Background
Methods
Participants
Data collection
Questionnaire
Investigated questions | |
---|---|
Baseline dietary habits | |
Salt intake: “Before COVID-19, What about your dietary intake of salt?” | |
Intake frequency of fresh vegetables: “Before COVID-19, how often did you normally eat fresh vegetables?” | |
Intake frequency of fresh fruits: “Before COVID-19, how often did you normally eat fresh fruits?” | |
Intake frequency of meat, eggs, milk, or dairy products: “Before COVID-19, how often did you normally eat meat, eggs, milk, or dairy products?” | |
Intake frequency of fried foods: “Before COVID-19, how often did you normally eat fried foods?” | |
Intake frequency of sugary foods: “Before COVID-19, how often did you normally eat sugar or sugary foods (including sugary drinks, desserts, biscuits, sweets, fruit products, dairy desserts, etc.)?” | |
Intake frequency of pickled vegetables: “Before COVID-19, how often did you normally eat pickled vegetables?” | |
Intake frequency of processed meat: “Before COVID-19, how often did you normally eat processed meat?” | |
Baseline behavioral habits | |
Smoking cigarettes per day: “Before COVID-19, how many cigarettes did you normally smoke per day?” | |
Frequency of alcohol consumption: “Before COVID-19, how often did you normally drink alcohol?” | |
Sleep duration (including lunch break): “Before COVID-19, how long often did you sleep (including lunch break)?” | |
Physical exercise time per week: “Before COVID-19, how long often did your physical exercise per week?” | |
Willingness to change dietary habits | |
Salt: “Do you plan or are you changing salt intake after experiencing the outbreak of COVID-19?” | |
Fresh vegetables: “Do you plan or are you changing the intake frequency of fresh vegetables after experiencing the outbreak of COVID-19?” | |
Fresh fruits: “Do you plan or are you changing the intake frequency of fresh fruits after experiencing the outbreak of COVID-19?” | |
Meat, eggs, milk, or dairy products: “Do you plan or are you changing the intake frequency of meat, eggs, milk, or dairy products after experiencing the outbreak of COVID-19?” | |
Fried foods: “Do you plan or are you changing the intake frequency of fried foods after experiencing the outbreak of COVID-19?” | |
Sugary foods: “Do you plan or are you changing the intake frequency of sugary foods after experiencing the outbreak of COVID-19?” | |
Pickled vegetables: “Do you plan or are you changing the intake frequency of pickled vegetables after experiencing the outbreak of COVID-19?” | |
Processed meat: “Do you plan or are you changing the intake frequency of processed meat after experiencing the outbreak of COVID-19?” | |
Willingness to change behavioral habits | |
Smoking: “Do you plan or are you changing the number of smoking cigarettes per day after experiencing the outbreak of COVID-19?” | |
Alcohol consumption: “Do you plan or are you changing the frequency of alcohol consumption after experiencing the outbreak of COVID-19?” | |
