Introduction
Methods
Study setting and participants
Measures
Statistical analysis
Results
Demographics, impact of COVID-19 on employment and medical history
Demographics | Mean (SD) | |
---|---|---|
Age | Years | 33.93 (14.03) |
Categorical Demographics | Category Labels | % (n) |
Race/Ethnicity | White | 43.5 (160) |
Black or African American | 30.7 (113) | |
American Indian or Alaskan Native | 17.9 (66) | |
Hispanic/Latino | 1.4 (5) | |
Asian | 1.1 (4) | |
Two or more races | 5.4 (20) | |
State of Residence | Louisiana | 35.3 (130) |
Mississippi | 64.7 (238) | |
Gender | Male | 25.0 (92) |
Female | 75.0 (276) | |
Education | Less than a high school degree | 3.8 (14) |
A high school degree | 13.0 (48) | |
Some college, but not a college degree | 25.5 (94) | |
A 2-year or vocational degree | 16.0 (59) | |
A 4-year college degree or higher | 41.6 (153) | |
Individual Annual Income | $0 to $19,999 | 41.6 (153) |
$20,000 to $29,999 | 12.5 (46) | |
$30,000 to $39,999 | 14.1 (52) | |
$40,000 to $49,999 | 9.2 (34) | |
$50,000 to $59,999 | 8.7 (32) | |
$60,000 or greater | 11.9 (51) | |
Household Annual Income | $0 to $19,999 | 14.1 (52) |
$20,000 to $29,999 | 7.9 (29) | |
$30,000 to $39,999 | 11.1 (41) | |
$40,000 to $49,999 | 8.2 (30) | |
$50,000 to $59,999 | 6.3 (23) | |
$60,000 or greater | 52.4 (193) | |
Children in Household | 0 | 54.3 (200) |
1 | 23.6 (87) | |
2 | 14.9 (55) | |
3 | 4.1 (15) | |
4 | 1.9 (7) | |
5 or more | 1.1 (4) | |
Adults in Household | 0 | 2.7 (10) |
1 | 17.7 (65) | |
2 | 47.3 (174) | |
3 | 19.3 (71) | |
4 | 10.1 (37) | |
5 or more | 3.0 (11) | |
Marital Status | Single | 46.5 (171) |
Married | 41.0 (151) | |
Cohabitating | 8.4 (31) | |
Divorced/Separated | 4.1 (15) | |
Employment Status | I do not work but I stay at home to care for children or elderly family members | 4.6 (17) |
I do not work because I am retired | 2.4 (8) | |
I have a full-time position | 46.5 (171) | |
I have a part-time position | 7.9 (29) | |
I have more than one part time position | 4.3 (16) | |
I am a student and work part or full time | 17.1 (63) | |
I am a student and do not work | 7.9 (29) | |
I do not work and am not looking for work | 3.5 (13) | |
I do not work but I am looking for work | 5.7 (21) | |
Perceptions of Physical Health | Poor | 3.3 (12) |
Fair | 59 (16.0) | |
Good | 142 (38.6) | |
Very Good | 119 (32.3) | |
Excellent | 36 (9.8) | |
Health Insurance Status | Has health insurance support | 88.9 (327) |
No health insurance of any kind | 11.1 (41) | |
Religion | No religious affiliation | 11.4 (40) |
Baptist | 36.1 (133) | |
Catholic | 16.0 (59) | |
Methodist | 5.2 (19) | |
Non-denominational | 16.8 (62) | |
Presbyterian | 1.6 (6) | |
Other | 8.7 (32) | |
Prefer not to respond | 4.6 (17) | |
Religiosity/Spirituality | Not religious at all | 6.3 (23) |
Not too religious | 17.9 (66) | |
Fairly religious | 45.4 (167) | |
Very religious | 30.4 (112) | |
Social & Emotional Support | Never | 2.7 (10) |
Rarely | 11.4 (42) | |
Sometimes | 20.7 (76) | |
Usually | 41.6 (153) | |
Always | 23.6 (87) |
COVID-19 related symptoms and medical care
% (n) | |
---|---|
Reported COVID-19 related symptoms between January and July 2020 (n = 154) | |
Fever | 29.8 (46) |
Cough | 59.7 (92) |
Sore Throat | 60.4 (93) |
Runny or Stuffy Nose | 79.2 (122) |
Difficulty breathing | 20.1 (31) |
Experienced at least 1 COVID19 related symptom and saw healthcare professional for symptom (n = 72) | |
Tested for COVID-19 at healthcare visit | 18.1 (13) |
Received positive test result for COVID-19 | 15.4 (2) |
