Skip to main content
Erschienen in: World Journal of Surgery 1/2005

01.01.2005 | Clinical Review

Current and Future Concepts of Abdominal Sepsis

verfasst von: Klaus Emmanuel, M.D., Heike Weighardt, Ph.D., Holger Bartels, M.D., Jorg-Rudiger Siewert, M.D., Bernhard Holzmann, M.D.

Erschienen in: World Journal of Surgery | Ausgabe 1/2005

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Excerpt

Severe sepsis is still a major cause of postoperative morbidity and mortality after abdominal surgery. Despite recent progress in understanding the immune conditions of abdominal sepsis, there is a high postoperative incidence (9-12%) and lethality (42-80%) caused by septic complications after major visceral surgery. Therefore, many aspects of the pathophysiology and immunology of sepsis need further elucidation. In particular, a number of studies have of investigated clinical and immunologic parameters to determine the risk of the development and lethal outcome of postoperative abdominal infection. …
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Goris, RA, te Boekhorst, TP, Nuytinck, JK, et al. 1985Multiple-organ failure: generalized autodestructive inflammation? ArchSurg.12011091985 Goris, RA, te Boekhorst, TP, Nuytinck, JK,  et al. 1985Multiple-organ failure: generalized autodestructive inflammation? ArchSurg.12011091985
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Marshall, JC, Sweeney, D 1990Microbial infection and the septic response in critical illnessArch. Surg.12517 Marshall, JC, Sweeney, D 1990Microbial infection and the septic response in critical illnessArch. Surg.12517
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Wittmanm, DH 1990Symposium of intra-abdominal infections: introductionWorld J. Surg.14145 Wittmanm, DH 1990Symposium of intra-abdominal infections: introductionWorld J. Surg.14145
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Wittmann, DH, Schein, M, Condon, RE 1996Management of secondary peritonitisAnn. Surg.22410 Wittmann, DH, Schein, M, Condon, RE 1996Management of secondary peritonitisAnn. Surg.22410
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Witmann, DH, Walker, AP 1993Peritonitis, intra-abdominal infection, and intra-abdominal abscessSchwartz, SIShies, GTSpencer, FC eds. Principles of SurgeryMcGraw-HillNew York14491484 Witmann, DH, Walker, AP 1993Peritonitis, intra-abdominal infection, and intra-abdominal abscessSchwartz, SIShies, GTSpencer, FC eds. Principles of SurgeryMcGraw-HillNew York14491484
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Rotstein, OD, Meakinsi, JL 1990Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges of intraabdominal infectionsWorld J. Surg.14159 Rotstein, OD, Meakinsi, JL 1990Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges of intraabdominal infectionsWorld J. Surg.14159
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Rotstein, OD, Simmonsy, RL 1994Peritonitis and intraabdominal abscessBarie, PSShires, GT eds. Surgical Intensive CareLittle BrownBoston10431063 Rotstein, OD, Simmonsy, RL 1994Peritonitis and intraabdominal abscessBarie, PSShires, GT eds. Surgical Intensive CareLittle BrownBoston10431063
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Eichacker, PQ, Parent, C, Kalil, A, et al. 2002Risk and the efficacy of antiinflammatory agents: retrospective and confirmatory studies of sepsisAm. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.1661197 Eichacker, PQ, Parent, C, Kalil, A,  et al. 2002Risk and the efficacy of antiinflammatory agents: retrospective and confirmatory studies of sepsisAm. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.1661197
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Marshall, JC, Innes, M 2003Intensive care unit management of intra-abdominal infectionCrit. Care Med.312228 Marshall, JC, Innes, M 2003Intensive care unit management of intra-abdominal infectionCrit. Care Med.312228
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Hotchkiss, RS, Karl, IE 2003The pathophysiology and treatment of sepsisN. Engl. J. Med.348138 Hotchkiss, RS, Karl, IE 2003The pathophysiology and treatment of sepsisN. Engl. J. Med.348138