Sleep: “Do you plan or are you changing sleep duration after experiencing the outbreak of COVID-19?” | |
Physical exercise: “Do you plan or are you changing physical exercise time after experiencing the outbreak of COVID-19?” |
Statistical methods
Results
General information from the questionnaires
Demographic characteristics | Frontline epidemic prevention experience, N (%) | Total, N = 22,459 | T or χ2 | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes, 9402 (41.9) | No, 13,057 (58.1) | ||||
Gender | |||||
Male | 6392 (68.0) | 7812 (59.8) | 14,204 (63.2) | 156.399 | < 0.001 |
Female | 3010 (32.0) | 5245 (40.2) | 8255 (36.8) | ||
Age (years), mean ± SD | 28.09 ± 7.50 | 27.73 ± 8.08 | 27.88 ± 7.84 | − 3.457 | 0.001 |
BMI, mean ± SD | 21.93 ± 4.85 | 22.13 ± 4.91 | 22.049 ± 4.88 | 3.058 | 0.002 |
Marital status | |||||
Married | 5035 (53.6) | 6147 (47.1) | 11,182 (49.8) | 121.955 | < 0.001 |
Never-married | 4022 (42.8) | 6545 (50.1) | 10,567 (47.1) | ||
Othersa | 345 (3.7) | 365 (2.8) | 710 (3.2) | ||
Education | |||||
Primary schools and below | 172 (1.8) | 164 (1.3) | 336 (1.5) | 38.409 | < 0.001 |
Middle school | 602 (6.4) | 871 (6.7) | 1473 (6.6) | ||
High school or technical secondary school | 2292 (24.4) | 3582 (27.4) | 5874 (26.2) | ||
College | 2790 (29.7) | 3717 (28.5) | 6507 (29.0) | ||
Bachelor’s degree and above | 3546 (37.7) | 4723 (36.2) | 8269 (36.8) | ||
Occupation | |||||
Medical workers | 478 (5.1) | 233 (1.8) | 711 (3.2) | 421.452 | < 0.001 |
Community worker | 620 (6.6) | 391 (3.0) | 1011 (4.5) | ||
Policemen | 124 (1.2) | 68 (0.5) | 192 (0.9) | ||
Other | 8180 (87.0) | 12,365 (94.7) | 20,545 (91.5) | ||
Place of current residence | |||||
Hubei | 121 (1.3) | 171 (1.3) | 292 (1.3) | 0.022 | 0.882 |
Other parts of China | 9281 (98.7) | 12,886 (98.7) | 22,167 (98.7) |
Information of the frontline epidemic prevention workers
Univariate analysis of associations between frontline epidemic prevention experience and baseline dietary and behavioral habits before COVID-19
Baseline characteristics | Frontline epidemic prevention experience, N (%) | Total, N = 22,459 | T or χ2 | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes, 9402 (41.9) | No, 13,057 (58.1) | ||||
Baseline dietary habits | |||||
Salt intake | |||||
High | 2244 (23.9) | 2610 (20.0) | 4854 (21.6) | 50.693 | < 0.001 |
Medium | 5767 (61.3) | 8322 (63.7) | 14,089 (62.7) | ||
Low | 1391 (14.8) | 2125 (16.3) | 3516 (15.7) | ||
Intake frequency of fresh vegetables | |||||
Every day | 3987 (42.4) | 6561 (50.2) | 10,548 (47.0) | 153.388 | < 0.001 |
4–6 days/week | 3382 (36.0) | 3810 (29.2) | 7192 (32.0) | ||
2–3 days/week | 1791 (19.0) | 2355 (18.0) | 4146 (18.5) | ||
≤ 1 day/week | 242 (2.6) | 331 (2.5) | 573 (2.6) | ||
Intake frequency of fresh fruits | |||||
Every day | 3510 (37.3) | 5233 (40.1) | 8743 (38.9) | 107.917 | < 0.001 |