Tested for influenza at healthcare visit | 48.6 (35) |
Received positive test result for influenza | 8.6 (3) |
Location of healthcare visit for COVID-19 related symptom (n = 72) | |
Doctor’s office | 41.7 (30) |
Urgent care center | 38.9 (28) |
Telemedicine/telephone triage | 8.3 (6) |
Emergency room at a hospital | 6.9 (5) |
Health department/public health clinic | 2.8 (2) |
Somewhere else | 1.4 (1) |
Reasons for not seeking medical care for COVID-19 related symptom (n = 82) | |
Did not feel bad enough | 79.3 (65) |
Distrust healthcare system | 8.5 (7) |
Did not have insurance | 13.4 (11) |
Worried about cost | 11.0 (9) |
Did not want to spend money | 15.9 (13) |
Did not have paid sick leave | 9.8 (8) |
No one to look after my family | 2.4 (2) |
Other | 17.1 (14) |
COVID-19 related behaviors and attitudes
% (n) | |
---|---|
Gone to the grocery store or pharmacy | 85.1 (313) |
Gone to a friend, neighbor, or relative’s house (other than your own) | 60.1 (221) |
Visited with friends, relatives, or neighbors aged 60 years or older | 31.4 (129) |
Gone out to a restaurant, bar, club, or other place where people gather | 21.7 (80) |
Gone to a family gathering with more than 10 people | 14.1 (82) |
Gone to a faith-based gathering | 10.3 (38) |
Had more than 10 friends, neighbors, or relatives over for a gathering or meal | 8.7 (32) |
Gone to a gathering of friends with more than 10 people | 8.8 (38) |
Strongly Disagree | Disagree | Somewhat Disagree | Neither Agree nor Disagree | Somewhat Agree | Agree | Strongly Agree | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Attitude Statements | % (n) | ||||||
I have a greater risk of COVID-19 complications. | 28.0 (103) | 26.9 (99) | 5.4 (20) | 13.9 (51) | 10.9 (40) | 8.4 (31) | 6.5 (24) |
I live in a neighborhood where it is difficult to socially distance myself from others. | 43.8 (161) | 37.5 (138) | 4.3 (16) | 7.6 (28) | 3.0 (11) | 2.4 (9) | 1.4 (5) |
It is easy for me to socially distance from family members in my home. | 17.9 (66) | 16.0 (59) | 7.6 (28) | 8.7 (32) | 11.4 (42) | 25.3 (93) | 13.0 (48) |
It is more important to be with my family than to socially distance from them. | 9.2 (34) | 15.8 (58) | 8.2 (30) | 25.8 (95) | 14.9 (55) | 15.8 (58) | 10.3 (38) |
It will help decrease the spread of COVID-19 if I stay away from other people including my family. | 5.7 (21) | 7.3 (27) | 7.9 (29) | 16.6 (61) | 19.3 (71) | 26.6 (98) | 16.6 (61) |
Correlation and regression analyses
Variable [Mean (Standard Deviation), Range] | Age [33.9 (14.0), 18–79] | Education [3.8 (1.2), 1–5] | Income [4.0 (2.5), 2–12] | Household Adults [2.3 (1.0), 1–6] | Household Children [0.8 (1.1), 0–6] | Perceptions of Health [3.3 (1.0), 1–5] | Social & Emotional Support [3.7 (1.0), 1–5] | Spirituality [3.0 (0.9), 1–4] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | – | .05 | .54** | −.15** | −.08 | −.05 | .14** | .17** |
Education | .29** | .02 | −.11* | .14** | .07 | .04 | ||
Income | −.19** | −.07 | .10* | .14** | .04 | |||
Household Adults | .15** | .14** | .03 | .01 | ||||
Household Children | −.01 | .001 | −.13* | |||||
Perceptions of Health | .29** | .17** | ||||||
Social & Emotional Support | .18** |
Gone out to a restaurant, bar, club, or other place where people gather | Visited with friends, relatives, or neighbors aged 60 years or older | Gone to the grocery store or pharmacy | Gone to a friend, neighbor, or relative’s house (other than your own) | Had more than 10 friends, neighbors, or relatives over for a gathering or meal | Gone to a family gathering with more than 10 people | Gone to a gathering of friends with more than 10 people | Gone to a faith-based gathering | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I have a greater risk of COVID-19 complications. | −0.15** | −0.059 | −0.078 | −.117* | −0.067 | −0.021 | −0.016 | −0.041 |
