Background
Methods
Study design and population
Data collection
Statistical analysis
Ethics
Results
Mental health
Anxiety
Depression
Total N (%) | Females N (%) | Males N (%) | OR (95% CI) | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Risk of depression (CES-D score of ≥ 16)
| |||||
Yes | 476 (41.1) | 324 (44.1) | 152 (35.9) |
1.41 (1.10-1.80)
|
<0.007
|
No | 682 (58.9) | 411 (55.9) | 271 (64.1) | - | - |
Depressive symptoms (CES-D score of > 21)
| |||||
Yes | 300 (25.9) | 209 (28.4) | 91 (21.5) |
1.45 (1.09-1.92)
|
0.010
|
No | 858 (74.1) | 526 (71.6) | 332 (78.5) | - | - |
Depression (CES-D score of >25)
| |||||
Yes | 216 (18.7) | 151 (20.5) | 65 (15.4) |
1.42 (1.04-1.96)
|
0.029
|
No | 942 (81.3) | 584 (79.5) | 358 (84.6) | - | - |
Factors associated with anxiety and depression
Factors associated with anxiety
Characteristics | Anxiety | Univariate logistic regression | Multivariate logistic regression | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes n (%) | No n (%) | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | |
Being abused by parents, or other adults in the household* (n = 1152)
| ||||||
No | 223 (21.4) | 819 (78.6) | - | - | - | - |
Yes | 39 (35.5) | 71 (64.5) |
2.02 (1.33-3.06)
|
0.001
|
1.58 (1.02-2.45)
|
0.043
|
Being abused by teachers or other staff members at school* (n = 1150)
| ||||||
No | 175 (20.4) | 681 (79.6) | - | - |
-
|
-
|
Yes | 88 (29.6) | 209 (70.4) |
1.64 (1.22-2.21)
|
0.001
|
1.46 (1.06-2.00)
|
0.019
|
Educational stress (n = 1148)
| ||||||
Low stress | 44 (13.3) | 288 (86.7) | - | - |
-
|
-
|
Medium stress | 66 (16.8) | 328 (83.2) | 1.32 (0.87-1.99) | 0.191 | 1.31 (0.87-2.00) | 0.193 |
High stress | 153 (36.3) | 269 (63.7) |
3.72 (2.56-5.41)
|
<0.001
|
3.49 (2.39-5.09)
|
<0.001
|
Total (1155)
|
263 (22.8)
|
892 (77.2)
|
Risk factors associated with risk of depression
Characteristics | Depression | Univariate logistic regression | Multivariate logistic regression | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes n (%) | No n (%) |
OR (95% CI)
|
p
|
OR (95% CI)
|
p
| |
Growing up and living with both natural parents (n = 1158)
| ||||||
Yes | 430 (40.0) | 645 (60.0) | - | - | - | - |
No | 46 (55.4) | 37 (44.6) |
1.86 (1.19-2.92)
|
0.007
|
1.88 (1.13-3.13)
|
0.015
|
Living with a substance abuser (n = 1154)
| ||||||
No | 373 (38.5) | 597 (61.5) | - | - | - | - |
Yes | 101 (54.9) | 83 (45.1) |
1.94 (1.42-2.68)
|
<0.001
|
1.63 (1.13-2.34)
|
0.008
|
Living with a depressed or mentally ill person (n = 1154)
| ||||||
No | 442 (40.2) | 657 (59.8) | - | - | - | - |
Yes | 32 (58.2) | 23 (41.8) |
2.07 (1.19-3.58)
|
0.008
|
1.93 (1.03-3.61)
|
0.041
|
Being abused by parents or other adults in the household (n = 1155)
| ||||||
No | 405 (38.8) | 640 (60.2) | - | - | - | - |
Yes | 70 (63.6) | 40 (36.4) |
2.76 (1.84-4.16)
|
<0.001
|
1.80 (1.23-2.88)
|
0.014
|
Academic performance from the last semester (n = 1138)
| ||||||
Excellent/good | 77 (33.6) | 152 (66.4) | - | - | - | - |
Fairly Good/average | 350 (40.8) | 508 (59.2) |
1.36 (1.00-1.85)
|
0.046
| 1.25 (0.89-1.76) | 0.192 |
Below average/ Very poor | 39 (76.5) | 12 (23.5) |
6.42 (3.18-12.95)
|
<0.001
|
3.95 (1.83-8.56)
|
0.001
|
Academic stress (n = 1151)
| ||||||
Low stress | 86 (25.7) | 248 (74.3) |