4–6 days/week | 3379 (35.9) | 3903 (29.9) | 7282 (32.4) | ||
2–3 days/week | 2177 (23.2) | 3255 (24.9) | 5432 (24.2) | ||
≤ 1 day/week | 336 (3.6) | 666 (5.1) | 1002 (4.5) | ||
Intake frequency of meat, eggs, milk, or dairy products | |||||
Every day | 3113 (33.1) | 4779 (36.6) | 7892 (35.1) | 87.739 | < 0.001 |
4–6 days/week | 3430 (36.5) | 4041 (30.9) | 7471 (33.3) | ||
2–3 days/week | 2459 (26.2) | 3518 (26.9) | 5977 (26.6) | ||
≤ 1 day/week | 400 (4.3) | 719 (5.5) | 1119 (5.0) | ||
Intake frequency of fried foods | |||||
Every day | 1417 (15.1) | 1574 (12.1) | 2991 (13.3) | 372.657 | < 0.001 |
4–6 days/week | 2991 (31.8) | 3183 (24.4) | 6174 (27.5) | ||
2–3 days/week | 2995 (31.9) | 4135 (31.7) | 7130 (31.7) | ||
≤ 1 day/week | 1999 (21.3) | 4165 (31.9) | 6164 (27.4) | ||
Intake frequency of sugary foods | |||||
Every day | 2032 (21.6) | 2643 (20.2) | 4675 (20.8) | 195.740 | < 0.001 |
4–6 days/week | 3150 (33.5) | 3569 (27.3) | 6719 (29.9) | ||
2–3 days/week | 3144 (33.4) | 4625 (35.4) | 7769 (34.6) | ||
≤ 1 day/week | 1076 (11.4) | 2220 (17.0) | 3296 (14.7) | ||
Intake frequency of pickled vegetables | |||||
Every day | 1426 (15.2) | 1726 (13.2) | 3152 (14.0) | 419.729 | < 0.001 |
4–6 days/week | 2801 (29.8) | 2972 (22.8) | 5773 (25.7) | ||
2–3 days/week | 3179 (33.8) | 4007 (30.7) | 7186 (32.0) | ||
≤ 1 day/week | 1996 (21.2) | 4352 (33.3) | 6348 (28.3) | ||
Intake frequency of processed meat products | |||||
Every day | 1548 (16.5) | 1848 (14.2) | 3396 (15.1) | 380.866 | < 0.001 |
4–6 days/week | 3065 (32.6) | 3240 (24.8) | 6305 (28.1) | ||
2–3 days/week | 3210 (34.1) | 4465 (34.2) | 7675 (34.2) | ||
≤ 1 day/week | 1579 (16.8) | 3504 (26.8) | 5083 (22.6) | ||
Baseline behavioral habits | |||||
Smoking cigarettes/day | |||||
> 20 cigarettes per day | 148 (1.6) | 135 (1.0) | 283 (1.3) | 721.002 | < 0.001 |
11–20 cigarettes per day | 694 (7.4) | 727 (5.6) | 1421 (6.3) | ||
6–10 cigarettes per day | 1971 (21.0) | 1732 (13.3) | 3703 (16.5) | ||
1–5 cigarettes per day | 1963 (20.9) | 1726 (13.2) | 3689 (16.4) | ||
No smoking | 4626 (49.2) | 8737 (66.9) | 13,363 (59.5) | ||
Alcohol consumption/week | |||||
Every day | 992 (10.6) | 1017 (7.8) | 2009 (8.9) | 1024.661 | < 0.001 |
4–6 days/week | 1813 (19.3) | 1386 (10.6) | 3199 (14.2) | ||
2–3 days/week | 2309 (24.6) | 2214 (17.0) | 4523 (20.1) | ||
≤ 1 day/week | 1537 (16.3) | 2021 (15.5) | 3558 (15.8) | ||
No drinking | 2751 (29.3) | 6419 (49.2) | 9170 (40.8) | ||
Sleep duration/day (including lunch break) | |||||
< 5 h/day | 800 (8.5) | 777 (6.0) | 1577 (7.0) | 231.381 | < 0.001 |
5–6 h/day | 1799 (19.1) | 1867 (14.3) | 3666 (16.3) | ||
6–7 h/day | 3000 (31.9) | 3986 (30.5) | 6986 (31.1) | ||
7–8 h/day | 2851 (30.3) | 4668 (35.8) | 7519 (33.5) | ||
> 8 h/day | 952 (10.1) | 1759 (13.5) | 2711 (12.1) | ||
Physical exercise time/week | |||||
< 30 min/week | 1682 (17.9) | 3772 (28.9) | 5454 (24.3) | 424.613 | < 0.001 |
30 min–1 h/week | 3401 (36.2) | 4614 (35.3) | 8015 (35.7) | ||
