Background
Methods
Population and data
Variables
Outcome measures
Risk indicator | Lower risk (=0) | Higher risk (=1) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
BMI (Body mass index) | < 30 kg/m2 (Normal, underweight and overweight) | ≥ 30 kg/m2 (Obesity, severe/extreme obesity) | [51] |
Abdominal obesity | Waist circumference Men: < 102 cm Women: < 88 cm (Normal or increased risk) | Waist circumference Men: ≥ 102 cm Women: ≥ 88 cm (Substantially increased risk) | [51] |
LDL levelsa (Low-density Lipoprotein cholesterol) | ≤ 4.9 mmol/L (Desirable to high) | > 4.9 mmol/L OR taking lipid treatment (Very High) | [52] |
HDL levels (High-Density Lipoprotein cholesterol) | Men: ≥1.0 mmol/L Women:: ≥1.2 mmol/L (Normal risk) | Men: < 1.0 mmol/L Women: < 1.2 mmol/L (Increased risk) | [42] |
Triglycerides | < 1.7 mmol/L (Normal risk) | ≥1.7 mmol/L (Increased risk) | [42] |
Total cholesterola | < 6.5 mmol/L (Ideal to high) | ≥ 6.5 mmol/L OR taking lipid treatment (Very or extremely high) | |
Glucose regulation | Fasting capillary plasma glucose ≤6.0 mmol/L and 2 h plasma glucose ≤8.8 mmol/L (Normal) | Impaired fasting glucose (IFG): fasting capillary plasma glucose 6.1–6.9 mmol/L Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT): fasting plasma glucose < 7.0 and 2 h plasma glucose 8.9–12.1 mmol/L Diabetes: fasting plasma glucose ≥7.0 or/and 2 h plasma glucose ≥12.2 mmol/L OR self-reported diabetes (Hyperglycemia) | [54] |
Blood pressure | < 140/90 mmHg (Optimal to Pre-hypertensive) | ≥ 140/90 mmHg OR self-reported anti-hypertensive drug (Hypertensive) | [55] |
Socioeconomic indicator
Determinants of inequalities
Women | Men | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | C | N | % | C | |
BMI | ||||||
Obesity, severe and extreme obesity | 1160 | 18.1 | −0.185* | 1221 | 20.4 | −0.126* |
Abdominal obesity | ||||||
Substantially increased risk | 2571 | 40.1 | −0.142* | 1804 | 30.1 | −0.117* |
HDL levels | ||||||
Low HDL | 1055 | 25.1 | −0.148* | 785 | 19.2 | −0.083* |
LDL levels | ||||||
Very high LDL | 297 | 4.7 | −0.141* | 579 | 9.9 | −0.027 |
Triglycerides (TG) | ||||||
High TG | 880 | 13.7 | −0.168* | 2002 | 33.4 | −0.085* |
Cholesterol | ||||||
Hypercholesterolemia | 518 | 8.1 | −0.077* | 848 | 14.1 | −0.033 |
Hyperglycemia | ||||||
IGT/IFG/Diabetes | 952 | 15.2 | −0.088* | 909 | 15.3 | −0.166* |
Blood pressure | ||||||
Hypertensive | 662 | 10.3 | −0.002 | 1086 | 18.1 | −0.053* |
Age | ||||||
40 yrs | 3115 | 48.2 | −0.107* | 2939 | 48.8 | −0.026* |
50 yrs | 3344 | 51.8 | 0.110* | 3083 | 51.2 | 0.024* |
Year of participation | ||||||
2008 | 2205 | 34.1 | −0.058* | 2000 | 33.2 | −0.040* |
2009 | 2069 | 32.0 | −0.013* | 1939 | 32.2 | −0.023* |
2010 | 2185 | 33.8 | 0.070* | 2083 | 34.6 | 0.063* |
Total earned income | ||||||
Lowest quintile | 127,974 kr | 20.0 | −1.000* | 158,978 kr | 20.0 | −1.000* |
2 | 218,018 kr | 20.0 | −0.501* | 276,985 kr | 20.0 | −0.499* |
3 | 258,629 kr | 20.0 | 0.002 | 321,312 kr | 20.0 | −0.001 |
