Background
Methods
Participants
Measures
Food frequency questionnaire
Salivary mutans streptococci levels
Procedures
Analysis
Results
Food item | % distribution of frequency scores | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 (never) | 1 (rarely) | 2 (1/wk) | 3 (2-3/wk) | 4 (1/dy) | 5 (2-3/dy) | 6 (4+/dy) | |
Solid sugars
| |||||||
Donuts, or muffinns | 52.7 | 40.3 | 3.9 | 2.5 | 0.6 | 0 | 0 |
Pudding or custard | 39.0 | 49.4 | 6.8 | 4.5 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
Bread filled with bean | 63.3 | 30.8 | 2.3 | 3.4 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
jam or fruit jam | |||||||
Bar of sweet jellied | 90.7 | 7.9 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
adzuki-bean paste | |||||||
Solid and starchy sugars
| |||||||
Rice cake | 74.9 | 20.8 | 2.8 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
Bun with a bean-jam filling | 48.2 | 45.1 | 4.8 | 2.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Popcorn | 89.0 | 10.5 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Rice cracker | 40.0 | 44.8 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0 |
Chocolate | 31.1 | 46.9 | 8.5 | 11.9 | 1.7 | 0 | 0 |
Liquid and semisolid sugars
| |||||||
Cold drink | 27.7 | 41.5 | 5.9 | 15.0 | 7.6 | 1.7 | 0.6 |
Soda (not diet) | 43.2 | 39.5 | 5.4 | 8.5 | 2.3 | 0.8 | 0.3 |
Ice cream or sorbet | 15.5 | 48.2 | 13.8 | 18.3 | 3.9 | 0.3 | 0 |
Sticky and slowly dissolving sugars
| |||||||
Hard candy | 37.7 | 41.1 | 2.0 | 10.1 | 5.1 | 3.1 | 0.8 |
Gum (not sugar-free) | 64.8 | 23.1 | 4.2 | 3.7 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 1.1 |
Sugar or honey in coffee/tea | 49.4 | 19.9 | 4.3 | 10.5 | 13.9 | 1.4 | 0.6 |
Sticky candy (caramel) | 82.0 | 15.2 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
Other
| |||||||
Cheese | 24.4 | 45.9 | 10.5 | 15.6 | 2.8 | 0.6 | 0.3 |
Plain yoghurt | 56.4 | 17.3 | 5.4 | 11.9 | 8.5 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
Sugared yoghurt | 27.9 | 29.9 | 11.7 | 20.2 | 9.4 | 0.9 | 0 |
Bread | 4.3 | 15.1 | 8.2 | 30.4 | 36.9 | 2.8 | 2.3 |
Rice | 1.2 | 2.7 | 0.6 | 4.4 | 17.7 | 69.3 | 4.1 |
Plain cereal | 95.2 | 3.4 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Sugared cereal | 86.9 | 10.2 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0 | 0 |
Lactic acid drink | 37.5 | 35.2 | 8.5 | 10.5 | 7.4 | 0.3 | 0.6 |
Canned fruit | 68.5 | 23.9 | 4.0 | 3.1 | 0.6 | 0 | 0 |
Dried fruit | 76.6 | 14.1 | 2.0 | 2.8 | 3.7 | 0.6 | 0.3 |
Banana | 26.3 | 42.9 | 8.5 | 16.1 | 4.5 | 0.6 | 1.1 |
Milk | 11.6 | 11.9 | 3.4 | 22.0 | 36.2 | 13.0 | 2.0 |
Fruit juice | 51.0 | 28.6 | 5.4 | 8.2 | 4.5 | 1.7 | 0.6 |
Cocoa | 64.9 | 19.8 | 4.5 | 5.1 | 5.4 | 0.3 | 0 |
Sugar added to cereal | 98.9 | 1.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Jam, jelly or syrup | 57.6 | 22.3 | 4.2 | 9.6 | 5.6 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