1–2 h/week | 2752 (29.3) | 2907 (22.3) | 5659 (25.2) | ||
2–3 h/week | 1081 (11.5) | 1136 (8.7) | 2217 (9.9) | ||
> 3 h/week | 486 (5.2) | 628 (4.8) | 1114 (5.0) |
Univariate analysis of associations between frontline epidemic prevention experience and willingness to change dietary and behavioral habits after experiencing the outbreak of COVID-19
Variables characteristics | Frontline epidemic prevention experience, N (%) | Total, n = 22,459 | T or χ2 | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes, 9402 (41.9) | No, 13,057 (58.1) | ||||
Willingness to change dietary habits | |||||
Salt intake | |||||
Unchange | 3741 (39.8) | 6683 (51.2) | 10,424 (46.4) | 582.069 | < 0.001 |
Increase | 2000 (21.3) | 1536 (11.8) | 3536 (15.7) | ||
Decrease | 3257 (34.6) | 3900 (29.9) | 7157 (31.9) | ||
Uncertain | 404 (4.3) | 938 (7.2) | 1342 (6.0) | ||
Intake frequency of fresh vegetables | |||||
Unchange | 2892 (29.8) | 5202 (39.8) | 8004 (35.6) | 310.811 | < 0.001 |
Increase | 4896 (52.1) | 5774 (44.2) | 10,670 (47.5) | ||
Decrease | 1399 (14.9) | 1467 (11.2) | 2866 (12.8) | ||
Uncertain | 305 (3.2) | 614 (4.7) | 919 (4.1) | ||
Intake frequency of fresh fruits | |||||
Unchange | 2811 (29.9) | 5059 (38.7) | 7870 (35.0) | 304.083 | < 0.001 |
Increase | 4698 (50.0) | 5786 (44.3) | 10,484 (46.7) | ||
Decrease | 1594 (11.9) | 1553 (11.9) | 3147 (14.0) | ||
Uncertain | 299 (3.2) | 659 (5.0) | 958 (4.3) | ||
Intake frequency of meat, eggs, milk, or dairy products | |||||
Unchange | 3059 (32.5) | 5697 (43.6) | 8756 (39.0) | 365.679 | < 0.001 |
Increase | 4063 (43.2) | 4499 (34.5) | 8562 (38.1) | ||
Decrease | 1920 (20.4) | 2137 (16.4) | 4057 (18.1) | ||
Uncertain | 360 (3.8) | 724 (5.5) | 1084 (4.8) | ||
Intake frequency of fried foods | |||||
Unchange | 2344 (24.9) | 4253 (32.6) | 6597 (29.4) | 486.665 | < 0.001 |
Increase | 2437 (25.9) | 1957 (15.0) | 4394 (19.6) | ||
Decrease | 4254 (45.2) | 6080 (46.6) | 10,334 (46.0) | ||
Uncertain | 367 (3.9) | 767 (5.9) | 1134 (5.0) | ||
Intake frequency of sugary foods | |||||
Unchange | 2523 (26.8) | 4654 (35.6) | 7177 (32.0) | 552.086 | < 0.001 |
Increase | 2617 (27.8) | 2091 (16.0) | 4708 (21.0) | ||
Decrease | 3822 (40.7) | 5378 (41.2) | 9200 (41.0) | ||
Uncertain | 440 (4.7) | 934 (7.2) | 1374 (6.1) | ||
Intake frequency of pickled vegetables | |||||
Unchange | 2375 (25.3) | 4411 (33.8) | 6786 (30.2) | 462.560 | < 0.001 |
Increase | 2437 (25.9) | 2062 (15.8) | 4499 (20.0) | ||
Decrease | 4113 (43.7) | 5602 (42.9) | 9715 (43.3) | ||
Uncertain | 477 (5.1) | 982 (7.5) | 1459 (6.5) | ||
Intake frequency of processed meat products | |||||
Unchange | 2548 (27.1) | 4495 (34.4) | 7043 (31.4) | 413.992 | < 0.001 |
Increase | 2573 (27.4) | 2246 (17.2) | 4819 (21.5) | ||
Decrease | 3809 (40.5) | 5319 (40.7) | 9128 (40.6) | ||
Uncertain | 472 (5.0) | 997 (7.6) | 1469 (6.5) | ||
Willingness to change behavioral habits | |||||
Smoking cigarettes/day | |||||
