1 Background
Typical atrial flutter (AFL) is a macro-reentrant tachycardia with a circuit within the right atrium involving the cavo-tricuspid isthmus (CTI) as the critical isthmus. In patients with AFL, the use of anti-arrhythmic drugs (AADs) to maintain sinus rhythm has limited success [1]. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of the CTI has a very high acute success rate and is often used as first line treatment. However, as many as half of these patients go on to develop atrial fibrillation (AF) during follow-up [2, 3]. The elevated risk of AF among patients with AFL indicates the presence of shared underlying disease processes that remain unchanged with only CTI ablation. In fact, there is evidence to suggest that pulmonary vein (PV) ectopy is a common initiating trigger for both arrhythmias [4, 5].
Previous studies have demonstrated the benefit of a combined pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) and CTI ablation approach among patients with AFL [6‐8]. A small single centre study even showed the efficacy of standalone PVI in patients with typical AFL compared with AADs or CTI ablation [1]. Despite this, CTI ablation has remained the preferred option for patients with typical AFL, partly because of the perceived complexity of traditional PVI with RFA, and the high possibility of requiring multiple procedures to achieve durable PVI [1]. As such, in spite of the recognition that CTI ablation often represents only a short-term or partial solution, it continues to be the recommended, first-line treatment approach for symptomatic, recurrent, typical AFL [9, 10].
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In recent years, cryoballoon ablation has been developed for AF [11] and has been shown to be non-inferior to RFA in terms of efficacy and safety profile [12]. Cryoballoon ablation is also associated with a shorter learning curve, with more reproducible results across operators and shorter procedure times than RFA, while ensuring a high probability of creating durable PVI [13]. However, the use of cryoballoon PVI only in patients with typical AFL and no prior documentation of AF has not been studied.
2 Methods
2.1 Primary endpoint and hypothesis
The primary hypothesis of the CRAFT study is that cryoballoon PVI is superior to CTI ablation as first-line treatment for typical AFL in terms of recurrence of all atrial arrhythmias; it offers the prospect of more complete arrhythmia elimination with a single procedure, while resulting in no increase in procedural risk, or in-catheter laboratory resource utilisation. The primary endpoint is defined as time to first recurrence of sustained (> 30 s) symptomatic atrial arrhythmia, including AF, AFL and atrial tachycardia (AT), following a blanking period of 4 weeks as assessed by implantable loop recorder (ILR) data.
2.2 Secondary endpoints
Key secondary endpoints include (1) time to first episode of AF lasting ≥ 2 min, (2) total AF burden at 12 months, (3) time to recurrence of AFL or AT, (4) procedural and fluoroscopy times and radiation dose and (5) quality of life (QoL) changes at 12 months compared with baseline.
2.3 Safety analysis
The primary safety endpoint is the composite of death, stroke/transient ischaemic attack, cardiac tamponade requiring drainage, atrio-oesophageal fistula, requirement for a permanent pacemaker, serious vascular complications requiring intervention or delaying discharge and persistent phrenic nerve palsy lasting > 24 h. A list of possible procedure-related adverse events is shown in Table 1. A definition of terms is provided in Supplemental Material.
Table 1
Procedure-related adverse events
Air embolism | |
Atrio-oesophageal perforation or fistula | |
Atrio-septal defect | |
Atrioventricular node damage | |
Bleedings events, including groin haematoma | |
Cardiac or coronary artery perforation | |
Death | |
Dysphagia | |
Major vascular complication | |
Myocardial infarction | |
Need for unplanned cardiac or vascular surgery | |
Pericardial effusion | |
Pericarditis | |
Persistent or sustained cardiac arrhythmia | |
Phrenic nerve paralysis | |
Pulmonary vein stenosis | |
Site infection from loop recorder insertion | |
Stroke or transient ischaemic attack |
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2.4 Study design
CRAFT study is an international, prospective, randomized, open with blinded assessment, multicentre superiority study being performed at 12 sites in the UK and Switzerland. The study is funded by Medtronic Saarl Ltd., but the investigators are solely responsible for the study design and conduct, data collection and analyses, manuscript writing and decision to publish. The study has been approved by the ethical review committees at each site. The trial is being conducted in accordance with the principles of Good Clinical Practice and the Declaration of Helsinki. Block randomisation is used to allocate participants in a 1:1 ratio to either:
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‘Conventional’ treatment with radiofrequency CTI ablation, OR
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‘Novel’ treatment with cryoballoon PVI
2.5 Participants
The study population consists of patients with persistent AFL in whom the flutter morphology on standard 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) is felt to be compatible with typical, CTI-dependent-AFL. Any documentation of previous AF automatically excludes the patient from the study. At minimum, patients were required to have an ambulatory cardiac monitoring or ECGs recorded on at least 3 different dates to exclude AF. Other key exclusion criteria include flutter diagnosed solely on ambulatory Holter, suspected left atrial AFL, prior CTI ablation or PVI, severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction (left ventricular ejection fraction < 30%) and morbid obesity (body mass index ≥ 40). A full list of exclusion criteria is provided in the Supplemental Material. A signed, informed consent form is obtained from every participant prior to randomisation.