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Lamme, B, Boermeestey, MA, Reitsma, JB, et al. 2002Meta-analysis of relaparotomy for secondary peritonitisBr. J. Surg.891516CrossRef Lamme, B, Boermeestey, MA, Reitsma, JB,  et al. 2002Meta-analysis of relaparotomy for secondary peritonitisBr. J. Surg.891516CrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Hutchins, RR, Gunning, MP, Lucas, DN, et al. 2004Relaparotomy for suspected intraperitoneal sepsis after abdominal surgeryWorld J. Surg.28137 Hutchins, RR, Gunning, MP, Lucas, DN,  et al. 2004Relaparotomy for suspected intraperitoneal sepsis after abdominal surgeryWorld J. Surg.28137
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Adkins, AL, Robbins, J, Villalba, M, et al. 2004Open abdomen management of intra-abdominal sepsisAm. Surg.70137 Adkins, AL, Robbins, J, Villalba, M,  et al. 2004Open abdomen management of intra-abdominal sepsisAm. Surg.70137
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Bohnen, J, Boulanger, M, Meakins, JL, et al. 1983Prognosis in generalized peritonitis: relation to cause and risk factorsArch. Surg.118285 Bohnen, J, Boulanger, M, Meakins, JL,  et al. 1983Prognosis in generalized peritonitis: relation to cause and risk factorsArch. Surg.118285
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Meakins, L, Solomkin, JS, Allo, MD 1984Proposed classification of intra-abdominal infectionsArch. Surg.1191372 Meakins, L, Solomkin, JS, Allo, MD 1984Proposed classification of intra-abdominal infectionsArch. Surg.1191372
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Dellinger, EP, Wertz, MJ, Meakins, JL 1985Surgical infection stratification system for intra-abdominal infectionArch. Surg.12021 Dellinger, EP, Wertz, MJ, Meakins, JL 1985Surgical infection stratification system for intra-abdominal infectionArch. Surg.12021
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Knaus, WA, Draper, EA, Wagner, DP, et al. 1985APACHE II: a severity of disease classification systemCrit. Care Med.13818 Knaus, WA, Draper, EA, Wagner, DP,  et al. 1985APACHE II: a severity of disease classification systemCrit. Care Med.13818
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Nystrom, PO, Bax, R, Dellinger, EP 1990Proposed definitions for diagnosis, severity scoring, stratifications, and outcome for trials on intra-abdominal infectionWorld J. Surg.14148 Nystrom, PO, Bax, R, Dellinger, EP 1990Proposed definitions for diagnosis, severity scoring, stratifications, and outcome for trials on intra-abdominal infectionWorld J. Surg.14148
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Emmanuilidis, K, Weighardt, H, Matevossian, E, et al. 2002Differential regulation of systemic IL-18 and IL-12 release during postoperative sepsis: high serum IL-18 as an early predictive indicator of lethal outcomeShock18301 Emmanuilidis, K, Weighardt, H, Matevossian, E,  et al. 2002Differential regulation of systemic IL-18 and IL-12 release during postoperative sepsis: high serum IL-18 as an early predictive indicator of lethal outcomeShock18301
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Bartels, H 2002Akutes Abdomen aus intensivmedizinischer SichtChir. Gastroenterol.18260 Bartels, H 2002Akutes Abdomen aus intensivmedizinischer SichtChir. Gastroenterol.18260
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Bartels, H, Bathlen, W, Stadler, J 1995Therapieaspekte bei septischen AbdominalerkrankungenChir. Gastroenterol.119 Bartels, H, Bathlen, W, Stadler, J 1995Therapieaspekte bei septischen AbdominalerkrankungenChir. Gastroenterol.119
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Heagy, W, Hansen, C, Niemann, K 2000Impaired ex vivo lipopolysaccharide-stimulated whole blood tumor necrosis factor production may identify “septic” intensive care unit patientsShock14271PubMed Heagy, W, Hansen, C, Niemann, K 2000Impaired ex vivo lipopolysaccharide-stimulated whole blood tumor necrosis factor production may identify “septic” intensive care unit patientsShock14271PubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Schein, M 1992Management of severe intra-abdominal infectionSurg. Ann.2447 Schein, M 1992Management of severe intra-abdominal infectionSurg. Ann.2447
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Schein, M, Saadia, R 1988Intraoperative peritoneal lavageSurg. Gynecol. Obstet.166187 Schein, M, Saadia, R 1988Intraoperative peritoneal lavageSurg. Gynecol. Obstet.166187