Unchange | 4074 (43.3) | 7867 (60.3) | 11,941 (53.2) | 774.274 | < 0.001 |
Increase | 1565 (16.6) | 1111 (8.5) | 2676 (11.9) | ||
Decrease | 2400 (25.5) | 2362 (18.1) | 4762 (21.2) | ||
Quit smoking | 1163 (12.4) | 1341 (10.3) | 2504 (11.1) | ||
Uncertain | 200 (2.1) | 376 (2.9) | 576 (2.6) | ||
Alcohol consumption/week | |||||
Unchange | 3570 (38.0) | 6998 (53.6) | 10,568 (47.1) | 720.118 | < 0.001 |
Increase | 1552 (16.5) | 1173 (9.0) | 2725 (12.1) | ||
Decrease | 2815 (29.9) | 2891 (22.1) | 5706 (25.4) | ||
Quit drinking | 1184 (12.6) | 1401 (10.7) | 2585 (11.5) | ||
Uncertain | 281 (3.0) | 594 (4.5) | 875 (3.9) | ||
Sleep duration/day | |||||
Unchange | 2793 (29.7) | 5272 (40.4) | 8065 (35.9) | 349.024 | < 0.001 |
Increase | 4181 (44.5) | 5029 (38.5) | 9210 (41.0) | ||
Decrease | 1964 (20.9) | 1945 (14.9) | 3909 (17.4) | ||
Uncertain | 464 (4.9) | 811 (6.2) | 1275 (5.7) | ||
Physical exercise time/week | |||||
Unchange | 2236 (23.8) | 3765 (28.8) | 6001 (26.7) | 173.142 | < 0.001 |
Increase | 5387 (57.3) | 7284 (55.8) | 12,671 (56.4) | ||
Decrease | 1516 (16.1) | 1479 (11.3) | 2995 (13.3) | ||
Uncertain | 263 (2.8) | 529 (4.1) | 792 (3.5) |
Multivariable analysis of associations between frontline epidemic prevention experience and willingness to change dietary habits
Intake frequency of dietary habitsa | Willingnessb | OR | OR (95% CI) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Salt intake | ||||
High | Increase | 2.824 | 2.341–3.405 | < 0.001 |
Decrease | 1.096 | 0.957–1.254 | 0.184 | |
Uncertain | 0.512 | 0.369–0.709 | < 0.001 | |
Medium | Increase | 2.047 | 1.859–2.255 | < 0.001 |
Decrease | 1.538 | 1.418–1.669 | < 0.001 | |
Uncertain | 0.800 | 0.685–0.934 | 0.005 | |
Low | Increase | 1.544 | 1.210–1.969 | 0.001 |
Decrease | 1.737 | 1.480–2.039 | < 0.001 | |
Uncertain | 1.204 | 0.893–1.622 | 0.223 | |
Total | Increase | 2.114 | 1.952–2.289 | < 0.001 |
Decrease | 1.448 | 1.359–1.542 | < 0.001 | |
Uncertain | 0.789 | 0.696–0.895 | < 0.001 | |
Intake frequency of fresh vegetables | ||||
Every day | Increase | 1.400 | 1.285–1.525 | < 0.001 |
Decrease | 1.407 | 1.166–1.698 | < 0.001 | |
Uncertain | 0.698 | 0.540–0.901 | 0.006 | |
4–6 days/week | Increase | 1.650 | 1.456–1.869 | < 0.001 |
Decrease | 1.693 | 1.442–1.988 | < 0.001 | |
Uncertain | 1.104 | 0.814–1.497 | 0.525 | |
2–3 days/week | Increase | 1.385 | 1.146–1.673 | 0.001 |
Decrease | 1.489 | 1.207–1.837 | < 0.001 | |
Uncertain | 0.975 | 0.715–1.329 | 0.872 | |
≤ 1 day/week | Increase | 1.661 | 1.009–2.734 | 0.046 |
Decrease | 1.659 | 0.988–2.787 | 0.055 | |
Uncertain | 1.041 | 0.587–1.844 | 0.891 | |
Total | Increase | 1.526 | 1.436–1.622 | < 0.001 |
Decrease | 1.584 | 1.450–1.731 | < 0.001 | |
Uncertain | 0.907 | 0.782–1.053 | 0.199 | |
Intake frequency of fresh fruits | ||||
Every day | Increase | 1.359 | 1.237–1.493 | < 0.001 |
Decrease | 1.696 | 1.384–2.079 | < 0.001 | |
Uncertain | 0.693 | 0.492–0.977 | 0.036 | |
4–6 days/week | Increase | 1.599 | 1.410–1.813 | < 0.001 |
