Introduction
Diagnostic workup
Radiological workup
Ureterorenoscopy
Biopsy for histopathology
Confocal laser endomicroscopy
Grading and staging
Histopathological considerations
Cytology
Molecular markers for UTUC
Tissue marker | Year | Study type | No. of patients | Conclusion |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gene malformations [47] | 2017 | Retrospective | 83 | TP53/MDM2 pathway alterations and FGFR3 mutations associated with high-grade; FGFR3 associated with more favorable outcome |
Gene malformations [48] | 2018 | Retrospective | 39 | TERT and FGFR3 mutations observed in 64% of high-grade tumors (ureteroscopic biopsies comparable to RNU specimens) |
Ki-67 [49] | 2015 | Prospective, multicentre | 475 | Independent predictor of RFS and CSS |
HER-2 [50] | 2014 | Retrospective | 171 | HER-2 gene overexpression was found in 18.1% of cases and in multivariate analysis was correlated with early tumor recurrence in the bladder |
HER-2 [51] | 2017 | Retrospective, multicentre | 732 | Multivariate analysis confirmed that HER-2 overexpression was associated with RFS and CSS, |
EGFR, Ki-67 [52] | 2016 | Retrospective | 320 | An independent risk factor for bladder cancer recurrence after RNU |