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Schein, M, Cecelter, G, Freinkel, W, et al. 1990Peritonel lavage in abdominal sepsis: a controlled clinical studyArch. Surg.1251132 Schein, M, Cecelter, G, Freinkel, W,  et al. 1990Peritonel lavage in abdominal sepsis: a controlled clinical studyArch. Surg.1251132
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Farthmann, EH, Schoffel, U 1990Principles and limitations of operative management of intra-abdominal infectionsWorld J. Surg.14210 Farthmann, EH, Schoffel, U 1990Principles and limitations of operative management of intra-abdominal infectionsWorld J. Surg.14210
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Heidecke, CD, Hensler, T, Weighardt, H, et al. 1999Selective defects of T lymphocyte function in patients with lethal intraabdominal infectionAm. J. Surg.178288 Heidecke, CD, Hensler, T, Weighardt, H,  et al. 1999Selective defects of T lymphocyte function in patients with lethal intraabdominal infectionAm. J. Surg.178288
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Schein, M, Wittmann, DH, Aprahamian, C, et al. 1995Abdominal compartment syndrome: the physiological and clinical consequences of elevated intra-abdominal pressureJ. Am. Coll. Surg.180745 Schein, M, Wittmann, DH, Aprahamian, C,  et al. 1995Abdominal compartment syndrome: the physiological and clinical consequences of elevated intra-abdominal pressureJ. Am. Coll. Surg.180745
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Steinberg, D 1979On leaving the peritoneal cavity open in acute generalized suppurative peritonitisAm. J. Surg.137216CrossRef Steinberg, D 1979On leaving the peritoneal cavity open in acute generalized suppurative peritonitisAm. J. Surg.137216CrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Schein, M, Saadia, R, Decker, GG 1986The open management of the septic abdomenSurg. Gynecol. Obstet.163587 Schein, M, Saadia, R, Decker, GG 1986The open management of the septic abdomenSurg. Gynecol. Obstet.163587
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Wittmann, KDH, Aprahamian, C, Bergstein, JM 1990Etappenlavage, advanced diffuse peritonitis managed by planned multiple laparotomies utilizing zippers, slide fastener, and Velcro analogue for temporary abdominal closureWorld J. Surg.14218 Wittmann, KDH, Aprahamian, C, Bergstein, JM 1990Etappenlavage, advanced diffuse peritonitis managed by planned multiple laparotomies utilizing zippers, slide fastener, and Velcro analogue for temporary abdominal closureWorld J. Surg.14218
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Ivatury, R, Nallathambi, M, Prakaschanda, R 1989Open management of the septic abdomen: therapeutic and prognostic consideration based on APACHE IICrit. Care Med.17511 Ivatury, R, Nallathambi, M, Prakaschanda, R 1989Open management of the septic abdomen: therapeutic and prognostic consideration based on APACHE IICrit. Care Med.17511
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Levy, E, Palmer, D, Frileux, P 1988Septic necrosis of the midline wound in postoperative peritonitisAnn. Surg.207470 Levy, E, Palmer, D, Frileux, P 1988Septic necrosis of the midline wound in postoperative peritonitisAnn. Surg.207470
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Wittmann, DH, Bansal, N, Bergstein, JM 1994Staged abdominal repair compares favorably with conventional operative therapy for intra-abdominal infections when adjusting for prognostic factors with a logistic modelTheor. Surg.9201 Wittmann, DH, Bansal, N, Bergstein, JM 1994Staged abdominal repair compares favorably with conventional operative therapy for intra-abdominal infections when adjusting for prognostic factors with a logistic modelTheor. Surg.9201
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Garcia-Sabrido, JL, Tellado, JM, Christou, NW 1988Treatment of severe intra-abdominal sepsis and/or necrotic foci by an “open abdomen” approachArch. Surg.123152 Garcia-Sabrido, JL, Tellado, JM, Christou, NW 1988Treatment of severe intra-abdominal sepsis and/or necrotic foci by an “open abdomen” approachArch. Surg.123152
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Kinney, EV, Polk, HC 1987Open treatment of peritonitis: an argument againstAdv. Surg.2119 Kinney, EV, Polk, HC 1987Open treatment of peritonitis: an argument againstAdv. Surg.2119