Decrease | 1.986 | 1.696–2.327 | < 0.001 | |
Uncertain | 1.001 | 0.750–1.337 | 0.994 | |
2–3 days/week | Increase | 1.495 | 1.279–1.748 | < 0.001 |
Decrease | 1.806 | 1.514–2.155 | < 0.001 | |
Uncertain | 0.983 | 0.747–1.295 | 0.905 | |
≤ 1 day/week | Increase | 1.794 | 1.213–2.653 | 0.003 |
Decrease | 3.000 | 1.922–4.682 | < 0.001 | |
Uncertain | 1.343 | 0.858–2.103 | 0.197 | |
Total | Increase | 1.412 | 1.328–1.501 | < 0.001 |
Decrease | 1.694 | 1.555–1.846 | < 0.001 | |
Uncertain | 0.820 | 0.708–0.950 | 0.008 | |
Intake frequency of meat, eggs, milk, or dairy products | ||||
Every day | Increase | 1.696 | 1.521–1.891 | < 0.001 |
Decrease | 1.242 | 1.038–1.485 | 0.018 | |
Uncertain | 0.747 | 0.539–1.036 | 0.080 | |
4–6 days/week | Increase | 1.892 | 1.682–2.127 | < 0.001 |
Decrease | 1.717 | 1.491–1.977 | < 0.001 | |
Uncertain | 1.011 | 0.771–1.3273 | 0.935 | |
2–3 days/week | Increase | 1.468 | 1.277–1.688 | < 0.001 |
Decrease | 1.733 | 1.490–2.016 | < 0.001 | |
Uncertain | 1.042 | 0.820–1.325 | 0.737 | |
≤ 1 day/week | Increase | 1.252 | 0.877–1.786 | 0.216 |
Decrease | 1.862 | 1.291–2.685 | 0.001 | |
Uncertain | 1.232 | 0.828–1.834 | 0.303 | |
Total | Increase | 1.615 | 1.518–1.719 | < 0.001 |
Decrease | 1.533 | 1.437–1.678 | < 0.001 | |
Uncertain | 0.923 | 0.805–1.059 | 0.254 | |
Intake frequency of fried foods | ||||
Every day | Increase | 1.566 | 1.271–1.931 | < 0.001 |
Decrease | 1.152 | 0.949–1.399 | 0.153 | |
Uncertain | 0.777 | 0.460–1.314 | 0.347 | |
4–6 days/week | Increase | 1.769 | 1.527–2.049 | < 0.001 |
Decrease | 1.191 | 1.031–1.376 | 0.018 | |
Uncertain | 1.154 | 0.834–1.595 | 0.388 | |
2–3 days/week | Increase | 2.635 | 2.236–3.166 | < 0.001 |
Decrease | 1.486 | 1.293–1.707 | < 0.001 | |
Uncertain | 1.123 | 0.869–1.451 | 0.377 | |
≤ 1 day/week | Increase | 1.957 | 1.502–2.548 | < 0.001 |
Decrease | 1.499 | 1.328–1.692 | < 0.001 | |
Uncertain | 1.002 | 0.806–1.246 | 0.984 | |
Total | Increase | 2.115 | 1.953–2.290 | < 0.001 |
Decrease | 1.246 | 1.167–1.330 | < 0.001 | |
Uncertain | 0.881 | 0.768–1.010 | 0.069 | |
Intake frequency of sugary foods | ||||
Every day | Increase | 1.683 | 1.424–1.988 | < 0.001 |
Decrease | 1.049 | 0.902–1.219 | 0.534 | |
Uncertain | 0.944 | 0.663–1.345 | 0.751 | |
4–6 days/week | Increase | 2.273 | 1.974–2.617 | < 0.001 |
Decrease | 1.446 | 1.259–1.661 | < 0.001 | |
Uncertain | 0.931 | 0.699–1.239 | 0.623 | |
2–3 days/week | Increase | 2.332 | 2.009–2.708 | < 0.001 |
Decrease | 1.437 | 1.276–1.618 | < 0.001 | |
Uncertain | 1.160 | 0.937–1.437 | 0.172 | |
≤ 1 day/week | Increase | 2.562 | 1.896–3.462 | < 0.001 |
Decrease | 1.553 | 1.307–1.845 | < 0.001 | |
Uncertain | 1.028 | 0.801–1.319 | 0.830 | |
Total | Increase | 2.134 | 1.967–2.304 | < 0.001 |
Decrease | 1.269 | 1.189–1.355 | < 0.001 | |
Uncertain | 0.879 | 0.775–0.996 | 0.043 | |
Intake frequency of pickled vegetables | ||||
Every day | Increase | 1.526 | 1.244–1.873 | < 0.001 |