4 | 296,587 kr | 20.0 | 0.502* | 374,109 kr | 20.0 | 0.500* |
Highest quintile | 409,312 kr | 20.0 | 1.000* | 531,111 kr | 20.0 | 1.000* |
Education level | ||||||
Compulsory education less than 9 yrs | 60 | 0.9 | −0.602 | 41 | 0.7 | − 0.627* |
Compulsory education 9 yrs | 298 | 4.6 | −0.386* | 447 | 7.4 | −0.247* |
Secondary education up to 2 yrs | 2163 | 33.6 | −0.260* | 2856 | 47.5 | −0.158* |
Secondary education 3 yrs | 967 | 15.0 | −0.095* | 656 | 10.9 | −0.048* |
Post-secondary education less than 3 yrs | 1156 | 17.9 | 0.115* | 924 | 15.4 | 0.172* |
Post-secondary education 3 yrs. or more | 1676 | 26.0 | 0.332* | 930 | 15.5 | 0.215* |
Postgraduate | 123 | 1.9 | 0.647* | 155 | 2.6 | 0.567* |
Occupation | ||||||
Managers | 285 | 4.6 | 0.662* | 515 | 9.0 | 0.455* |
Upper professionals | 1243 | 20.2 | 0.458* | 931 | 16.2 | 0.309* |
Middle non-manual | 1284 | 20.9 | 0.150* | 999 | 17.4 | 0.253* |
Lower non-manual | 679 | 11.0 | −0.161* | 249 | 4.3 | −0.189* |
Skilled manual | 2292 | 37.3 | −0.329* | 2808 | 48.9 | −0.345* |
Unskilled manual | 366 | 6.0 | −0.556* | 243 | 4.2 | −0.455* |
Immigrant status | 623 | 9.7 | −0.216* | 492 | 8.2 | −0.227* |
Civil status | ||||||
Unmarried | 2038 | 31.6 | −0.073* | 2444 | 40.6 | −0.176* |
Married | 3587 | 55.5 | 0.049* | 3004 | 49.9 | 0.193* |
Divorced | 773 | 12.0 | 0.018 | 563 | 9.4 | −0.082* |
Widowed | 61 | 0.9 | 0.175* | 11 | 0.2 | 0.428* |
Children in the household | 3759 | 58.2 | −0.030* | 3369 | 56.0 | 0.135* |
Geographical area | ||||||
Coastal with hospital | 4582 | 70.9 | 0.168* | 4214 | 70.0 | 0.195* |
Coastal without hospital | 852 | 13.2 | −0.135* | 785 | 13.0 | −0.153* |
Inland with hospital | 382 | 5.9 | −0.038 | 337 | 5.6 | −0.047 |
Inland without hospital | 620 | 9.6 | −0.189* | 656 | 10.9 | −0.213* |
Other | 23 | 0.4 | −0.227* | 30 | 0.5 | −0.154 |
Physical activity | ||||||
Sedentary | 1147 | 17.8 | −0.130* | 1616 | 26.8 | −0.128* |
Moderate activity | 3040 | 47.1 | −0.070* | 2638 | 43.8 | −0.041* |
Physically active | 2272 | 35.2 | 0.160* | 1768 | 29.4 | 0.170* |
Smoking | ||||||
Never smoked | 3693 | 57.7 | 0.051* | 3804 | 64.1 | 0.145* |
Former smokers | 1873 | 29.3 | 0.008 | 1383 | 23.3 | −0.066* |
Current smokers | 837 | 13.1 | −0.117* | 747 | 12.6 | −0.193* |
Snus use | ||||||
Never used | 4928 | 77.6 | −0.008 | 3120 | 52.5 | 0.007 |
Former users | 648 | 10.2 | 0.045* | 1194 | 20.1 | 0.040* |
Current users | 774 | 12.2 | −0.021 | 1632 | 27.5 | −0.042* |
Alcohol disorder test | ||||||
Not at risk | 5569 | 93.2 | −0.065* | 4952 | 87.6 | 0.063* |
Probably risk alcohol consumption | 386 | 6.5 | 0.065* | 641 | 11.3 | −0.037 |
Probably alcohol dependence | 22 | 0.4 | 0.038 | 61 | 1.1 | −0.265* |
Availability of social interaction | ||||||
Low | 2024 | 31.3 | 1949 | 32.4 | ||
Extended | 4435 | 68.7 | 0.201* | 4073 | 67.6 | 0.135* |
Availability of attachment | ||||||
Low | 1671 | 25.9 | 2613 | 43.4 | ||
Strong | 4788 | 74.1 | 0.106* | 3409 | 56.6 | 0.042* |
