Background
Aim
Methods
Study design
Study populations
Total study population | Te | AnN | TN | AsN | Sg | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Scale | N | (N = 375) | (N = 297) | (N = 305) | (N = 323) | (N = 291) | ||
Personal and lifestyle factors | ||||||||
Age, years; mean (SD) | 1591 | 47 (11) | 47 (11) | 47 (10) | 47 (10) | 50 (9) | 44 (13) | |
BMI, points; mean (SD) | 1555 | 24 (3.8) | 24 (3.8) | 24 (3.3) | 24 (4.0) | 25 (4.1) | 24 (3.5) | |
Number of children at home; mean (SD) | 1575 | 1.0 (1.1) | 1.1 (1.1) | 1.1 (1.1) | 1.0 (1.0) | 1.0 (1.1) | 0.8 (1.0) | |
Personal recovery time (%) | 1555 | |||||||
≥ 3 h/day | 25 | 24 | 18 | 26 | 28 | 31 | ||
1–2 h /day | 53 | 53 | 59 | 51 | 52 | 48 | ||
< 1 h/day | 22 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 20 | 21 | ||
Domestic work (%) | 1564 | |||||||
0–10 h/week | 36 | 32 | 32 | 35 | 38 | 43 | ||
11–20 h/week | 41 | 48 | 36 | 38 | 45 | 36 | ||
≥ 21 h/week | 23 | 20 | 33 | 27 | 17 | 21 | ||
Physical exercise (%) | 1570 | |||||||
Twice a week or more | 73 | 70 | 81 | 71 | 71 | 72 | ||
Once a week | 14 | 14 | 13 | 14 | 12 | 17 | ||
Occasionally or never | 13 | 15 | 6 | 15 | 17 | 11 | ||
Smoking habits (%) | 1520 | |||||||
Have never smoked | 62 | 67 | 65 | 57 | 46 | 76 | ||
Former smoker | 29 | 23 | 29 | 34 | 39 | 20 | ||
Smoking, but not daily | 4 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 2 | ||
Daily smoker | 5 | 4 | 2 | 6 | 10 | 2 | ||
Working hours/week (%) | 1581 | |||||||
Part-time <30 h/week | 9 | 10 | 11 | 9 | 8 | 6 | ||
Fulltime ≥ 30 h/week | 91 | 90 | 89 | 91 | 92 | 94 | ||
Physical workload | ||||||||
MEI; mean (SD) | 11–33 | 1484 | 19 (3.9) | 16 (3.4) | 19 (3.5) | 21 (3.4) | 20 (3.7) | 18 (3.1) |
PHYI; mean (SD) | 7–21 | 1491 | 12 (3.2) | 10 (1.7) | 13 (3.0) | 13 (2.7) | 15 (2.9) | 10 (2.1) |
Satisfied with computer | ||||||||
workstation arrangements (%) | 1499 | |||||||
Satisfied | 42 | 28 | 36 | 39 | 47 | 64 | ||
Neutral | 32 | 34 | 30 | 42 | 32 | 24 | ||
Dissatisfied | 26 | 38 | 34 | 20 | 21 | 12 | ||
Psychosocial factors; mean (SD) | ||||||||
Job demands | 1–4 | 1548 | 2.8 (0.4) | 2.9 (0.4) | 2.9 (0.4) | 2.8 (0.4) | 2.8 (0.4) | 2.5 (0.4) |
Job control | 1–4 | 1549 | 2.9 (0.4) | 3.2 (0.3) | 3.0 (0.3) | 2.9 (0.4) | 2.7 (0.3) | 2.8 (0.3) |
Job support | 1–4 | 1552 | 2.9 (0.4) | 2.8 (0.4) | 2.8 (0.4) | 2.9 (0.4) | 2.9 (0.4) | 2.9 (0.4) |
Emotional demands | 0–4 | 1530 | 2.2 (0.8) | 2.9 (0.7) | 2.2 (0.6) | 2.0 (0.6) | 1.9 (0.8) | 1.8 (0.6) |
Demands of hiding emotions | 0–4 | 1528 | 1.6 (0.8) | 1.7 (0.8) | 1.6 (0.7) | 1.6 (0.7) | 1.4 (0.9) | 1.7 (0.7) |
Sensory demands | 0–4 | 1530 | 2.9 (0.7) | 2.4 (0.6) | 3.1 (0.5) | 3.3 (0.5) | 2.8 (0.6) | 3.2 (0.5) |
Leadership | 0–4 | 1528 | 2.0 (0.7) | 2.0 (0.8) | 1.9 (0.7) | 2.0 (0.7) | 2.1 (0.7) | 2.2 (0.7) |