Decrease | 1.073 | 0.888–1.297 | 0.465 | |
Uncertain | 0.946 | 0.621–1.441 | 0.795 | |
4–6 days/week | Increase | 1.730 | 1.489–2.010 | < 0.001 |
Decrease | 1.193 | 1.027–1.386 | 0.021 | |
Uncertain | 0.940 | 0.680–1.300 | 0.709 | |
2–3 days/week | Increase | 1.869 | 1.597–2.188 | < 0.001 |
Decrease | 1.388 | 1.213–1.587 | < 0.001 | |
Uncertain | 1.180 | 0.929–1.497 | 0.175 | |
≤ 1 day/week | Increase | 2.451 | 1.901–3.159 | < 0.001 |
Decrease | 1.601 | 1.416–1.811 | < 0.001 | |
Uncertain | 1.072 | 0.887–1.297 | 0.470 | |
Total | Increase | 2.026 | 1.873–2.191 | < 0.001 |
Decrease | 1.325 | 1.241–1.415 | < 0.001 | |
Uncertain | 0.906 | 0.801–1.024 | 0.114 | |
Intake frequency of processed meat products | ||||
Every day | Increase | 1.505 | 1.241–1.826 | < 0.001 |
Decrease | 1.170 | 0.973–1.407 | 0.095 | |
Uncertain | 0.759 | 0.478–1.207 | 0.244 | |
4–6 days/week | Increase | 1.634 | 1.423–1.876 | < 0.001 |
Decrease | 1.095 | 0.953–1.259 | 0.200 | |
Uncertain | 0.914 | 0.686–1.219 | 0.542 | |
2–3 days/week | Increase | 2.000 | 1.731–2.311 | < 0.001 |
Decrease | 1.402 | 1.240–1.584 | < 0.001 | |
Uncertain | 1.032 | 0.825–1.291 | 0.784 | |
≤ 1 day/week | Increase | 1.616 | 1.233–2.117 | 0.001 |
Decrease | 1.577 | 1.371–1.813 | < 0.001 | |
Uncertain | 1.176 | 0.962–1.439 | 0.114 | |
Total | Increase | 1.885 | 1.747–2.034 | < 0.001 |
Decrease | 1.234 | 1.156–1.318 | < 0.001 | |
Uncertain | 0.855 | 0.756–0.956 | 0.011 |
Multivariable analysis of associations between frontline epidemic prevention experience and willingness to change behavioral habits
Intake frequency of dietary habitsa | Willingnessb | OR | OR (95% CI) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Smoking cigarettes/day | ||||
> 20 cigarettes/day | Increase | 2.048 | 0.869–4.831 | 0.101 |
Decrease | 1.547 | 0.717–3.342 | 0.266 | |
Quit smoking | 3.054 | 1.277–7.308 | 0.012 | |
Uncertain | 1.031 | 0.423–2.516 | 0.946 | |
11–20 cigarettes/day | Increase | 2.067 | 1.359–3.143 | 0.001 |
Decrease | 1.659 | 1.152–2.389 | 0.007 | |
Quit smoking | 1.885 | 1.263–2.813 | 0.002 | |
Uncertain | 1..740 | 0.967–3.131 | 0.064 | |
6–10 cigarettes/day | Increase | 1.799 | 1.392–2.324 | < 0.001 |
Decrease | 1.375 | 1.081–1.749 | 0.010 | |
Quit smoking | 1.199 | 0.903–1.592 | 0.210 | |
Uncertain | 0.817 | 0.466–1.433 | 0.481 | |
1–5 cigarettes/day | Increase | 1.645 | 1.340–2.019 | < 0.001 |
Decrease | 1.191 | 0.983–1.443 | 0.074 | |
Quit smoking | 1.097 | 0.862–1.395 | 0.452 | |
Uncertain | 0.757 | 0.478–1.201 | 0.237 | |
No smoking | Increase | 2.126 | 1.712–2.639 | < 0.001 |
Decrease | 1.349 | 1.154–1.577 | < 0.001 | |
Quit smoking | 1.370 | 1.206–1.557 | < 0.001 | |
Uncertain | 0.825 | 0.642–1.061 | 0.134 | |
Total | Increase | 2.414 | 2.212–2.635 | < 0.001 |
Decrease | 1.735 | 1.617–1.861 | < 0.001 | |
Quit smoking | 2.239 | 1.825–2.747 | < 0.001 | |
Uncertain | 1.006 | 0.842–1.202 | 0.950 | |
Alcohol consumption/week | ||||
