Introduction
Methods
Data sources
Electronic Database | Query string |
---|---|
WoS | ((TS = ((migraine or headache) AND episodic AND chronic AND (eegEEG OR fmri OR meg OR pet OR nirs)))) |
Scopus | ( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( ( migraine OR headache) AND episodic AND chronic AND ( eeg OR fmri OR meg OR pet OR nirs))) AND DOCTYPE ( ar OR re) AND LANGUAGE ( english) |
PubMed | ("migraine"[Title/Abstract] OR "headache"[Title/Abstract]) AND "episodic"[Title/Abstract] AND "chronic"[Title/Abstract] AND ("eeg"[Title/Abstract] OR "fmri"[Title/Abstract] OR "meg"[Title/Abstract] OR "pet"[Title/Abstract] OR "nirs"[Title/Abstract]) AND 1990/01/01:3000/12/31[Date—Publication] |
Selection process
Inclusion criteria
|
English language articles published in peer-reviewed journals (original articles and reviews) or articles from trials registered in Clinicaltrials.gov |
Subjects with migraine defined with any version of the International Classification of Headache Disorders |
Use of recordings of functional neural activity using: EEG, MEG, fMRI, PET, or NIRS |
Exclusion criteria
|
No CM and/or EM groups in the study or no direct comparison between both using EEG, MEG, fMRI, PET, or NIRS |
Existence of comorbidities (e.g., epilepsy) |
Results
Study selection and characteristics
Source (DOI) | Recording modality | Population | Study design | Potential biomarker | Major findings |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pan L et al. (2022) [14] | EEG and MEG | NA | Non-systematic review article | Beta connectivity (node degree) in anterior cingulate cortex | The resting state electrophysiology (power and connectivity) can be used to detect pathological alterations in patients with migraine |
Ong J et al. (2012) [15] | EEG (from PSG) | NA | Non-systematic review article | Slow-wave sleep activity | Biobehavioral model to describe the interaction between headache, its impact on insomnia and sleep physiology, and the downstream propensity for future headache attacks |
Gomez-Pilar J et al. (2020) [16] | EEG | HC: 39 CM: 42 EM: 45 (interictal) | Spectral and nonlinear analysis during resting state recordings (eyes closed) | Relative power in high beta frequency band | Significant differences in relative power between CM and EM around high beta frequency band. Significant differences in alpha between HC and migraine patients |
Lisicki M et al. (2020) [17] | EEG | HC: 20 CM: 20 EM: 50 (30 interictal and 20 ictal) | Spectral analysis of Visual Evoked Potentials (VEPs) | Spectral power in gamma band in occipital areas during VEPs recordings | Gamma/alpha activity ratio can distinguish between CM and EM in the interictal stage. Non-significant differences were found between CM and EM during migraine attack |
Fogang Y et al. (2015) [18] | EEG | HC: 24 CM: 48 EM: 232 (61 with aura and 171 without aura) | Spectral analysis of Steady-State Visual Evoked Potentials (SSVEPs) | Photic driving power at 20 Hz during SSVEPs in occipital areas | Increased photic driving power is related to attack duration and identifies subgroups of migraine patients with different habituation of cortical visual responses |
Hsiao F et al. (2021a) [19] | MEG | HC: 65 CM: 80 EM: 70 | Connectivity analysis of resting state activity (eyes closed) | Node strength in the beta band based on imaginary coherence in the ACC | Reduced beta connectivity in the anterior cingulate cortex linked to migraine chronification |
Hsiao F et al. (2021b) [20] | MEG | CM: 37 EM: 30 | Temporal analysis of SEF recordings during interictal stage | Amplitude of SEF after treatment | Somatosensory gating responses are similarly associated with treatment outcomes in patients with CM and EM |
Wu T et al. (2018) [21] | MEG | HC: 35 CM: 15 EM: 20 (interictal) | Time–frequency analysis of emotional stimulation responses focused on M100 and M170 components | NA (authors did not find significant differences between EM and CM groups) | CM and EM have abnormal brain activity in the gamma band in response to negative emotional stimuli during interictal stage |
Chen W et al. (2012) [22] | MEG | CM: 15 EM: 10 (remitted CM) | Temporal analysis of visual evoked fields (VEF) | P100m amplitude | Visual cortex excitability is dynamically modulated (reduced) in remission from CM to EM |
Chen W et al. (2011a) [23] | MEG | HC: 24 CM: 18 EM: 39 Persistent visual aura patients: 6 | Temporal analysis of visual evoked fields (VEF) | NA (authors did not find significant differences between EM and CM groups) | Patients with persistent visual aura maintains a steady-state hyperexcitability without significant dynamic modulation |
Chen W et al. (2011b) 24[] | MEG | HC: 32 CM: 25 EM: 38 (29 interictal and 9 ictal) | Temporal analysis of visual evoked fields (VEF) | P100m amplitude | Different underlying mechanisms for interictal excitability of CM (hyperexcitability with habituation) and EM (hypo-excitability with potentiation) |
Dai W et al. (2021) [25] | fMRI | HC: 30 CM: 17 (with medication-overuse) EM: 18 | Connectivity analysis during resting state | Functional connectivity between bilateral habenula and salience network | Increased functional connectivity between bilateral habenula and salience network (correlated with medication overuse duration) in patients with CM compared with patients with EM and HC, respectively |