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Christou, NV, Barie, PS, Dellinger, EP 1993Surgical Infection Society intra-abdominal infection study: prospective evaluation of management techniques and outcomeArch. Surg.128193 Christou, NV, Barie, PS, Dellinger, EP 1993Surgical Infection Society intra-abdominal infection study: prospective evaluation of management techniques and outcomeArch. Surg.128193
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Bosscha, K, Vroonhoven, TJ, Werken, C 1999Surgical management of severe secondary peritonitisBr. J. Surg.861371 Bosscha, K, Vroonhoven, TJ, Werken, C 1999Surgical management of severe secondary peritonitisBr. J. Surg.861371
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Goor, H 1997Surgical treatment of severe intra-abdominal infectionHepatogastroenterology44975 Goor, H 1997Surgical treatment of severe intra-abdominal infectionHepatogastroenterology44975
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Mulier, S, Penninckx, F, Verwaest, C, et al. 2003Factors affecting mortality in generalized postoperative peritonitis: multivariate analysis in 96 patientsWorld J. Surg.27379 Mulier, S, Penninckx, F, Verwaest, C,  et al. 2003Factors affecting mortality in generalized postoperative peritonitis: multivariate analysis in 96 patientsWorld J. Surg.27379
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Sauter, T, Gotzinger, P, Redl-Wenzl, E-M, et al. 1997Does reoperation for abdominal sepsis enhance the inflammatory host response?Arch. J. Surg.132250 Sauter, T, Gotzinger, P, Redl-Wenzl, E-M,  et al. 1997Does reoperation for abdominal sepsis enhance the inflammatory host response?Arch. J. Surg.132250
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Weighardt, H, Heidecke, CD, Westerholt, A, et al. 2002Impaired monocyte IL-12 production before surgery as a predictive factor for the lethal outcome of postoperative sepsisAnn. Surg.4560 Weighardt, H, Heidecke, CD, Westerholt, A,  et al. 2002Impaired monocyte IL-12 production before surgery as a predictive factor for the lethal outcome of postoperative sepsisAnn. Surg.4560
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Majetschak, M, Flohe, S, Obertacke, U, et al. 1999Relation of a TNF gene polymorphism to severe sepsis in trauma patientsAnn. Surg.230207 Majetschak, M, Flohe, S, Obertacke, U,  et al. 1999Relation of a TNF gene polymorphism to severe sepsis in trauma patientsAnn. Surg.230207
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Kahlke, V, Schafmayer, C, Schniewind, B, et al. 2004Are postoperative complications genetically determined by TNF-? Ncol gene polymorphism?Surgery135365 Kahlke, V, Schafmayer, C, Schniewind, B,  et al. 2004Are postoperative complications genetically determined by TNF-? Ncol gene polymorphism?Surgery135365
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Riese, J, Woerner, K, Zimmermann, P, et al. 2003Association of a TNFbeta gene polymorphism with complications after major abdominal operationsShock191 Riese, J, Woerner, K, Zimmermann, P,  et al. 2003Association of a TNFbeta gene polymorphism with complications after major abdominal operationsShock191
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Fang, XM, Schroder, S, Hoeft, A, et al. 1999Comparison of two polymorphisms of the interleukin-1 gene family: interleukin-1 receptor antagonist polymorphism contributes to susceptibility to severe sepsisCrit. Care Med.271330 Fang, XM, Schroder, S, Hoeft, A,  et al. 1999Comparison of two polymorphisms of the interleukin-1 gene family: interleukin-1 receptor antagonist polymorphism contributes to susceptibility to severe sepsisCrit. Care Med.271330
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Arnalich, F, Garcia-Palomero, E, Lopez, J, et al. 2000Predictive value of nuclear factor kappaB activity and plasma cytokine levels in patients with sepsisInfect. Immun.681942 Arnalich, F, Garcia-Palomero, E, Lopez, J,  et al. 2000Predictive value of nuclear factor kappaB activity and plasma cytokine levels in patients with sepsisInfect. Immun.681942