Self-efficacy | 1–5 | 1522 | 1.9 (0.5) | 1.9 (0.5) | 1.8 (0.4) | 1.9 (0.5) | 1.9 (0.5) | 1.9 (0.4) |
Work tasks
Questionnaire
Clinical examination
Technical measurements of the physical workload
Statistical analyses
Results
Self-reported occupational exposures and personal factors
Technical measurements of the physical workload
Correlations between self-reported and technically measured physical exposures
Musculoskeletal pain and diagnoses
Body region | Musculoskeletal paina | Complaints | Diagnosed disorder | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Profession | N | % | Crude PR (CI) | Adjustedb PR (CI) | past 7 days (%) | N | % |
Neck | |||||||
Te | 372 | 44 | 1 | 1 | 33 | 96 | 7.3 |
AnN | 297 | 35 | 0.79 (0.65–0.96) | 0.77 (0.64–0.94) | 27 | 94 | 17 |
TN | 305 | 38 | 0.86 (0.72–1.03) | 0.81 (0.67–0.97) | 27 | 99 | 7.1 |
AsN | 321 | 44 | 1.00 (0.84–1.18) | 0.94 (0.79–1.12) | 33 | 93 | 14 |
Sg | 289 | 44 | 1.00 (0.84–1.19) | 0.97 (0.82–1.16) | 37 | 103 | 14 |
Shoulders | |||||||
Te | 371 | 38 | 1 | 1 | 31 | 96 | 10 |
AnN | 296 | 43 | 1.14 (0.94–1.37) | 1.10 (0.91–1.33) | 30 | 94 | 12 |
TN | 304 | 44 | 1.17 (0.97–1.40) | 1.11 (0.92–1.33) | 32 | 99 | 14 |
AsN | 322 | 49 | 1.31 (1.10–1.56) | 1.22 (1.02–1.45) | 35 | 93 | 20 |
Sg | 290 | 51 | 1.37 (1.15–1.63) | 1.32 (1.10–1.57) | 43 | 103 | 16 |
Hands | |||||||
Te | 374 | 17 | 1 | 1 | 15 | 96 | 3.1 |
AnN | 297 | 21 | 1.26 (0.92–1.73) | 1.24 (0.90–1.71) | 17 | 94 | 4.3 |
TN | 304 | 24 | 1.45 (1.07–1.96) | 1.45 (1.07–1.96) | 21 | 99 | 3.0 |
AsN | 321 | 37 | 2.24 (1.71–2.92) | 1.94 (1.48–2.56) | 33 | 93 | 13 |
Sg | 290 | 25 | 1.50 (1.11–2.03) | 1.61 (1.19–2.18) | 24 | 103 | 5.8 |
Lower back | N.a. | ||||||
Te | 370 | 36 | 1 | 1 | 20 | ||
AnN | 296 | 38 | 1.08 (0.89–1.32) | 1.06 (0.87–1.30) | 26 | ||
TN | 304 | 40 | 1.11 (0.91–1.34) | 1.08 (0.88–1.31) | 23 | ||
AsN | 320 | 51 | 1.42 (1.19–1.69) | 1.34 (1.12–1.61) | 33 | ||
Sg | 290 | 29 | 0.82 (0.66–1.03) | 0.82 (0.65–1.03) | 24 | ||
Feet | N.a. | ||||||
Te | 375 | 12 | 1 | 1 | 9 | ||
AnN | 296 | 16 | 1.32 (0.91–1.92) | 1.53 (1.05–2.22) | 14 | ||
TN | 305 | 18 | 1.44 (1.00–2.08) | 1.46 (1.02–2.10) | 17 | ||
AsN | 322 | 26 | 2.15 (1.55–2.98) | 1.83 (1.31–2.57) | 23 | ||
Sg | 291 | 10 | 0.78 (0.50–1.22) | 0.89 (0.57–1.40) | 10 |
Bivariate associations with pain
Neck (N = 1584) | Shoulders (N = 1583) | Hands (N = 1586) | Lower back (N = 1580) | Feet (N = 1589) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Scale |
p
| PR (CI) |
p
| PR (CI) |
p
| PR (CI) |
p
| PR (CI) |
p
| PR (CI) | |
Physical workload | |||||||||||
MEI | 11–33 | 1.05 (1.04–1.07) | 1.06 (1.05–1.08) | 1.07 (1.04–1.09) | 1.05 (1.03–1.06) | 1.06 (1.03–1.09) | |||||
PHYI | 7–21 | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 1.04 (1.02–1.05) | 1.07 (1.04–1.10) | 1.05 (1.03–1.07) | 1.11 (1.08–1.15) | |||||