Job strain | ||||||
Low strain | 1057 | 16.4 | −0.013 | 1194 | 19.8 | −0.022 |
Passive | 1476 | 22.9 | −0.280* | 1338 | 22.2 | −0.222* |
Active | 2159 | 33.4 | 0.290* | 2206 | 36.6 | 0.251* |
High strain | 1767 | 27.4 | −0.068* | 1284 | 21.3 | −0.100* |
Statistical analysis
Drop out analysis
Measurement of health inequalities – The concentration index (C)
nlcom
command in stata, taking into account the sampling variability of the estimated mean of the health variable.Estimation of contributions of social determinates to inequalities – Decomposition analysis
Results
Characteristics of the study population
Magnitude of income-related inequalities in CVRFs
Contribution of determinants to income-related inequality in CVRFs
BMI | Abdominal Obesity | Cholesterol | Triglycerides | Hyperglycemia | Blood pressure | HDL levels | LDL levels | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cont to C | Adj % | Cont to C | Adj % | Cont to C | Adj % | Cont to C | Adj % | Cont to C | Adj % | Cont to C | Adj % | Cont to C | Adj % | Cont to C | Adj % | |
Demographic variables | ||||||||||||||||
Age | 0.0005 |
0.0
| 0.0133 |
0.0
| 0.0545 |
0.0
| 0.0137 |
0.0
| 0.0090 |
0.0
| 0.0537 |
0.0
| -0.0187 |
10.4
| 0.0544 |
0.0
|
40 yrs | ||||||||||||||||
50 yrs | 0.0005 | 0.0133 | 0.0545 | 0.0137 | 0.0090 | 0.0537 | -0.0187 | 10.4 | 0.0544 | |||||||
Year of participation | 0.0045 |
0.3
| 0.0030 |
0.2
| 0.0106 |
1.0
| 0.0012 |
0.6
| 0.0004 |
0.3
| 0.0006 |
0.0
| -0.0179 |
12.4
| 0.0024 |
0.4
|
2008 | ||||||||||||||||
2009 | -0.0007 | 0.3 | -0.0002 | 0.2 | -0.0012 | 1.0 | -0.0011 | 0.6 | -0.0003 | 0.3 | 0.0003 | 0.0044 | -0.0006 | 0.4 | ||
2010 | 0.0051 | 0.0033 | 0.0118 | 0.0023 | 0.0007 | 0.0003 | -0.0223 | 12.4 | 0.0030 | |||||||
Subtotal | 0.0050 |
0.3
| 0.0163 |
0.2
| 0.0651 |
1.0
| 0.0149 |
0.6
| 0.0094 |
0.3
| 0.0543 |
0.0
| -0.0366 |
22.8
| 0.0568 |
0.4
|
Socioeconomic conditions | ||||||||||||||||
Total earned income | -0.1007 |
49.4
| -0.0544 |
47.3
| -0.0373 |
30.6
| -0.0791 |
40.7
| -0.0189 |
30.3
| 0.0119 |
13.0
| -0.0413 |
23.0
| -0.0765 |
49.1
|
Lowest quintile | -0.0687 | 33.7 | -0.0499 | 36.9 | -0.0305 | 24.9 | -0.0622 | 32.0 | -0.0221 | 19.1 | 0.0185 | -0.0361 | 20.1 | -0.0499 | 32.1 | |
2 | -0.0276 | 13.5 | -0.0140 | 10.4 | -0.0019 | 1.5 | -0.0135 | 7.0 | -0.0128 | 11.1 | 0.0107 | -0.0044 | 2.4 | -0.0139 | 8.9 | |
3 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0 | -0.0001 | 0.1 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0001 | ||||||
4 | -0.0045 | 2.2 | 0.0095 | -0.0050 | 4.1 | -0.0034 | 1.7 | 0.0160 | -0.0172 | 13.0 | -0.0008 | 0.5 | -0.0127 | 8.1 | ||
Highest quintile | ||||||||||||||||
Education level | -0.0193 |
12.1
| -0.0188 |
15.8
| -0.0450 |
41.0
| -0.0559 |
32.0
| -0.0088 |
7.8
| -0.0048 |
6.4
| -0.0401 |
24.3
| -0.0405 |
26.3
|
Compulsory education up to 9 yrs | -0.0069 | 3.4 | -0.0058 | 4.3 | -0.0107 | 8.7 | -0.0197 | 10.1 | -0.0006 | 0.5 | -0.0058 | 4.4 | -0.0156 | 8.7 | -0.0099 | 6.4 |