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Hensler, T, Heidecke, CD, Hecker, H, et al. 1998Increased susceptibility to postoperative sepsis in patients with impaired monocyte IL-12 productionJ. Immunol.1612655 Hensler, T, Heidecke, CD, Hecker, H,  et al. 1998Increased susceptibility to postoperative sepsis in patients with impaired monocyte IL-12 productionJ. Immunol.1612655
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Mira, JP, Cariou, A, Grall, F, et al. 1999Association of TNF2, a TNF-alpha promoter polymorphism, with septic shock susceptibility and mortality: a multicenter studyJAMA282561 Mira, JP, Cariou, A, Grall, F,  et al. 1999Association of TNF2, a TNF-alpha promoter polymorphism, with septic shock susceptibility and mortality: a multicenter studyJAMA282561
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Stuber, F, Petersen, M, Bokelmann, F, et al. 1996A genomic polymorphism within the tumor necrosis factor locus influences plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentrations and outcome of patients with severe sepsisCrit. Care Med.24381 Stuber, F, Petersen, M, Bokelmann, F,  et al. 1996A genomic polymorphism within the tumor necrosis factor locus influences plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentrations and outcome of patients with severe sepsisCrit. Care Med.24381
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Guillou, PJ 1993Biological variation in the development of sepsis after surgery or traumaSurgery342217 Guillou, PJ 1993Biological variation in the development of sepsis after surgery or traumaSurgery342217
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Faist, E 1996The mechanisms of host defense dysfunction following shock and traumaRietschel, ETWagner, H eds. Pathology of Septic ShockSpringer-VerlagHeidelberg259274 Faist, E 1996The mechanisms of host defense dysfunction following shock and traumaRietschel, ETWagner, H eds. Pathology of Septic ShockSpringer-VerlagHeidelberg259274
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Windsor, AC, Klava, A, Somers, SS, et al. 1995Manipulation of local and systemic host defense in the prevention of perioperative sepsisBr. J. Surg.821460 Windsor, AC, Klava, A, Somers, SS,  et al. 1995Manipulation of local and systemic host defense in the prevention of perioperative sepsisBr. J. Surg.821460
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Hensler, T, Hecker, H, Heeg, K, et al. 1997Distinct mechanisms of immunosuppression as a consequence of major surgeryInt. Immunol.652283 Hensler, T, Hecker, H, Heeg, K,  et al. 1997Distinct mechanisms of immunosuppression as a consequence of major surgeryInt. Immunol.652283
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Brune, IB, Wilke, W, Hensler, T, et al. 1999Down-regulation of Th1 immune response and altered pro- and anti-inflammatory T cell cytokine balance following conventional, but not laparoscopic, surgeryAm. J. Surg.17755 Brune, IB, Wilke, W, Hensler, T,  et al. 1999Down-regulation of Th1 immune response and altered pro- and anti-inflammatory T cell cytokine balance following conventional, but not laparoscopic, surgeryAm. J. Surg.17755
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Carlei, F, Schietroma, M, Cianca, G, et al. 1999Effects of laparoscopic and conventional (open) cholejystectomy on human leukocyte antigen-DR expression peripheral blood monocytes: correlations with immunologic statusWorld J. Surg.2318 Carlei, F, Schietroma, M, Cianca, G,  et al. 1999Effects of laparoscopic and conventional (open) cholejystectomy on human leukocyte antigen-DR expression peripheral blood monocytes: correlations with immunologic statusWorld J. Surg.2318
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Decker, D, Schondorf, M, Bidlingmaier, F, et al. 1996Surgical stress induces a shift in the type-1/type-2 T-helper cell balance, suggesting down-regulation of cell-mediated and up-regulation of antibody-mediated immunity commensurate to the traumaSurgery.119316 Decker, D, Schondorf, M, Bidlingmaier, F,  et al. 1996Surgical stress induces a shift in the type-1/type-2 T-helper cell balance, suggesting down-regulation of cell-mediated and up-regulation of antibody-mediated immunity commensurate to the traumaSurgery.119316