Every day | Increase | 1.422 | 1.085–1.865 | 0.011 |
Decrease | 1.068 | 0.831–1.372 | 0.609 | |
Quit drinking | 1.324 | 0.855–1.981 | 0.172 | |
Uncertain | 1.022 | 0.502–2.080 | 0.953 | |
4–6 days/week | Increase | 1.206 | 0.972–1.495 | 0.089 |
Decrease | 0.975 | 0.788–1.206 | 0.815 | |
Quit drinking | 1.228 | 0.920–1.639 | 0.163 | |
Uncertain | 0.313 | 0.163–0.599 | < 0.001 | |
2–3 days/week | Increase | 1.814 | 1.460–2.255 | < 0.001 |
Decrease | 1.448 | 1.196–1.754 | < 0.001 | |
Quit drinking | 1.448 | 1.146–1.831 | 0.002 | |
Uncertain | 0.788 | 0.485–1.281 | 0.337 | |
≤ 1 day/week | Increase | 1.723 | 1.330–2.230 | < 0.001 |
Decrease | 1.379 | 1.166–1.632 | < 0.001 | |
Quit drinking | 1.447 | 1.175–1.781 | < 0.001 | |
Uncertain | 1.048 | 0.754–1.458 | 0.779 | |
No drinking | Increase | 1.389 | 0.877–2.200 | 0.161 |
Decrease | 1.327 | 1.078–1.632 | 0.008 | |
Quit drinking | 1.321 | 1.140–1.530 | < 0.001 | |
Uncertain | 0.987 | 0.808–1.206 | 0.898 | |
Total | Increase | 2.320 | 2.126–2.530 | < 0.001 |
Decrease | 1.720 | 1.608–1.840 | < 0.001 | |
Quit drinking | 1.536 | 1.406–1.679 | < 0.001 | |
Uncertain | 0.900 | 0.775–1.045 | 0.166 | |
Sleep duration/day (including lunch break) | ||||
< 5 h/day | Increase | 1.098 | 0.874–1.379 | 0.423 |
Decrease | 1.134 | 0.819–1.569 | 0.449 | |
Uncertain | 0.549 | 0.320–0.942 | 0.030 | |
5–6 h/day | Increase | 1.442 | 1.185–1.754 | < 0.001 |
Decrease | 1.634 | 1.301–2.053 | < 0.001 | |
Uncertain | 0.858 | 0.589–1.249 | 0.424 | |
6–7 h/day | Increase | 1.596 | 1.411–1.806 | < 0.001 |
Decrease | 2.149 | 1.856–2.488 | < 0.001 | |
Uncertain | 1.193 | 0.925–1.539 | 0.174 | |
7–8 h/day | Increase | 1.334 | 1.197–1.486 | < 0.001 |
Decrease | 1.798 | 1.548–2.089 | < 0.001 | |
Uncertain | 1.192 | 0.965–1.472 | 0.103 | |
> 8 h/day | Increase | 2.065 | 1.689–2.525 | < 0.001 |
Decrease | 1.279 | 1.016–1.610 | 0.036 | |
Uncertain | 1.282 | 0.969–1.697 | 0.082 | |
Total | Increase | 1.491 | 1.401–1.587 | < 0.001 |
Decrease | 1.736 | 1.603–1.880 | < 0.001 | |
Uncertain | 1.057 | 0.932–1.199 | 0.388 | |
Physical exercise time/week | ||||
< 30 min/week | Increase | 0.759 | 0.667–0.863 | < 0.001 |
Decrease | 1.379 | 1.041–1.828 | 0.025 | |
Uncertain | 0.447 | 0.311–0.641 | < 0.001 | |
30 min–1 h/week | Increase | 1.279 | 1.153–1.419 | < 0.001 |
Decrease | 1.495 | 1.265–1.766 | < 0.001 | |
Uncertain | 0.753 | 0.543–1.044 | 0.088 | |
1–2 h/week | Increase | 1.397 | 1.210–1.613 | < 0.001 |
Decrease | 1.641 | 1.381–1.950 | < 0.001 | |
Uncertain | 0.940 | 0.661–1.336 | 0.730 | |
2–3 h/week | Increase | 1.1–9 | 0.868–1.417 | 0.407 |
Decrease | 1.176 | 0.900–1.536 | 0.236 | |
Uncertain | 0.982 | 0.644–1.496 | 0.931 | |
> 3 h/week | Increase | 1.162 | 0.862–1.566 | 0.326 |
Decrease | 1.123 | 0.753–1.675 | 0.569 | |
Uncertain | 1.312 | 0.819–2.103 | 0.259 | |
Total | Increase | 1.270 | 1.191–1.117 | < 0.001 |
Decrease | 1.588 | 1.451–1.739 | < 0.001 | |
Uncertain | 0.828 | 0.705–0.971 | 0.020 |