Background
Methods
Study procedures
Study variables
Statistical analysis
Results
Characteristic | Experienced crack related health problemsa
| Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Yes n (%) 587 (34.2) | No n (%) 1131 (65.8) | |||
Crack pipe acquisition source | ||||
Health service points only | 74 (12.6) | 167 (14.8) | 0.86 (0.64–1.16) | 0.318 |
A mix of health service points and other sources | 58 (9.9) | 81 (7.1) | 1.39 (0.97–1.98) | 0.070 |
Other sources only | 455 (77.5) | 883 (78.1) | ||
Female sex | 235 (40.0) | 367 (32.4) | 1.39 (1.13–1.71) | 0.002 |
Age (median, IQR) | 41 (34–47) | 42 (36–48) | 0.99 (0.97–1.00) | 0.017 |
Caucasian | 334 (56.9) | 684 (60.5) | 0.86 (0.70–1.06) | 0.152 |
Completed < high school | 289 (49.2) | 578 (51.1) | 0.93 (0.76–1.13) | 0.456 |
DTES residencya
| 438 (74.6) | 809 (71.5) | 1.17 (0.93–1.47) | 0.174 |
Homelessa
| 229 (39.0) | 413 (36.5) | 1.11 (0.91–1.37) | 0.305 |
≥ Daily crack smokinga
| 343 (58.4) | 458 (40.5) | 2.06 (1.68–2.53) | <0.001 |
≥ Daily non-injection meth usea
| 4 (0.7) | 17 (1.5) | 0.45 (0.15–1.34) | 0.142 |
Binge non-injection drug usea
| 225 (38.3) | 290 (25.6) | 1.80 (1.46–2.23) | <0.001 |
Shared crack pipea
| 473 (80.6) | 719 (63.6) | 2.37 (1.87–3.01) | <0.001 |
Rushed public crack smokinga
| 199 (33.9) | 281 (24.8) | 1.57 (1.26–1.95) | <0.001 |
Drug dealinga
| 255 (43.4) | 368 (32.5) | 1.59 (1.30–1.96) | <0.001 |
Sex worka
| 122 (20.8) | 160 (14.1) | 1.61 (1.24–2.09) | <0.001 |
A victim of violencea
| 188 (32.0) | 218 (19.3) | 1.99 (1.58–2.50) | <0.001 |
Incarcerationa
| 124 (21.1) | 182 (16.1) | 1.40 (1.09–1.81) | 0.009 |
HIV positive | 240 (40.9) | 458 (40.5) | 1.02 (0.83–1.24) | 0.876 |
Characteristic | Unadjusted | Adjusted | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
p-value | Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
p-value | |
Source | ||||
Health service point only vs. Other sources only | 0.70 (0.63–0.79) | <0.001 | 0.82 (0.73–0.93) | <0.001 |
A mix of health source points and other sources vs. Other sources only | 1.23 (1.06–1.43) | 0.006 | 1.17 (1.00–1.36) | 0.051 |
Age | ||||
(per year older) | 0.97 (0.96–0.98) | <0.001 | 0.99 (0.98–0.99) | 0.002 |
Sex | ||||
(female vs. male) | 1.37 (1.20–1.56) | <0.001 | 1.31 (1.15–1.50) | <0.001 |
Ethnicity | ||||
(Caucasian vs. other) | 1.00 (0.88–1.14) | 0.994 | ||
Less than high school diploma achieved | ||||
(yes vs. no) | 0.99 (0.87–1.13) | 0.923 | ||
DTES residencya
| ||||
(yes vs. no) | 1.24 (1.11–1.40) | <0.001 | 1.09 (0.96–1.22) | 0.178 |
Homelessnessa
| ||||
(yes vs. no) | 1.34 (1.22–1.48) | <0.001 | ||
Daily non-injection crack smokinga
| ||||
(yes vs. no) | 1.68 (1.53–1.84) | <0.001 | 1.29 (1.16–1.42) | <0.001 |
Daily non-injection meth usea
| ||||
(yes vs. no) | 1.14 (0.72–1.81) | 0.582 | ||
Binge non-injection drug usea
| ||||
(yes vs. no) | 1.64 (1.51–1.79) | <0.001 | 1.53 (1.40–1.67) | <0.001 |
Shared crack pipe a
| ||||
(yes vs. no) | 2.07 (1.88–2.28) | <0.001 | 1.73 (1.56–1.91) | <0.001 |
Rushed public crack smokinga
| ||||
(yes vs. no) | 1.86 (1.66–2.08) | <0.001 | ||
Drug dealinga
| ||||
(yes vs. no) | 1.66 (1.50–1.83) | <0.001 | 1.25 (1.12–1.39) | <0.001 |
Sex worka
| ||||
(yes vs. no) | 1.95 (1.70–2.23) | <0.001 | ||
A victim of violencea
| ||||
(yes vs. no) | 1.69 (1.52–1.88) | <0.001 | 1.47 (1.31–1.64) | <0.001 |
Incarcerationa
| ||||
(yes vs. no) | 1.56 (1.37–1.77) | <0.001 | ||
HIV positive | ||||
(yes vs. no) | 1.06 (0.93–1.21) | 0.359 |