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Hershman, MJ, Cheadle, WG, Wellhausen, SR, et al. 1990Monocyte HLA-DR antigen expression characterizes clinical outcome in the trauma patientBr. J. Surg.77204 Hershman, MJ, Cheadle, WG, Wellhausen, SR,  et al. 1990Monocyte HLA-DR antigen expression characterizes clinical outcome in the trauma patientBr. J. Surg.77204
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Akira, S 2000The role of IL-18 in innate immunityCurr. Opin. Immunol.1259 Akira, S 2000The role of IL-18 in innate immunityCurr. Opin. Immunol.1259
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Wakefield, CH, Carey, PD, Foulds, S, et al. 1993Changes in major histocompatibility complex class II expression in monocytes and T cells of patients developing infection after surgeryBr. J. Surg.80205 Wakefield, CH, Carey, PD, Foulds, S,  et al. 1993Changes in major histocompatibility complex class II expression in monocytes and T cells of patients developing infection after surgeryBr. J. Surg.80205
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Steinhausen, ML, Hogaboam, CM, Lukacs, N, et al. 1999Multiple roles for IL-12 in a model of acute septic peritonitisJ Immunol.162543 Steinhausen, ML, Hogaboam, CM, Lukacs, N,  et al. 1999Multiple roles for IL-12 in a model of acute septic peritonitisJ Immunol.162543
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Zisman, DA, Kunkel, SL, Strieter, RM, et al. 1997Anti-interleukin-12 therapy protects mice in lethal endotoxemia but impairs clearance in murine Escherichia coli peritoneal sepsisShock8349 Zisman, DA, Kunkel, SL, Strieter, RM,  et al. 1997Anti-interleukin-12 therapy protects mice in lethal endotoxemia but impairs clearance in murine Escherichia coli peritoneal sepsisShock8349
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Fiedler, VB, Loof, I, Sander, E, et al. 1992Monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor-alpha prevents lethal endotoxin sepsis in adult rhesus monkeysJ. Lab. Clin. Med.120574 Fiedler, VB, Loof, I, Sander, E,  et al. 1992Monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor-alpha prevents lethal endotoxin sepsis in adult rhesus monkeysJ. Lab. Clin. Med.120574
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Ikuta, S, Ono, S, Kinoshita, M, et al. 2003Interleukin-18 concentration in the peritoneal fluid correlates severity of peritonitisAm. J. Surg.185550 Ikuta, S, Ono, S, Kinoshita, M,  et al. 2003Interleukin-18 concentration in the peritoneal fluid correlates severity of peritonitisAm. J. Surg.185550
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Wunder, C, Eichelbronner, O, Roewer, N 2004Are IL-6, IL-10 and PCT plasma concentrations reliable for prediction in severe sepsis? A comparison with APACHE II SAPS IIInflamm. Res.53158 Wunder, C, Eichelbronner, O, Roewer, N 2004Are IL-6, IL-10 and PCT plasma concentrations reliable for prediction in severe sepsis? A comparison with APACHE II SAPS IIInflamm. Res.53158
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Seidelin, JB, Nielsen, CH, Strom, J 2002Soluble L-selectin levels predict survival in sepsisIntensive Care Med.281613 Seidelin, JB, Nielsen, CH, Strom, J 2002Soluble L-selectin levels predict survival in sepsisIntensive Care Med.281613
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Beer, S, Weighardt, H, Emmanuilidis, K, et al. 2002Systemic neuropeptide levels as predictive indicators for lethal outcome in patients with postoperative sepsisCrit. Care Med.301794 Beer, S, Weighardt, H, Emmanuilidis, K,  et al. 2002Systemic neuropeptide levels as predictive indicators for lethal outcome in patients with postoperative sepsisCrit. Care Med.301794
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Resch, B, Gusenleitner, W, Muller, WD 2003Procalcitonin and interleukin-6 in the diagnosis of early-onset sepsis of the neonateActa. Paediatr.92243 Resch, B, Gusenleitner, W, Muller, WD 2003Procalcitonin and interleukin-6 in the diagnosis of early-onset sepsis of the neonateActa. Paediatr.92243
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Calandra, T, Bernhagen, J, Mitchell, RA, et al. 1994The macrophage is an important and previously unrecognized source of macrophage migration inhibitory factorJ. Exp. Med.791895 Calandra, T, Bernhagen, J, Mitchell, RA,  et al. 1994The macrophage is an important and previously unrecognized source of macrophage migration inhibitory factorJ. Exp. Med.791895