Secondary education up to 2 yrs | -0.0147 | 7.2 | -0.0146 | 10.8 | -0.0351 | 28.7 | -0.0382 | 19.6 | -0.0080 | 7.0 | -0.0018 | 1.3 | -0.0231 | 12.9 | -0.0274 | 17.6 |
Secondary education 3 yrs | -0.0031 | 1.5 | -0.0010 | 0.7 | -0.0043 | 3.5 | -0.0044 | 2.3 | 0.0002 | -0.0010 | 0.7 | -0.0049 | 2.7 | -0.0037 | 2.4 | |
Post-secondary less than 3 yrs | 0.0054 | 0.0025 | 0.0051 | 0.0063 | -0.0004 | 0.4 | 0.0037 | 0.0035 | 0.0006 | |||||||
Post-secondary 3 yrs or more and postgraduate | ||||||||||||||||
Occupation | -0.0201 |
9.8
| -0.0164 |
12.2
| 0.0145 |
4.1
| 0.0007 |
3.4
| -0.0219 |
19.2
| -0.0583 |
47.3
| -0.0128 |
7.6
| 0.0025 |
2.3
|
Managers & Upper professionals | ||||||||||||||||
Middle non-manual | -0.0015 | 0.7 | -0.0006 | 0.5 | -0.0051 | 4.1 | -0.0033 | 1.7 | 0.0002 | 0.0041 | 0.0008 | -0.0025 | 1.6 | |||
Lower non-manual | -0.0007 | 0.3 | 0.0001 | 0.0006 | -0.0032 | 1.6 | -0.0008 | 0.7 | -0.0019 | 1.4 | -0.0033 | 1.8 | 0.0016 | |||
Skilled manual | -0.0069 | 3.4 | -0.0105 | 7.8 | 0.0178 | 0.0022 | -0.0085 | 7.4 | -0.0389 | 29.4 | -0.0057 | 3.2 | -0.0011 | 0.7 | ||
Unskilled manual | -0.0110 | 5.4 | -0.0054 | 4.0 | 0.0012 | 0.0050 | -0.0128 | 11.1 | -0.0217 | 16.4 | -0.0046 | 2.5 | 0.0044 | |||
Immigrant status | -0.0005 |
0.2
| 0.0014 | -0.0004 | 0.3 | -0.0012 | 0.6 | -0.0066 | 5.8 | 0.0069 | 0.0001 | 0.0014 | ||||
Subtotal | -0.1406 |
71.6
| -0.0882 |
75.3
| -0.0682 |
76.0
| -0.1356 |
76.7
| -0.0563 |
63.1
| -0.0444 |
66.7
| -0.0940 |
54.8
| -0.1130 |
77.7
|
Family conditions | ||||||||||||||||
Civil status | -0.0045 |
2.2
| -0.0013 |
1.1
| 0.0003 |
0.5
| 0.0006 |
0.1
| -0.0027 |
2.4
| -0.0032 |
2.5
| -0.0008 |
0.6
| -0.0005 |
0.5
|
Unmarried | ||||||||||||||||
Married | -0.0041 | 2.0 | -0.0011 | 0.8 | 0.0010 | 0.0009 | -0.0023 | 2.0 | -0.0029 | 2.2 | -0.0005 | 0.3 | 0.0003 | |||
Divorced | -0.0004 | 0.2 | -0.0004 | 0.3 | -0.0001 | 0.1 | 0.0000 | 0.0 | -0.0003 | 0.3 | -0.0003 | 0.2 | 0.0003 | -0.0004 | 0.2 | |
Widowed | 0.0000 | 0.0 | 0.0002 | -0.0006 | 0.5 | -0.0002 | 0.1 | -0.0001 | 0.1 | 0.0000 | 0.0 | -0.0005 | 0.3 | -0.0004 | 0.3 | |
Children in household | 0.0026 | 0.0007 | 0.0047 | 0.0042 | 0.0019 | 0.0020 | 0.0006 | 0.0046 | ||||||||
Subtotal | -0.0019 |
2.2
| -0.0006 |
1.1
| 0.0050 |
0.5
| 0.0048 |
0.1
| -0.0008 |
2.4
| -0.0012 |
2.5
| -0.0002 |
0.6
| 0.0041 |
0.5
|
Geographical area | ||||||||||||||||
Coastal with hospital | ||||||||||||||||
Coastal without hospital | -0.0061 | 3.0 | -0.0039 | 2.9 | -0.0028 | 2.3 | -0.0001 | 0.0 | 0.0024 | 0.0008 | -0.0037 | 2.0 | -0.0046 | 3.0 | ||
Inland with hospital | -0.0007 | 0.3 | -0.0001 | 0.1 | -0.0008 | 0.7 | -0.0004 | 0.2 | 0.0002 | -0.0023 | 1.7 | 0.0001 | -0.0006 | 0.4 | ||
Inland without hospital | -0.0051 | 2.5 | -0.0019 | 1.4 | -0.0088 | 7.2 | -0.0054 | 2.8 | 0.0033 | -0.0024 | 1.8 | -0.0004 | 0.2 | -0.0025 | 1.6 | |
Other | 0.0003 | -0.0002 | 0.2 | -0.0003 | 0.2 | -0.0004 | 0.2 | -0.0008 | 0.7 | 0.0003 | -0.0002 | 0.1 | -0.0011 | 0.7 | ||