Chen C et al. (2019) [26] | fMRI | HC: 32 CM: 17 EM: 39 (19 infrequent EM and 20 frequent EM) | ReHo applied to resting state fMRI recordings | ReHo in resting state at bilateral precentral gyri | The regions affected by migraine change with the chronification of the disease |
Chen Z et al. (2019) [27] | fMRI | HC: 21 CM: 16 EM: 18 | Anatomical and functional connectivity analysis during fMRI resting state recordings | Functional connectivity in anterior hypothalamus | Volume of hypothalamus (HTH) was significantly decreased on CM and EM vs HC. Decreased volume of anterior HTH in CM vs HC and CM vs EM. Increased functional connectivity between anterior HTH and MOrG in CM vs EM |
Lerebours F et al. (2019) [28] | fMRI | CM: 25 (with medication-overuse) EM: 22 (interictal) | Connectivity analysis during fMRI resting state recordings | Functional connectivity in hypothalamus | Significant connectivity between anterior hypothalamus and trigeminal nucleus for CM vs. EM, no correlated with pain intensity. This connectivity is similar to that seen in the preictal phase of EM, suggesting that CM are locked in the preictal phase |
Bogdanov V et al. (2019) [29] | fMRI | HC: 24 CM: 7 (with medication-overuse) EM: 19 (14 interictal and 5 ictal) | fMRI during transitions between continuous noxious cold and innocuous warm thermal stimulations | BOLD response to cold/warm transitions of thermal stimuli over motor cortex and superior temporal sulcus | Migraine patients showed hyperactivation on “salience-matrix” areas compared to HC. CM and EM (ictal) showed increased unspecific transitional BOLD responses in motor cortex and superior temporal sulcus versus EM (interictal) and HC. CM overactivated also other “salience” matrix areas compared to EM-b |
Imai N (2018) [30] | fMRI | CM: 31 EM: 31 | Functional connectivity analysis during resting state | Functional connectivity in ACC and ROcG | Increased FC in ACC and ROcG for CM vs EM, suggesting that occipital pole plays a key role in migraine chronification |
Schulte L et al. (2017) [31] | fMRI | HC:19 CM: 17 EM: 18 | Analysis of fMRI during painful ammonia stimulation | Functional activation of the hypothalamus during ammonia stimulation | Hypothalamus plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of migraine chronification and acute pain stage of migraine patients |
Chen Z et al. (2017) [32] | fMRI | HC: 18 CM: 16 EM: 18 | Anatomical and connectivity analysis during resting state (interictal) | Functional connectivity (FC) in bilateral amygdala | Amygdala volume showed no differences between groups. Increased FC between amygdala and inferior temporal gyrus and orbitofrontal gyrus for CM vs EM. Enhanced FC in left amygdala for EM vs. HC. Decreased FC in right amygdala for CM vs HC |
Hubbard C et al. (2016) [33] | fMRI | CM: 11 (responders to BoNT-A) CM: 12 (non-responders to BoNT-A) | Longitudinal anatomical and functional connectivity analyses during resting state (before and after treatment) | Functional connectivity between SI-DMPFC and SI-LOC | Responders showed significant cortical thickening (SI, aINS, STG, ParsOp) and functional connectivity differences (SI-LOC, SI-DMPFC) in CM that reverted to EM compared to CM that did not respond to the treatment |
Chen Z et al. (2016) [34] | fMRI | HC: 32 CM: 60 (44 with medication-overuse) EM: 18 | Connectivity analysis during resting state | Functional connectivity between marginal division of neostriatum (MrD) and pain network | MrD demonstrated different pain modulation patterns in different subtypes of headache. Functional connectivity between MrD and other regions yielded significant differences between all groups. Compared with EM, both CM and HC showed decreased functional connectivity of MrD |
Torres-Ferrus M et al. (2021) [35] | PET | HC: 11 CM: 7 EM: 8 (interictal) | Resting F-FDG-PET in interictal stages | Not available (no changes CM vs EM) | CM patients showed frontotemporal hypometabolism and increased frontal cortical thickness (CTh) when compared to HC. EM presented intermediated values but not significant |
Jassar H et al. (2019) [36] | PET | HC: 7 CM: 7 EM: 8 (ictal) | Measure μ-opioid in resting PET after injection of μOR radiotracer with and without thermal pain threshold challenge | μOR availability measured with [11C]carfentanil nondisplaceable binding potential (BPND) | CM had decreased μOR BPND relative to HC in thalamus and left caudate. Lower μOR BPND in right parahippocampal region and right amygdala compared to EM. Increased endogenous μOR receptor is seen in the limbic system of CM patients |
Deen M et al., (2019) [37] | PET | HC: 16 CM: 16 EM: 15 | Measure of serotonin 5-HT in resting PET scans after injection of 5-HT4 receptor radioligand | Not available (no changes CM vs EM) | CM had 9.1% lower binding than HC. Thus, cerebral levels of 5-HT are elevated in CM. No significant differences between CM and EM. No association between binding and no migraine days. Elevated 5-HT may not be a risk factor for conversion from EM to CM |