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Bernhagen, J, Calandra, T, Mitchell, RA, et al. 1993MIF is a pituitary-derived cytokine that potentiates lethal endotoxaemiaNature.65756 Bernhagen, J, Calandra, T, Mitchell, RA,  et al. 1993MIF is a pituitary-derived cytokine that potentiates lethal endotoxaemiaNature.65756
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Riedemann, NC, Guo, RF, Ward, PA 2003Novel strategies for the treatment of sepsisNat. Med.9517 Riedemann, NC, Guo, RF, Ward, PA 2003Novel strategies for the treatment of sepsisNat. Med.9517
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Calandra, T, Echtenacher, B, Roy, DL, et al. 2000Protection from septic shock by neutralization of macrophage migration inhibitory factor, NatMed.6164 Calandra, T, Echtenacher, B, Roy, DL,  et al. 2000Protection from septic shock by neutralization of macrophage migration inhibitory factor, NatMed.6164
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Calandra, T, Spiegel, L, Metz, CN, et al. 1998Macrophage migration inhibitory factor is a critical mediator of the activation of immune cells by exotoxins of gram-positive bacteriaProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. J. U.S.A.9511383 Calandra, T, Spiegel, L, Metz, CN,  et al. 1998Macrophage migration inhibitory factor is a critical mediator of the activation of immune cells by exotoxins of gram-positive bacteriaProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. J. U.S.A.9511383
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Buijk, SE, Bruining, HA 2004Futire directions in the management of tertiary peritonitisIntensive Care Med.281024 Buijk, SE, Bruining, HA 2004Futire directions in the management of tertiary peritonitisIntensive Care Med.281024
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Ulloa, L, Ochani, M, Yang, H, et al. 2002Ethyl pyruvate prevents lethality in mice with established lethal sepsis and systemic inflammationProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.9912351 Ulloa, L, Ochani, M, Yang, H,  et al. 2002Ethyl pyruvate prevents lethality in mice with established lethal sepsis and systemic inflammationProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.9912351
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Fiuza, C, Bustin, M, Talwar, S, et al. 2003Inflammation-promoting activity of HMGB1 on human microvascular endothelial cellsBlood1012652 Fiuza, C, Bustin, M, Talwar, S,  et al. 2003Inflammation-promoting activity of HMGB1 on human microvascular endothelial cellsBlood1012652
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Shin, HS, Snyderman, R, Friedman, E, et al. 1968Chemotactic and anaphylatoxic fragment cleaved from the fifth component of guinea pig complementScience162361 Shin, HS, Snyderman, R, Friedman, E,  et al. 1968Chemotactic and anaphylatoxic fragment cleaved from the fifth component of guinea pig complementScience162361
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Goldstein, M, Weissmann, G 1974Generation of C5-derived lysosomal enzyme-releasing activity (C5a) by lysates of leukocyte lysosomesJ. Immunol.1131583 Goldstein, M, Weissmann, G 1974Generation of C5-derived lysosomal enzyme-releasing activity (C5a) by lysates of leukocyte lysosomesJ. Immunol.1131583
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Schumacher, WA, Fantone, JC, Kunkel, SE, et al. 1991The anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a are vasodilators in the canine coronary vasculature in vitro and in vivoAgents Actions34345 Schumacher, WA, Fantone, JC, Kunkel, SE,  et al. 1991The anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a are vasodilators in the canine coronary vasculature in vitro and in vivoAgents Actions34345
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Quo, RF, Huber-Lang, M, Wang, X, et al. 2000Protective effects of anti-C5a in sepsis-induced thymocyte apoptosisJ. Clin. Invest.1061271 Quo, RF, Huber-Lang, M, Wang, X,  et al. 2000Protective effects of anti-C5a in sepsis-induced thymocyte apoptosisJ. Clin. Invest.1061271