Subtotal | -0.0116 |
5.8
| -0.0061 |
4.5
| -0.0127 |
10.4
| -0.0063 |
3.2
| 0.0051 |
0.7
| -0.0035 |
3.5
| -0.0042 |
2.4
| -0.0088 |
5.6
|
Behavioural factors | ||||||||||||||||
Physical activity | -0.0333 |
16.3
| -0.0199 |
14.7
| -0.0108 |
8.9
| -0.0165 |
8.5
| -0.0209 |
18.1
| -0.0146 |
11.1
| -0.0177 |
9.8
| -0.0056 |
3.6
|
Sedentary | -0.0187 | 9.2 | -0.0099 | 7.3 | -0.0064 | 5.2 | -0.0097 | 5.0 | -0.0148 | 12.9 | -0.0088 | 6.7 | -0.0113 | 6.3 | -0.0021 | 1.4 |
Moderate activity | -0.0147 | 7.2 | -0.0100 | 7.4 | -0.0044 | 3.6 | -0.0068 | 3.5 | -0.0060 | 5.2 | -0.0058 | 4.4 | -0.0064 | 3.5 | -0.0034 | 2.2 |
Physically active | ||||||||||||||||
Smoking | -0.0004 |
0.3
| -0.0005 |
0.5
| -0.0025 |
2.3
| -0.0101 |
5.3
| -0.0026 |
2.3
| 0.0023 |
0.0
| -0.0044 |
2.7
| -0.0038 |
2.7
|
Never smoked | ||||||||||||||||
Former smokers | 0.0001 | 0.0003 | 0.0003 | 0.0002 | 0.0001 | 0.0000 | 0.0005 | 0.0004 | ||||||||
Current smokers | -0.0005 | 0.3 | -0.0007 | 0.5 | -0.0028 | 2.3 | -0.0102 | 5.3 | -0.0027 | 2.3 | 0.0023 | -0.0049 | 2.7 | -0.0041 | 2.7 | |
Snus | 0.0006 |
0.0
| 0.0001 |
0.0
| -0.0004 |
0.4
| 0.0002 |
0.0
| 0.0003 |
0.0
| 0.0004 |
0.2
| 0.0004 |
0.0
| -0.0003 |
0.2
|
Never used | ||||||||||||||||
Former users | 0.0004 | 0.0001 | -0.0004 | 0.3 | 0.0002 | 0.0001 | -0.0003 | 0.2 | 0.0000 | -0.0003 | 0.2 | |||||
Current users | 0.0002 | 0.0000 | -0.0001 | 0.0 | -0.0001 | 0.0 | 0.0001 | 0.0007 | 0.0003 | 0.0000 | 0.0 | |||||
Alcohol disorder test | 0.0000 |
0.0
| 0.0002 |
0.0
| 0.0000 |
0.0
| 0.0010 |
0.0
| 0.0004 |
0.0
| 0.0009 |
0.0
| -0.0008 |
0.5
| -0.0006 |
0.4
|
Not at risk | ||||||||||||||||
Probably risk alcohol consumption | -0.0001 | 0.0 | 0.0002 | 0.0000 | 0.0 | 0.0009 | 0.0002 | 0.0009 | -0.0008 | 0.5 | -0.0006 | 0.4 | ||||
Probably alcohol dependence | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0001 | 0.0002 | 0.0000 | 0.0 | 0.0000 | 0.0 | 0.0000 | 0.0 | |||||
Subtotal | -0.0331 |
16.6
| -0.0201 |
15.3
| -0.0138 |
11.5
| -0.0254 |
13.8
| -0.0228 |
20.5
| -0.0110 |
11.3
| -0.0225 |
13.0
| -0.0103 |
6.9
|
Psychosocial factors | ||||||||||||||||
Availability of social interaction | 0.0094 | 0.0017 | -0.0008 |
0.6
| -0.0057 |
2.9
| -0.0105 |
9.1
| -0.0065 |
4.9
| -0.0015 |
0.8
| -0.0040 |
2.6
| ||
Availability of attachment | -0.0016 |
0.8
| -0.0018 |
1.3
| 0.0008 | 0.0059 | 0.0112 | -0.0035 |
2.7
| 0.0019 | 0.0007 | |||||
Job strain | -0.0027 |
2.7
| -0.0014 |
2.3
| 0.0142 |
0.0
| 0.0052 |
2.6
| -0.0030 |
3.9
| -0.0017 |
8.4
| 0.0049 |
5.5
| 0.0075 |
6.3
|
Low strain | ||||||||||||||||
Passive | 0.0025 | 0.0011 | 0.0063 | -0.0049 | 2.5 | -0.0037 | 3.2 | 0.0061 | 0.0101 | 0.0159 | ||||||
Active | -0.0054 | 2.7 | -0.0031 | 2.3 | 0.0074 | 0.0102 | 0.0016 | -0.0111 | 8.4 | -0.0100 | 5.5 | -0.0098 | 6.3 | |||
High strain | 0.0002 | 0.0006 | 0.0005 | -0.0001 | 0.1 | -0.0008 | 0.7 | 0.0034 | 0.0047 | 0.0014 | ||||||
Subtotal | 0.0052 |
3.4
| -0.0015 |
3.6
| 0.0142 |
0.6
| 0.0053 |
5.5
| -0.0023 |
13.1
| -0.0116 |
16.0