Computer workstation arrangements | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.07 | ||||||
Satisfied | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Neutral | 1.14 (0.98–1.33) | 1.15 (1.00–1.32) | 0.96 (0.77–1.20) | 1.12 (0.96–1.30) | 1.37 (1.05–1.79) | ||||||
Dissatisfied | 1.45 (1.25–1.67) | 1.34 (1.16–1.53) | 1.21 (0.98–1.50) | 1.26 (1.08–1.47) | 1.20 (0.89–1.62) | ||||||
Psychosocial factors | |||||||||||
Job demands | 1–4 | 1.51 (1.32–1.73) | 1.46 (1.29–1.66) | 1.47 (1.21–1.78) | 1.55 (1.35–1.78) | 1.68 (1.31–2.15) | |||||
Job control | 1–4 | 0.87 (0.74–1.03) | 0.82 (0.71–0.95) | 0.48 (0.38–0.61) | 0.81 (0.69–0.95) | 0.66 (0.49–0.89) | |||||
Job support | 1–4 | 0.87 (0.75–1.00) | 0.89 (0.78–1.02) | 0.85 (0.68–1.06) | 0.80 (0.69–0.94) | 0.77 (0.58–1.01) | |||||
Emotional demands | 0–4 | 1.15 (1.07–1.25) | 1.05 (0.98–1.13) | 1.01 (0.90–1.13) | 1.08 (1.00–1.17) | 1.12 (0.96–1.31) | |||||
Demands of hiding emotions | 0–4 | 1.12 (1.03–1.21) | 1.09 (1.02–1.18) | 1.10 (0.98–1.23) | 1.06 (0.97–1.15) | 1.06 (0.91–1.23) | |||||
Sensory demands | 0–4 | 1.11 (1.01–1.22) | 1.24 (1.13–1.35) | 1.37 (1.19–1.58) | 1.08 (0.98–1.19) | 1.24 (1.04–1.48) | |||||
Leadership | 0–4 | 0.89 (0.82–0.96) | 0.91 (0.84–0.98) | 0.93 (0.83–1.05) | 0.86 (0.79–0.93) | 0.87 (0.75–1.01) | |||||
Self-efficacy | 1–5 | 1.07 (0.94–1.22) | 1.08 (0.96–1.22) | 1.22 (1.01–1.48) | 1.11 (0.97–1.27) | 1.08 (0.84–1.40) | |||||
Personal and lifestyle factors | |||||||||||
Age | years | 0.99 (0.99–1.00) | 0.99 (0.99–1.00) | 1.03 (1.02–1.03) | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | 1.03 (1.02–1.05) | |||||
BMI | points | 1.01 (0.99–1.02) | 1.01 (0.99–1.02) | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) | 1.09 (1.07–1.11) | |||||
Number of children | 1.00 (0.95–1.06) | 0.98 (0.93–1.03) | 0.83 (0.76–0.91) | 0.96 (0.90–1.02) | 0.76 (0.67–0.86) | ||||||
Personal recovery time | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.93 | 0.004 | 0.39 | ||||||
≥ 3 h /day | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
1–2 h/day | 1.09 (0.94–1.27) | 1.22 (1.05–1.41) | 0.99 (0.80–1.22) | 1.21 (1.03–1.43) | 1.09 (0.83–1.42) | ||||||
< 1 h/day | 1.32 (1.11–1.56) | 1.37 (1.16–1.62) | 0.96 (0.74–1.23) | 1.37 (1.14–1.65) | 0.88 (0.63–1.24) | ||||||
Domestic work | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.58 | 0.11 | 0.90 | ||||||
0–10 h/week | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
11–20 h/week | 1.17 (1.02–1.35) | 1.07 (0.94–1.23) | 0.91 (0.75–1.11) | 1.15 (0.99–1.33) | 0.95 (0.74–1.23) | ||||||
≥ 21 h/week | 1.26 (1.07–1.47) | 1.20 (1.04–1.39) | 0.91 (0.72–1.15) | 1.16 (0.99–1.38) | 0.94 (0.70–1.26) | ||||||
Physical exercise | 0.33 | 0.84 | 0.18 | 0.28 | 0.52 | ||||||
Twice a week or more | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Once a week | 1.04 (0.88–1.24) | 0.97 (0.82–1.14) | 0.77 (0.58–1.02) | 1.03 (0.86–1.24) | 0.99 (0.71–1.38) | ||||||
