. To describe and assess the terminology and definitions used for sex and gender.
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Objective 2. To determine the content of the reviews about sex and gender.
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Objective 3. To describe the SGBA of the reviews.
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Objective 4. To assess whether the review conclusions considered the sex- and gender-related findings.
Methods
Study design
Criteria for considering reviews for this study
Types of reviews that were eligible
Search methods for identification of reviews
Selection of reviews
Data extraction
Analysis methods
Objective 1. To describe and assess the terminology and definitions used for sex and gender
Classification | |
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Correct | Any of the following. 1. Male or female for sex and an adequate definition of sex (biological). 2. Men or women for gender and an adequate definition of gender (cultural and socially determined roles). |
Incorrect | Any of the following. 1. Male or female for gender. 2. Men or women for sex. |
Unclear | Any of the following. 1. Terms for sex or gender used without defining sex or gender. For example, if a review stated that the sex of the participants was male (56%) and female (64%), but there was no definition for sex, we judged the terminology as unclear because we could not know that the review was referring to sex or gender. 2. Terms inconsistently used in the review. For example, the review used the terms ‘male’ and ‘men’ for the same concept. 3. Abbreviations used without the full term provided. |
Not applicable | No mention to sex or gender |
Classification | |
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Correct | Definitions like SAGER guidelines |
Incorrect | Definitions different to SAGER guidelines |
Unclear | Terms for sex or gender used without a definition for sex or gender |
Not applicable | There was no mention of sex or gender in the review |
Objective 2. To determine the content of the reviews about sex and gender
Objective 3. To describe the SGBA of the reviews
Objective 4. To assess whether the review conclusions considered the sex- and gender-related findings
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% of reviews considering sex or gender findings in the “Implications for clinical practice” section
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% of reviews considering sex or gender findings in the “Implications for research” section
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% of reviews performing SGBA that considered sex or gender findings in the “Implications for clinical practice” section
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% of reviews performing SGBA that considered sex or gender findings in the “Implications for research” section
Results
Results of the search
Description of the included reviews
Objective 1. To describe and assess the terminology and definitions used for sex and gender
Review section | Sex | Gender | Malea | Femaleb | Menc | Womend | Other |
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Abstract | 2% | – | – | 1% | 2% | 8% | – |
Background | 3% | 1% | 4% | 5% | 3% | 15% | – |
Plain language summary | 2% | 1% | 2% | – | 8% | – | |
Eligibility criteria | 4% | 8% | 1% | 1% | 4% | 13% | – |
Search methods | – | – | – | – | – | 1% | – |
Data collection and analysis | 12% | 12% | 4% | 4% | 5% | 9% | – |
Results | 9% | 10% | 12% | 12% | 7% | 18% | 1% |
Discussion | 4% | 2% | 2% | 1% | 4% | 15% | – |
Authors’ conclusions | 1% | – | – | 1% | 1% | 7% | – |
Characteristics of studies | 31% | 22% | 42% | 35% | 13% | 35% | 2% |
Other sections | 5% | 3% | – | – | – | 3% | – |
Not reported | 49% | 63% | 52% | 56% | 75% | 53% | 97% |
Objective 2. To determine the content of the reviews about sex and gender
Reviews meeting the criteria (n) | Tool question | Reviews meeting the criteria (n) | |||
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Yes | No | Unable to determine | Not applicable | ||
1.Background | 1.1. Are the terms sex and gender used in the background? | 12 | 90 | 0 | 11 |
1.2. Are sex/gender identified as relevant or not to review question? | 2 | 92 | 8 | 11 | |
1.3. Does background discuss why sex/gender differences may be expected? | 0 | 102 | 0 | 11 | |
2. Objectives | 2.1. Are the terms sex, gender, male, or female used in objectives? | 0 | 102 | 0 | 11 |
3.Criteria for inclusion-exclusion | 3.1. Do the review’s inclusion-exclusion criteria consider sex-gender differences? | 0 | 102 | 0 | 11 |
3.2. Was there justification or explanation for the exclusion of some groups? | 0 | 102 | 0 | 11 | |
4. Methods | 4.1. Does the review examine whether outcome measures are different for males and females? | 0 | 102 | 0 | 11 |
4.2. Did the review extract data by sex? | 0 | 102 | 0 | 11 | |
4.3. Did the review extract data on sex of withdrawals and dropouts? | 0 | 102 | 0 | 11 | |
4.4. In cases where sex/gender is used as a proxy, is there an explanation? | 0 | 0 | 0 | 113 | |
4.5. Were any subgroup analyses completed? | 41 | 61 | 0 | 11 | |
4.6. Were subgroup analyses by sex completed? | 3 | 99 | 0 | 11 | |
5.Results and analysis | 5.1. Do results distinguish between findings for males/females? | 0 | 96 | 1 | 16 |
5.2. Does the review report conclusions that are different for men and women? | 0 | 96 | 1 | 16 | |
5.3. If adverse effects are reported, is information sex-disaggregated? | 0 | 60 | 0 | 53 | |
5.4. Does review note that subgroup analyses by sex could not be done? | 7 | 3 | 1 | 102 | |
6. Discussion and conclusion | 6.1. Does the review report that primary studies analysed or failed to analyse results by sex? | 0 | 97 | 0 | 16 |
6.2. Does the review address sex/gender implications for clinical practice? | 1 | 101 | 0 | 11 | |
6.3. Does the review address sex/gender implications for policy and regulation? | 0 | 102 | 0 | 11 | |
6.4. Does the review address sex/gender implications for research? | 2 | 100 | 0 | 11 | |
7. Table of included studies | 7.1. Detailed information on sex/gender of the study samples? | 0 | 97 | 0 | 16 |
Review section: background
Review section: objectives
Review section: criteria for inclusion/exclusion
Review section: methods
Review section: results and analysis
Review section: discussion and conclusions
Review section: table of included studies
Objective 3. To describe the SGBA of the included reviews
Objective 4. To assess whether the review conclusions considered the sex- and gender-related findings
% reviews (n/total number of reviews) | |
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Reviews considering sex or gender findings in the “Implications for clinical practice” section | 1% (1/102) |
Reviews considering sex or gender findings in the “Implications for research” section | 2% (2/102) |
Reviews performing SGBA that considered sex or gender findings in the “Implications for clinical practice” section | 33% (1/3) |
Reviews performing SGBA that considered sex or gender findings in the “Implications for research” section | 33% (1/3) |