| 0.0053 |
6.4
| 0.0041 |
8.9
|
Inequality (total) |
-0.1850
|
-0.1421
|
-0.0767
|
-0.1683
|
-0.0876
| -0.0021 |
-0.1479
|
-0.1410
| ||||||||
Standard error | 0.0192 | 0.0148 | 0.0266 | 0.0215 | 0.0205 | 0.0237 | 0.0208 | 0.0352 | ||||||||
Residual | -0.0080 | -0.0419 | -0.0664 | -0.0261 | -0.0199 | 0.0153 | 0.0043 | -0.0739 |
BMI | Abdominal Obesity | Cholesterol | Triglycerides | Hyperglycemia | Blood pressure | HDL levels | LDL levels | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cont to C | Adj % | Cont to C | Adj % | Cont to C | Adj % | Cont to C | Adj % | Cont to C | Adj % | Cont to C | Adj % | Cont to C | Adj % | Cont to C | Adj % | |
Demographic variables | ||||||||||||||||
Age | -0.0011 |
0.7
| 0.0019 |
0.0
| 0.0068 |
0.0
| 0.0006 |
0.0
| 0.0080 |
0.0
| 0.0119 |
0.0
| -0.0034 |
2.7
| 0.0070 |
0.0
|
40 yrs | ||||||||||||||||
50 yrs | -0.0011 | 0.7 | 0.0019 | 0.0068 | 0.0006 | 0.0080 | 0.0119 | -0.0034 | 2.7 | 0.0070 | ||||||
Year of participation | 0.0018 |
0.5
| 0.0033 |
0.4
| 0.0089 |
0.8
| 0.0005 |
1.7
| 0.0011 |
0.0
| 0.0054 |
0.1
| -0.0192 |
20.1
| 0.0070 |
0.5
|
2008 | ||||||||||||||||
2009 | -0.0008 | 0.5 | -0.0006 | 0.4 | -0.0008 | 0.8 | -0.0016 | 1.7 | 0.0004 | -0.0001 | 0.1 | 0.0067 | -0.0005 | 0.5 | ||
2010 | 0.0026 | 0.0039 | 0.0097 | 0.0021 | 0.0007 | 0.0055 | -0.0259 | 20.1 | 0.0075 | |||||||
Subtotal | 0.0007 |
1.2
| 0.0052 |
0.4
| 0.0157 |
0.8
| 0.0011 |
1.7
| 0.0090 |
0.0
| 0.0173 |
0.1
| -0.0226 |
22.8
| 0.0141 |
0.5
|
Socioeconomic conditions | ||||||||||||||||
Total earned income | -0.0430 |
27.4
| -0.0354 |
26.8
| -0.0101 |
12.4
| -0.0162 |
23.2
| -0.0998 |
50.0
| -0.0368 |
26.2
| -0.0140 |
14.5
| -0.0062 |
13.1
|
Lowest quintile | -0.0330 | 21.0 | -0.0282 | 21.2 | -0.0035 | 3.4 | -0.0214 | 23.2 | -0.0809 | 37.5 | -0.0275 | 17.5 | -0.0077 | 6.0 | 0.0029 | |
2 | -0.0031 | 2.0 | -0.0034 | 2.5 | 0.0026 | 0.0024 | -0.0268 | 12.4 | -0.0136 | 8.7 | 0.0047 | 0.0041 | ||||
3 | 0.0000 | 0.0 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0 | 0.0000 | -0.0002 | 0.1 | 0.0000 | 0.0 | 0.0000 | 0.0002 | ||||
4 | -0.0069 | 4.4 | -0.0039 | 3.0 | -0.0092 | 9.0 | 0.0027 | 0.0082 | 0.0044 | -0.0110 | 8.5 | -0.0135 | 13.1 | |||
Highest quintile | ||||||||||||||||
Education level | -0.0310 |
25.6
| -0.0256 |
24.6
| -0.0161 |
21.2
| -0.0178 |
22.2
| -0.0187 |
13.7
| -0.0310 |
23.9
| -0.0205 |
15.9
| -0.0116 |
16.0
|
Compulsory education up to 9 yrs | -0.0100 | 6.4 | -0.0065 | 4.9 | -0.0015 | 1.5 | -0.0059 | 6.3 | -0.0083 | 3.8 | -0.0096 | 6.1 | -0.0050 | 3.9 | -0.0050 | 4.9 |
Secondary education up to 2 yrs | -0.0281 | 17.9 | -0.0246 | 18.5 | -0.0202 | 19.8 | -0.0137 | 14.9 | -0.0201 | 9.3 | -0.0266 | 16.9 | -0.0138 | 10.7 | -0.0115 | 11.1 |
Secondary education 3 yrs | -0.0020 | 1.3 | -0.0015 | 1.1 | 0.0000 | 0.0 | -0.0010 | 1.0 | -0.0011 | 0.5 | -0.0013 | 0.8 | -0.0014 | 1.1 | 0.0000 | 0.0 |
Post-secondary less than 3 yrs | 0.0091 | 0.0070 | 0.0056 | 0.0027 | 0.0108 | 0.0065 | -0.0004 | 0.3 | 0.0049 | |||||||
