Background
Extracellular vesicles
Changes in endometrium-derived EVs during the endometrial receptivity phase
The role of endometrium-derived EVs in endometrial receptivity
The role of endometrium-derived EVs in tissue remodeling
The role of endometrium-derived EVs in angiogenesis
The role of endometrium-derived EVs in immune regulation
The role of endometrium-derived EVs in antioxidant activity
The role of endometrium-derived EVs in trophoblast adhesion and invasion
The embryo-derived EVs modulate endometrial receptivity
The possible clinical utility of EVs in embryo implantation
EVs as biomarkers of endometrial receptivity
EVs as reproductive therapeutic mediators
Conclusions
Source | Markers | Contents | Function | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Endometrial epithelial cells | Alix, HSP70 TSG101, CD9, CD63 | 1: Proteins: SOD1, PRDX6, PRDX1, TMP4, PARK7 2: Protein: EMMPRIN 3: Proteins: BMPR2, DDR1, IGSF8, MST1R4 4: Proteins: COPS3, CUL3, NOTCH1, PLCG1, ADAM10 5: Proteins: CSTB, DDR1, RAB25, ST14, TXN 6: sncRNAs: miR-100-5p | 1: Enhance trophectoderm invasion 2: Stimulates metalloproteinase production 3: Epithelial cell migration 4: Embryo development 5: Cell invasion 6: Promote trophoblast migration and invasion and promote angiogenesis | [65] [75] [103] [65] |
Endometrial stromal cells | CD63 CD81 | 1: sncRNAs: miR-138-5p, miR-100-5p 2: Proteins: MMP-1/3/10, ADAM9/10/15/34, ADAMTS5/8/9/12 | 1: Induce tubercle vein endothelial cells and angiogenesis 2: Regulates embryo implantation and early pregnancy 3: Induce the release of VEGF and PDGF-AA of embryo | [102] [58] [104] |
Uterine fluid | ALIX, CD63, TSG101, CD9 | 1: RNAs: AC114491.1, AC008608.2, PMS2P5, C10orf99, NPTN-IT1, AC012358.3, ANKRD18A, GLIS2-AS1, AC011447.7, AL009174.1, C1QTNF2, TMED6, AC016355.1, AL021392.1 2: RNAs: CD200R1, FAM66B, AL391834.1, WNT9B, CECR7 3: Proteins: MPO,PRDX1/2, TXN, PARK7 4: Proteins: LGALS1, LGALS3, VIM 5: sncRNAs: hsa-miR-501-5P, hsa-miR-411-3P, hsa-miR-18a-5P, hsa-miR-196a-5P, hsa-miR-493-5P, hsa-miR-497-5P | 1: Selectively detected in women with successful implantation 2: Selectively detected in women with failed implantation 3: Regulate antioxidant activity 4: Invasion-related proteins 5: TGF-β receptor signaling pathway, Hippo signaling pathway, and immune response | [20] [65] [21] |
Trophoblast | PD-L1, CD63 CD81 CD9 PLAP MIC-A/B ULBP1-5 | 1: RNAs: HSPE1 2: sncRNAs: has-miR-23b 3: sncRNAs: hsa-miR-146a, hsa-miR-155 | 1: Regulate Treg cells 2: Inhibit the Th17 signaling 3: Regulate Treg cells | [147] [148] |
Embryo | CD9 CD63 Alix HLA-G | 1: RNAs: Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-myc, Nanog 2: Proteins: IFNT, HLA-G, PIBF | 1: Regulate the production of progesterone 2: Modulate the activity of decidual NK cells, macrophages, T cells, and B cells | [48] [148] |