Jello (not sugar-free) | 60.6 | 30.0 | 3.0 | 5.1 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0 |
Cookies | 43.6 | 43.9 | 6.2 | 4.8 | 1.4 | 0 | 0 |
Cakes or pies | 27.6 | 65.4 | 5.4 | 1.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Chips | 38.0 | 50.1 | 8.2 | 3.4 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
Breath mints | 82.3 | 12.4 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 0.3 | 0 |
Cough drops | 94.9 | 2.8 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0 | 0.8 | 0.3 |
Construct validity and internal consistency
Factor loading component | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Ia
| IIb
| IIIc
| IVd
| |
Donuts, or muffins |
0.704
| 0.030 | 0.111 | 0.091 |
Pudding or custard |
0.624
| -0.111 | 0.322 | 0.134 |
Bread filled with bean jam or fruit jam |
0.622
| 0.712 | 0.095 | -0.229 |
Bar of sweet jellied adzuki-bean paste |
0.480
| 0.286 | -0.046 | 0.025 |
Rice cake | -0.109 |
0.705
| -0.111 | -0.106 |
Bun with a bean-jam filling | 0.379 |
0.588
| -0.022 | 0.013 |
Popcorn | 0.095 |
0.554
| 0.085 | 0.184 |
Rice cracker | 0.238 |
0.472
| 0.033 | 0.063 |
Chocolate | 0.173 |
0.420
| 0.124 | 0.182 |
Cold drink | 0.075 | 0.019 |
0.696
| 0.129 |
Soda (not diet) | 0.148 | -0.011 |
0.614
| 0.133 |
Ice cream or sorbet | 0.183 | 0.038 |
0.612
| 0.011 |
Hard candy | -0.016 | 0.043 | 0.176 |
0.679
|
Gum (not sugar-free) | 0.083 | -0.026 | 0.221 |
0.648
|
Sugar or honey in coffee or tea | -0.112 | 0.065 | 0.083 |
0.512
|
Sticky candy (caramel) | 0.071 | 0.157 | -0.105 |
0.415
|
Cheese | 0.139 | -0.009 | -0.053 | 0.007 |
Plain yoghurt | -0.052 | 0.078 | -0.094 | 0.037 |
Sugared yoghurt | 0.208 | -0.076 | -0.134 | 0.127 |
Bread | 0.192 | 0.047 | -0.036 | 0.020 |
Rice | -0.050 | 0.039 | 0.006 | -0.039 |
Plain cereal | -0.073 | 0.076 | 0.048 | -0.051 |
Sugared cereal | 0.033 | -0.047 | 0.140 | -0.007 |
Lactic acid drink | 0.004 | 0.103 | 0.042 | 0.071 |
Canned fruit | 0.072 | 0.037 | 0.042 | 0.052 |
Dried fruit | 0.123 | -0.112 | -0.085 | 0.088 |
Banana | 0.165 | -0.113 | -0.213 | -0.012 |
Milk | -0.045 | -0.065 | -0.101 | 0.067 |
Fruit juice | -0.046 | -0.082 | 0.155 | 0.140 |
Cocoa | -0.023 | 0.177 | -0.208 | 0.347 |
Sugar added to cereal | -0.048 | 0.067 | 0.070 | -0.011 |
Jam, jelly or syrup | -0.184 | 0.337 | 0.244 | -0.100 |
Jello (not sugar-free) | 0.180 | -0.018 | 0.326 | -0.081 |
Cookies | 0.341 | 0.269 | -0.026 | 0.140 |
Cakes or pies | 0.382 | 0.235 | 0.158 | 0.171 |
Chips | 0.072 | 0.320 | 0.174 | 0.069 |
Breath mints | 0.155 | 0.071 | -0.069 | 0.347 |
Cough drops | -0.096 | 0.019 | 0.064 | 0.042 |
Eigenvalue | 4.055 | 2.183 | 1.898 | 1.827 |
% variance | 10.671 | 5.745 | 4.996 | 4.807 |
Cronbach’s alpha | 0.61 | 0.58 | 0.56 | 0.46 |
Test-retest reliability
Criterion validity
Dentocult SM score | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | |
Mean ± SD | 41.0 ± 18.0 | 47.5 ± 18.3 | 51.8 ± 19.5 | 57.8 ± 20.1 |
n | 24 | 122 | 140 | 69 |