I live in a neighborhood where it is difficult to socially distance myself from others. | 0.024 | −0.033 | −0.019 | 0.046 | 0.097 | 0.066 | 0.055 | −0.032 |
It is easy for me to socially distance from family members in my home. | −.147** | −0.068 | −0.038 | −.116* | −.132* | −.109* | − 0.087 | 0.079 |
It is more important to be with my family than to socially distance from them. | 0.084 | .111* | 0.040 | .119* | .125* | .159** | 0.090 | 0.052 |
It will help decrease the spread of COVID-19 if I stay away from other people including my family. | −.184** | −0.042 | −0.025 | −0.070 | −.122* | −.168** | −.115* | −.120* |
Social behaviors related to stay-at-home order adherence | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gone out to a restaurant, bar, club, or other place where people gather | Visited with friends, relatives, or neighbors aged 60 years or older | Gone to the grocery store or pharmacy | Gone to a friend, neighbor, or relative’s house (other than your own) | Had more than 10 friends, neighbors, or relatives over for a gathering or meal | Gone to a family gathering with more than 10 people | Gone to a gathering of friends with more than 10 people | Gone to a faith-based gathering | ||
b (odds) | |||||||||
Step 1 Demographic Variables | Age | .97** | .99 | 1.01 | .97** | .98 | 1.00 | .97 | .98 |
Education | .84 | 1.1 | 1.12 | 1.26** | .77 | .98 | 1.08 | .81 | |
Income | .95 | .94 | .93 | 1.00 | .96 | .95 | .95 | .90 | |
Household Adults | 1.1 | .96 | 1.12 | .93 | 1.08 | .88 | .77 | .83 | |
Household Children | .85 | .93 | .91 | .85 | 1.10 | 1.32 | .91 | 1.11 | |
Y intercept | 2.0 | .65 | 3.04 | 2.94* | .52 | .26 | .46 | .79 | |
df = 5 | χ2 = 21.3** | χ2 = 4.6 | χ2 = 3.4 | χ2 = 28.0** | χ2 = 9.2 | χ2 = 6.5 | χ2 = 6.5 | χ2 = 8.3 | |
Step 2 Psychosocial Variables | Religiosity | 1.02 | 1.30 | .86 | .93 | 1.26 | 1.07 | 1.8* | 3.94** |
Health | 1.02 | 1.05 | .84 | .99 | .99 | 1.16 | .76 | .95 | |
Social Support | 1.16 | 1.02 | 1.29 | 1.02 | .91 | .85 | .96 | .73 | |
Y intercept | 1.16 | .27 | 3.57 | 3.44 | .38 | .23 | .20 | .04* | |
df = 3 df = 8 | χ2 = 1.5 χ2 = 22.8** | χ2 = 4.4 χ2 = 9.0 | χ2 = 3.8 χ2 = 7.1 | χ2 = .4 χ2 = 28.3** | χ2 = 1.3 χ2 = 10.5 | χ2 = 1.6 χ2 = 8.1 | χ2 = 6.3 χ2 = 14.2 | χ2 = 23.4** χ2 = 28.3** | |
Step 3 Attitudes related to COVID-19 risk and social distancing | I have a greater risk of COVID-19 complications. | .86 | .98 | .86 | .93 | .90 | 1.01 | .88 | 1.02 |
I live in a neighborhood where it is difficult to social distance myself from others. | 1.06 | .94 | 1.03 | 1.04 | 1.27 | 1.15 | 1.78* | .89 | |
It is easy for me to socially distance from family members in my home. | .89 | .94 | .98 | .93 | .86 | .94 | .79 | 1.23* | |
It is more important to be with my family than to socially distance from them. | 1.04 | 1.12 | 1.04 | 1.17* | 1.18 | 1.24* | .96 | 1.02 | |
It will help decrease the spread of COVID19 if I stay away from other people, including my family. | .80** | 1.00 | .98 | .95 | .89 | .84 | 1.00 | .74* | |
Y intercept | 7.78 | .36 | 6.83 | 5.21 | .52 | .22 | 1.11 | .07 | |
df = 5 df = 13 | χ2 = 21.3** χ2 = 44.1** | χ2 = 6.3 χ2 = 15.3 | χ2 = 4.0 χ2 = 11.1 | χ2 = 13.5* χ2 = 41.8** | χ2 = 14.5* χ2 = 25.0* | χ2 = 16.2* χ2 = 24.4* | χ2 = 8.9 χ2 = 23.1* | χ2 = 9.9 χ2 = 41.6* |