Occasionally or never | 1.13 (0.96–1.34) | 1.03 (0.88–1.21) | 1.01 (0.78–1.30) | 1.15 (0.97–1.37) | 1.19 (0.87–1.63) | ||||||
Smoking habits | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.001 | 0.04 | 0.004 | ||||||
Have never smoked | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Former smoker | 1.07 (0.94–1.22) | 1.03 (0.91–1.17) | 1.28 (1.07–1.55) | 1.11 (0.97–1.28) | 1.47 (1.16–1.87) | ||||||
Smoking, but not daily | 1.28 (0.98–1.66) | 0.98 (0.73–1.32) | 0.82 (0.47–1.41) | 1.26 (0.95–1.67) | 0.92 (0.47 (1.79) | ||||||
Daily smoker | 1.26 (0.99–1.60) | 1.36 (1.12–1.66) | 1.73 (1.27–2.35) | 1.35 (1.06–1.72) | 1.66 (1.08–2.56) |
Final multivariable models
Neck (N = 1424) | Shoulders (N = 1419) | Hands (N = 1431) | Lower back (N = 1406) | Feet (N = 1440) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Scale |
p
| PR (CI 95 %) | p | PR (CI 95 %) |
p
| PR (CI 95 %) |
p
| PR (CI 95 %) |
p
| PR (CI 95 %) | |
Physical workload | |||||||||||
MEI | 11–33 | <0.001 | 1.07 (1.05–1.10) | <0.001 | 1.05 (1.03–1.06) | 0.001 | 1.04 (1.02–1.07) | <0.001 | 1.03 (1.02–1.05) | ||
PHYI | 7–21 | <0.001 | 0.96 (0.93–0.98) | <0.001 | 1.09 (1.05–1.12) | ||||||
Computer workstation arrangements | 0.03 | 0.03 | |||||||||
Satisfied | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Neutral | 1.08 (0.93–1.26) | 1.15 (0.99–1.32) | |||||||||
Dissatisfied | 1.23 (1.05–1.43) | 1.22 (1.05–1.41) | |||||||||
Psychosocial factors | |||||||||||
Job demands | 1–4 | 0.008 | 1.26 (1.06–1.49) | 0.003 | 1.24 (1.07–1.43) | 0.002 | 1.40 (1.13–1.74) | <0.001 | 1.46 (1.24–1.71) | 0.03 | 1.35 (1.03–1.79) |
Job control | 1–4 | <0.001 | 0.51 (0.40–0.66) | 0.04 | 0.83 (0.70–0.99) | 0.05 | 0.72 (0.52–1.00) | ||||
Emotional demands | 0–4 | 0.04 | 1.10 (1.00–1.20) | ||||||||
Sensory demands | 0–4 | 0.07 | 0.90 (0.81–1.01) | 0.06 | 0.89 (0.80–1.00) | ||||||
Personal and lifestyle factors | |||||||||||
Age | years | 0.05 | 0.99 (0.99–1.00) | <0.001 | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | <0.001 | 1.03 (1.01–1.04) | ||||
BMI | points | 0.06 | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) | 0.06 | 1.02 (1.00–1.03) | <0.001 | 1.08 (1.06–1.10) | ||||
Number of children | 0.05 | 0.90 (0.82–1.00) | 0.04 | 0.93 (0.88–1.00) | 0.05 | 0.87 (0.75–1.00) | |||||
Personal recovery time | 0.02 | 0.04 | |||||||||
≥ 3 h /day | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
1–2 h/day | 1.24 (1.06–1.45) | 1.15 (0.97–1.36) | |||||||||
< 1 h/day | 1.25 (1.05–1.49) | 1.29 (1.06–1.58) |
Sensory demands | Low PHYI | High PHYI | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MEI | N | % | N | % | ||
Low sensory demands | Low MEI | 350 | 36 | 116 | 34 | |
High MEI | 68 | 41 | 143 | 44 | ||
High sensory demands | Low MEI | 150 | 31 | 91 | 36 | |
High MEI | 162 | 53 | 374 | 44 |