Post-secondary 3 yrs or more and postgraduate | ||||||||||||||||
Occupation | -0.0069 |
4.5
| -0.0052 |
4.4
| 0.0181 |
0.4
| -0.0032 |
3.5
| -0.0147 |
6.9
| -0.0116 |
13.2
| 0.0208 |
4.2
| -0.0016 |
12.2
|
Managers & Upper professionals | ||||||||||||||||
Middle non-manual | -0.0040 | 2.5 | -0.0045 | 3.4 | 0.0062 | 0.0000 | -0.0009 | 0.4 | 0.0091 | -0.0054 | 4.2 | 0.0110 | ||||
Lower non-manual | -0.0006 | 0.4 | -0.0001 | 0.0 | -0.0004 | 0.4 | -0.0009 | 1.0 | 0.0002 | -0.0024 | 1.5 | 0.0019 | -0.0002 | 0.2 | ||
Skilled manual | -0.0024 | 1.5 | 0.0006 | 0.0115 | -0.0007 | 0.8 | -0.0041 | 1.9 | -0.0175 | 11.1 | 0.0209 | -0.0105 | 10.2 | |||
Unskilled manual | 0.0000 | -0.0012 | 0.9 | 0.0008 | -0.0015 | 1.7 | -0.0099 | 4.6 | -0.0009 | 0.6 | 0.0033 | -0.0018 | 1.8 | |||
Immigrant status | 0.0013 | 0.0006 | 0.0015 | -0.0018 |
1.9
| -0.0043 |
2.0
| 0.0027 | -0.0049 |
3.8
| 0.0025 | |||||
Subtotal | -0.0796 |
57.5
| -0.0656 |
55.7
| -0.0065 |
34.0
| -0.0390 |
50.8
| -0.1374 |
72.6
| -0.0767 |
63.3
| -0.0187 |
38.5
| -0.0169 |
41.3
|
Family conditions | ||||||||||||||||
Civil status | -0.0069 |
5.0
| -0.0098 |
8.0
| -0.0088 |
10.4
| -0.0020 |
2.3
| -0.0144 |
7.2
| -0.0023 |
2.1
| -0.0052 |
4.3
| -0.0025 |
4.6
|
Unmarried | ||||||||||||||||
Married | -0.0078 | 5.0 | -0.0106 | 8.0 | -0.0106 | 10.4 | -0.0020 | 2.2 | -0.0156 | 7.2 | -0.0032 | 2.0 | -0.0056 | 4.3 | -0.0048 | 4.6 |
Divorced | 0.0005 | 0.0004 | 0.0012 | -0.0001 | 0.1 | 0.0012 | 0.0010 | 0.0002 | 0.0017 | |||||||
Widowed | 0.0004 | 0.0004 | 0.0006 | 0.0001 | 0.0000 | 0.0 | -0.0001 | 0.1 | 0.0001 | 0.0005 | ||||||
Children in household | -0.0098 |
6.2
| -0.0086 |
6.5
| -0.0140 |
13.7
| -0.0094 |
10.2
| -0.0090 |
4.2
| -0.0165 |
10.5
| -0.0026 |
2.0
| -0.0128 |
12.4
|
Subtotal | -0.0167 |
11.2
| -0.0184 |
14.5
| -0.0227 |
24.1
| -0.0114 |
12.4
| -0.0234 |
11.4
| -0.0188 |
12.6
| -0.0078 |
6.3
| -0.0153 |
17.0
|
Geographical area | ||||||||||||||||
Coastal with hospital | ||||||||||||||||
Coastal without hospital | -0.0029 | 1.9 | -0.0040 | 3.0 | -0.0068 | 6.7 | -0.0004 | 0.5 | 0.0031 | -0.0063 | 4.0 | -0.0023 | 1.8 | -0.0045 | 4.4 | |
Inland with hospital | -0.0009 | 0.6 | -0.0003 | 0.3 | -0.0016 | 1.5 | 0.0002 | -0.0004 | 0.2 | -0.0023 | 1.5 | -0.0001 | 0.1 | -0.0011 | 1.1 | |
Inland without hospital | -0.0047 | 3.0 | -0.0010 | 0.7 | -0.0087 | 8.5 | -0.0016 | 1.8 | 0.0050 | -0.0112 | 7.1 | -0.0056 | 4.4 | -0.0107 | 10.4 | |
Other | -0.0001 | 0.1 | -0.0002 | 0.1 | 0.0001 | -0.0003 | 0.3 | 0.0000 | 0.0 | 0.0000 | -0.0014 | 1.1 | 0.0001 | |||
Subtotal | -0.0086 |
5.5
| -0.0055 |
4.2
| -0.0170 |
16.8
| -0.0022 |
2.6
| 0.0076 |
0.2
| -0.0198 |
12.6
| -0.0094 |
7.3
| -0.0162 |
15.8
|
Behavioural factors | ||||||||||||||||
Physical activity | -0.0224 |
14.3
| -0.0192 |
14.5
| -0.0079 |
7.7
| -0.0150 |
16.3
| -0.0140 |
6.5
| -0.0140 |
8.9
| -0.0250 |
19.4
| -0.0098 |
9.5
|
Sedentary | -0.0166 | 10.6 | -0.0136 | 10.3 | -0.0051 | 5.0 | -0.0105 | 11.4 | -0.0096 | 4.5 | -0.0129 | 8.2 | -0.0147 | 11.4 | -0.0053 | 5.1 |