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Riedemann, NC, Guo, RF, Laudes, IJ, et al. 2002C5a receptor and thymocyte apoptosis in sepsisF.A.S.E.B. J.16887 Riedemann, NC, Guo, RF, Laudes, IJ,  et al. 2002C5a receptor and thymocyte apoptosis in sepsisF.A.S.E.B. J.16887
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Huber-Lang, M, Sarma, VJ, Lu, KT, et al. 2001Role of C5a in multiorgan failure during sepsisJ. Immunol.661193 Huber-Lang, M, Sarma, VJ, Lu, KT,  et al. 2001Role of C5a in multiorgan failure during sepsisJ. Immunol.661193
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Czermak, BJ, Sarma, V, Pierson, CL, et al. 1999Protective effects of C5a blockade in sepsis, NatMed.5788 Czermak, BJ, Sarma, V, Pierson, CL,  et al. 1999Protective effects of C5a blockade in sepsis, NatMed.5788
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Riedemann, NC, Guo, RF, Neff, TA, et al. 2002Increased C5a receptor expression in sepsisJ. Clin. Invest.110101 Riedemann, NC, Guo, RF, Neff, TA,  et al. 2002Increased C5a receptor expression in sepsisJ. Clin. Invest.110101
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Riedemann, NC, Neff, TA, Guo, RF, et al. 2003Protective effects of IL-6 blockade in sepsis are linked to reduced C5a receptor expressionJ. Immunol.170503 Riedemann, NC, Neff, TA, Guo, RF,  et al. 2003Protective effects of IL-6 blockade in sepsis are linked to reduced C5a receptor expressionJ. Immunol.170503
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Hotchkiss, RS, Tinsley, KW, Swanson, PE, et al. 2001Sepsis-induced apoptosis causes progressive profound depletion of B and CD4+ T lymphocytes in humansJ. Immunol.666952 Hotchkiss, RS, Tinsley, KW, Swanson, PE,  et al. 2001Sepsis-induced apoptosis causes progressive profound depletion of B and CD4+ T lymphocytes in humansJ. Immunol.666952
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang, H, Bloom, O, Zhang, M, et al. 1999HMG-1 as a late mediator of endotoxin lethality in miceScience285248 Wang, H, Bloom, O, Zhang, M,  et al. 1999HMG-1 as a late mediator of endotoxin lethality in miceScience285248
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Hotchkiss, RS, Swanson, PE, Knudson, CM, et al. 1999Overexpression of Bcl-2 in transgenic mice decreases apoptosis and improves survival in sepsisJ. Immunol.1624148 Hotchkiss, RS, Swanson, PE, Knudson, CM,  et al. 1999Overexpression of Bcl-2 in transgenic mice decreases apoptosis and improves survival in sepsisJ. Immunol.1624148
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Beutler, B 2002Toll-like receptors: how they work and what they doCurr. Opin. Hematol.92 Beutler, B 2002Toll-like receptors: how they work and what they doCurr. Opin. Hematol.92
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Takeda, K, Kaisho, T, Akira, S 2003Toll-like receptorsAnnu. Rev. Immunol.21335 Takeda, K, Kaisho, T, Akira, S 2003Toll-like receptorsAnnu. Rev. Immunol.21335
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Janeway, CA, Medzhitov, R 2002Innate immune recognition, AnnuRev. Immunol.20197 Janeway, CA, Medzhitov, R 2002Innate immune recognition, AnnuRev. Immunol.20197
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Akira, S 2003Toll-like receptor signalingJ. Biol. Chem.7838105 Akira, S 2003Toll-like receptor signalingJ. Biol. Chem.7838105
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Weighardt, H, Kaiser-Moore, S, Vabulas, RM, et al. 2002Myeloid differentiation factor 88 deficiency improves resistance against sepsis caused by polymicrobial infectionJ. Immunol.692823 Weighardt, H, Kaiser-Moore, S, Vabulas, RM,  et al. 2002Myeloid differentiation factor 88 deficiency improves resistance against sepsis caused by polymicrobial infectionJ. Immunol.692823
Metadaten
Titel
Current and Future Concepts of Abdominal Sepsis
verfasst von
Klaus Emmanuel, M.D.
Heike Weighardt, Ph.D.
Holger Bartels, M.D.
Jorg-Rudiger Siewert, M.D.
Bernhard Holzmann, M.D.
Publikationsdatum
01.01.2005
Erschienen in
World Journal of Surgery / Ausgabe 1/2005
Print ISSN: 0364-2313
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-2323
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-004-7769-6

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2005

World Journal of Surgery 1/2005 Zur Ausgabe

Letters to the Editor

To the Editor

Update Chirurgie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.