2.6 Interventions
Ultrasound-guided vascular access and fluoroscopy guidance are recommended for all cases. For participants presenting to the catheter laboratory in AFL, entrainment is performed from the proximal and distal poles of a catheter situated within the coronary sinus, and CTI to confirm the diagnosis of CTI-dependent AFL. Participants found to have non-CTI-dependent AFL or AF at the time of the procedure will be excluded from undergoing the allocated intervention they have been randomised to. Instead, the investigators will be free to offer them ablation treatment appropriate to their arrhythmia.
2.6.1 Radiofrequency CTI ablation
In the control arm, the choice of ablation catheter, settings and overall strategy is at the discretion of individual operators. Using fluoroscopy only, the aim is to achieve bidirectional conduction block across the CTI that persists for at least 15 min following the last radiofrequency application, as has previously been described [14, 15].
2.6.2 Cryoballoon PVI
A single trans-septal puncture is performed. Routine administration of heparin is used with a target activated clotting time of > 250. The Arctic Front Advance cryoballoon (Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, USA) and Achieve Advance Mapping catheter (Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, USA) are employed for all cases. The aim is to achieve a single 180-s ‘effective’ freeze for each pulmonary vein. A freeze is considered ‘effective’ if either of these criteria is met:
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Time to PVI < 60 s if PV signals are discernible on any pole(s) of the Achieve Advance Mapping catheter, OR
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If PV signals not discernible on any pole(s) of the Achieve Advance Mapping catheter, lowering of balloon temperature below − 40 °C at 60 s
In the event that an effective freeze is not achieved at 60 s, the freeze is terminated, and further ablation attempts are made with a better contrast seal. No ‘bonus’ freeze is routinely applied for any PV once an effective freeze has been delivered. In the case of 2 unsuccessful attempts to achieve an effective freeze for any PV, a 240-s freeze is delivered to the vein, followed by an additional 180-s freeze if PVI is not achieved by the former. Failure to achieve PVI with this maximum of 4 freezes is not pursued with further ablation attempts. Targeted treatment of non-PV triggers or use of focal RF catheter as an adjunct is not allowed by the protocol.
Prior to removal of the left atrial catheters, an assessment of each PV is undertaken with the Achieve Advance Mapping catheter. If spontaneous PV reconnection is identified, cryoballoon application is repeated, where required. Participants in persistent AFL will be cardioverted at the end of the procedure. Protamine administration is allowed prior to sheath removal.
2.6.3 Implantable loop recorder
The Reveal LINQ (Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, USA) is implanted according to the manufacturer’s instructions during the ablation procedure. The programmed algorithm for arrhythmia detection is shown in Table 2.
Table 2
Algorithm for programming LINQ devices
Parameter | Settings |
|---|---|
Reason for monitoring | Suspected AF |
Detection | |
Tachy | On |
Interval rate | 146 bpm |
Duration | 12 beats |
Brady | On |
Interval rate | 30 bpm |
Duration | 4 beats |
Pauses | On |
Duration | 3 s |
AT/AF detection | AF only |
Sensitivity | Less sensitive (nominal) |
Ectopy rejection | Nominal |
AT/AF recording threshold | All episodes |
2.7 Follow-up
The study ‘blanking period’ is defined as the initial 4 weeks following ablation. All AADs are discontinued after this period. Cross-overs are not permitted in the blanking period, with the exception of recurrent AFL with 1:1 atrio-ventricular conduction that is resistant to rate control measures. The use of oral anticoagulation is mandated for a minimum of 2 months and subsequently according to individual stroke risk as assessed by the CHA2DS2-VASc score. Participants are provided with a symptom diary and asked to transmit monthly ECG recordings from their loop recorder. In addition, participants are instructed to record and transmit ECG recordings following arrhythmia-related symptoms. Transmitted data are reviewed regularly by cardiac physiologists who are blinded to the randomisation status. The follow-up duration is 12 months, with planned study visits at 3 and 12 months, when quality of life assessments are performed with the validated EuroQoL EQ-5D-5L questionnaire. Recurrent atrial arrhythmias are treated at the discretion of the responsible clinician. Clinical events will be adjudicated by a panel of cardiologists, who will be blinded to treatment allocation.