Moderate activity | -0.0058 | 3.7 | -0.0056 | 4.2 | -0.0028 | 2.8 | -0.0045 | 4.9 | -0.0043 | 2.0 | -0.0011 | 0.7 | -0.0103 | 8.0 | -0.0045 | 4.4 |
Physically active | ||||||||||||||||
Smoking | -0.0068 |
4.4
| -0.0058 |
4.3
| -0.0051 |
5.0
| -0.0074 |
8.0
| -0.0044 |
2.0
| 0.0043 |
0.0
| -0.0049 |
3.8
| 0.0000 |
0.2
|
Never smoked | ||||||||||||||||
Former smokers | -0.0032 | 2.0 | -0.0016 | 1.2 | -0.0012 | 1.2 | -0.0008 |
0.8
| -0.0022 | 1.0 | 0.0015 | -0.0004 |
0.3
| -0.0002 |
0.2
| |
Current smokers | -0.0037 | 2.4 | -0.0041 | 3.1 | -0.0039 | 3.8 | -0.0066 | 7.2 | -0.0022 | 1.0 | 0.0028 | -0.0046 | 3.6 | 0.0002 | ||
Snus | -0.0007 |
0.5
| -0.0005 |
0.8
| -0.0006 |
2.1
| -0.0015 |
1.8
| 0.0003 |
0.0
| 0.0003 |
0.0
| -0.0001 |
0.5
| -0.0003 |
1.2
|
Never used | ||||||||||||||||
Former users | 0.0001 | 0.0006 | 0.0015 | 0.0002 | 0.0000 | 0.0001 | -0.0007 | 0.5 | 0.0009 | |||||||
Current users | -0.0008 | 0.5 | -0.0010 | 0.8 | -0.0021 | 2.1 | -0.0016 | 1.8 | 0.0002 | 0.0002 | 0.0006 | -0.0013 | 1.2 | |||
Alcohol disorder test | -0.0008 |
0.5
| -0.0009 |
0.7
| -0.0021 |
2.0
| -0.0005 |
0.8
| -0.0015 |
0.7
| -0.0015 |
0.9
| 0.0029 |
0.0
| -0.0027 |
2.6
|
Not at risk | ||||||||||||||||
Probably risk alcohol consumption | -0.0007 |
0.5
| -0.0009 |
0.7
| -0.0009 | 0.9 | -0.0008 | 0.8 | -0.0001 | 0.0 | -0.0008 | 0.5 | 0.0014 | -0.0007 | 0.7 | |
Probably alcohol dependence | 0.0000 | 0.0 | 0.0000 | -0.0012 | 1.1 | 0.0002 | -0.0014 | 0.7 | -0.0006 | 0.4 | 0.0014 | -0.0020 | 2.0 | |||
Subtotal | -0.0308 |
19.7
| -0.0263 |
20.3
| -0.0157 |
16.9
| -0.0245 |
26.9
| -0.0196 |
9.2
| -0.0108 |
9.8
| -0.0272 |
23.8
| -0.0129 |
13.6
|
Psychosocial factors | ||||||||||||||||
Availability of social interaction | 0.0106 | -0.0031 |
2.3
| -0.0004 |
0.4
| 0.0078 | 0.0046 | 0.0093 | 0.0042 | -0.0042 |
4.0
| |||||
Availability of attachment | -0.0018 |
1.2
| -0.0010 |
0.7
| -0.0006 |
0.6
| -0.0010 |
1.1
| -0.0008 |
0.4
| 0.0022 | -0.0006 |
0.5
| -0.0003 |
0.3
| |
Job strain | 0.0048 |
3.8
| 0.0047 |
1.8
| 0.0063 |
6.6
| 0.0037 |
4.5
| 0.0011 |
6.2
| 0.0111 |
1.6
| -0.0007 |
0.7
| 0.0149 |
7.6
|
Low strain | ||||||||||||||||
Passive | -0.0020 | 1.3 | 0.0011 | -0.0047 | 4.6 | -0.0019 | 2.1 | -0.0090 | 4.2 | 0.0027 | -0.0009 | 0.7 | -0.0039 | 3.8 | ||
Active | 0.0107 | 0.0060 | 0.0130 | 0.0079 | 0.0146 | 0.0110 | 0.0000 | 0.0 | 0.0227 | |||||||
High strain | -0.0039 | 2.5 | -0.0024 | 1.8 | -0.0020 | 2.0 | -0.0023 | 2.5 | -0.0045 | 2.1 | -0.0025 | 1.6 | 0.0002 | -0.0039 | 3.7 | |
Subtotal | 0.0135 |
5.0
| 0.0006 |
4.9
| 0.0053 |
7.5
| 0.0105 |
5.6
| 0.0050 |
6.6
| 0.0227 |
1.6
| 0.0028 |
1.2
| 0.0104 |
11.9
|
Inequality (total) |
-0.1259
|
-0.1172
| -0.0333 |
-0.0850
|
-0.1661
|
-0.0531
|
-0.0828
| -0.0272 | ||||||||
Standard error | 0.0187 | 0.0164 | 0.0214 | 0.0159 | 0.0213 | 0.0194 | 0.0230 | 0.0253 | ||||||||
Residual | -0.0043 | -0.0071 | 0.0077 | -0.0195 | -0.0074 | 0.0330 | 0.0004 | 0.0096 |