2.8 Sample size calculation
In the PReVENT AF study, incidence of AF following CTI ablation for typical AFL was reported in 52% of participants at 12 months follow-up using an ILR [7]. In a meta-analysis by Maskoun et al., the incidence of AF in a similar patient cohort was 45% over a follow-up period of 16 months [16]. However, this included studies with any form of ambulatory ECG monitoring lasting > 7 days. Based on these data, a 50% incidence of atrial arrhythmias following CTI ablation for typical AFL at 12 months is assumed. We anticipate that cryoballoon PVI will reduce the risk of atrial arrhythmias to 25%. Therefore, with an alpha value of 0.05 and power of 80%, the number of participants required to detect a significant difference for a two-sided test is estimated at 58 per group. To cope with a potential loss to follow-up of 11%, a minimum of 130 subjects will be enrolled in the study.
2.9 Funding and sponsorship
CRAFT is funded by Medtronic International Trading Sarl as part of an Investigator Sponsored Study programme (Grant AF-3908) and is sponsored by Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (UK sites) and University Hospital Basel (Swiss sites).
3 Discussion
The CRAFT study is the first randomised controlled trial that compares cryoballoon PVI to radiofrequency CTI ablation for typical AFL. At present, the mode of treatment for symptomatic, recurrent, typical AFL by radiofrequency CTI ablation fails to address the PVs as potential initiating triggers of atrial arrhythmias [4, 5, 17, 18]. Despite evidence to demonstrate better clinical outcomes in terms of arrhythmia-free survival among such patients treated with additional PVI (Table 3), there has been limited uptake with this approach.
Table 3
Randomised controlled trials on the role of PVI in isolated AFL
Study | n | Ablation strategy | Cardiac monitoring | Follow-up period | Incidence of atrial arrhythmias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Navarette [6] | 48 | CTI vs CTI + PVI | 48-h Holter | 16 months | 56% vs 13% |
PReVENT AF [7] | 50 | CTI vs CTI + PVI | ILR | 12 months | 52% vs 12% |
REDUCE AF [8] | 216 | CTI vs CTI + PVI | ILR, event recorder or 7-day Holter | 18 months | 40% vs 29% |
Triple A* [1] | 43 | CTI vs PVI | ILR | 17 months | 61% vs 10% |
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Navarrete et al. found that combined CTI ablation and pulmonary vein isolation in patients with typical AFL was associated with a significant improvement in freedom from atrial arrhythmias over a follow-up duration of 16 months compared with CTI ablation alone (56% vs 13%) [6]. Similar findings were reported in PReVENT AF Study I, which was a prospective, single-blind, randomised controlled trial [7]. However, in REDUCE AF, the addition of PVI in patients who underwent CTI ablation for typical AFL only resulted in a significantly lower rate of AF or atrial tachycardia recurrence among those aged > 55 years [8].
The Triple A study has previously demonstrated superiority of standalone PVI over CTI ablation in patients with isolated AFL [1]. However, the limitations of this study include the single-centre study design, small sample size and need for repeat ablation procedures in more than a third of patients in the PVI arm to achieve durable PVI, likely because of the use of RF catheters without contact force measurement capability. However, with the rapidly expanding field of cryoballoon PVI which allows more efficient and durable lesion formation in the PVs, there is a need to evaluate the use of this technology in typical AFL.
4 Conclusion
The CRAFT study is an international, multicentre, randomised study comparing clinical outcomes with 2 different approaches to typical AFL—cryoballoon PVI versus radiofrequency CTI ablation. It will increase our understanding of the role of PV triggers in AFL and provide data on whether cryoballoon PVI could be used as an alternative to radiofrequency CTI ablation as a first-line treatment for typical AFL.
Acknowledgements
We would like to acknowledge Prof Rodney Stables, Chair, British Heart Foundation Clinical Research Collaborative, for his invaluable help in designing the trial and providing research governance oversight.
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Compliance with ethical standards
Conflict of interest
WYD, EW, LT, MT, GH, CM, KR, MB, IPT, ZC, RB, CR, NC and SM have no relevant disclosures to declare. MD has received fellowship funding from Biosense and speaker fees from Boston-Scientific. For work outside the submitted study, TR has received research grants from the Goldschmidt-Jacobson Foundation, the Swiss National Science Foundation, the Swiss Heart Foundation, the European Union (Eurostars 9799–ALVALE), the Professor Max Cloëtta Foundation, the Cardiovascular Research Foundation Basel, the University of Basel and the University Hospital Basel; speaker/consulting honoraria or travel support from Abbott/SJM, Astra Zeneca, Brahms, Bayer, Biosense-Webster, Biotronik, Boston-Scientific, Daiichi Sankyo, Medtronic, Pfizer-BMS and Roche; and support for his institution’s fellowship programme from Abbott/SJM, Biosense-Webster, Biotronik, Boston-Scientific and Medtronic. CS reports grants and lecture fees from Biosense Webster and Medtronic and served as a proctor for Biosense Webster and Medtronic. DG is a speaker for Bayer, BMS/Pfizer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi-Sankyo, Medtronic, Biosense Webster and Boston Scientific; proctor for Abbott and has received research grants from Medtronic, Biosense Webster and Boston Scientific.
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