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Medium stress | 129 (32.9) | 263 (67.1) |
1.41 (1.02-1.95)
|
0.036
|
1.59 (1.12-2.25)
|
0.009
|
High stress | 259 (60.9) | 166 (39.1) |
4.50 (3.29-6.15)
|
<0.001
|
5.02 (3.57-7.07)
|
<0.001
|
Having personal tutors (n = 1151)
| ||||||
No | 103 (47.7) | 113 (52.3) |
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Yes | 370 (39.6) | 565 (60.4) |
0.72 (0.53-0.97)
|
0.043
|
0.66 (0.47-0.92)
|
0.014
|
Serious quarrel with teachers or other staff at school in the past 12 months (n = 1155)
| ||||||
Never | 367 (38.1) | 597 (61.9) | - | - | - | - |
Sometimes/often | 107 (56.0) | 84 (44.0) |
2.07 (1.51-2.84)
|
<0.001
|
1.92 (1.35-2.75)
|
<0.001
|
It is acceptable for students to have premarital sex (n = 1151)
| ||||||
No | 394 (38.8) | 622 (61.2) | - | - | - | - |
Yes | 80 (59.3) | 55 (40.7) |
2.30 (1.59-3.31)
|
<0.001
|
2.12 (1.40-3.20)
|
<0.001
|
Total
|
476 (41.1)
|
682 (58.9)
|
Associated with poor mental health
Suicidality
Association between suicidal ideation and poor mental health
Suicidal behaviors | Univariate logistic regression | Multivariate logistic regression | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sometimes/often n (%)
|
Never n (%)
|
OR (95% CI)
|
P
|
OR (95% CI)
|
p
| |
Seriously considered suicide
|
304 (26.3)
|
850 (73.7)
| ||||
Anxiety (n = 1152)
| ||||||
Low anxiety | 186 (20.9) | 703 (79.1) | - | - | - | - |
High anxiety | 118 (44.9) | 145 (51.1) |
3.08 (2.30-4.12)
|
<0.001
|
1.84 (1.33-2.57)
|
<0.001
|
Depression (n = 1154)
| ||||||
Low depressive risk | 112 (16.5) | 568 (83.5) | - | - | - | - |
Possible case of depression | 192 (40.5) | 282 (59.5) |
3.45 (2.63-4.54)
|
<0.001
|
2.69 (1.98-3.64)
|
<0.001
|
Sex (n = 1157)
| ||||||
Male | 73 (17.3) | 349 (82,7) |
-
|
-
| ||
Female | 231 (42.4) | 504 (68,6) |
2.19 (1.63-2.95)
|
<0.001
|
2.31 (1.66-3.24)
|
<0.001
|
Drinking alcohol (n = 1153)
| ||||||
None drinker | 200 (22.6) | 685 (77.4) |
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Drinker | 104 (38.8) | 164 (61.2) |
2.17 (1.62-2.91)
|
<0.001
|
2.48 (1.77-3.48)
|
<0.001
|
Being abused by parents or other adults in the household (n = 1154)
| ||||||
No | 247 (23.7) | 797 (76.3) |
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Yes | 56 (50.9) | 54 (49.1) |
3.35 (2.24-4.99)
|
<0.001
|
2.86 (1.83-4.47)
|
<0.001
|
Schools (n = 1157)
| ||||||
TDN | 84 (21.6) | 305 (78.4) |
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
CVL | 114 (27.2) | 305 (72.8) | 1.36 (0.98-1.88) | 0.064 |
1.55 (1.08-2.24)
|
0.019
|
LTT | 106 (30.4) | 234 (69.6) |
1.58 (1.14-2.21)
|
0.007
|
2.11 (1.45-3.10)
|
<0.001
|
Having tutor after school (n = 1150)
| ||||||
No | 45 (21.0) | 160 (79.0) |
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Yes | 257 (27.5) | 679 (72.5) | 1.42 (0.99-2.04) | 0.054 |
1.52 (1.02-2.26)
|
0.040
|
Serious quarrel with teachers or other staff at school in the past 12 months (n-1154)
| ||||||
Never | 236 (24.5) | 726 (75.5) |
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Sometimes and often | 68 (35.4) | 124 (64.6) |
1.69 (1.21-2.35)
|
0.002
| 1.42 (0.97-2.97) | 0.068 |
Planning suicide
|
144 (12.9)
|
972 (87.1)
| ||||
Depression (n = 1116)
| ||||||
Low depressive risk | 36 (5.5) | 621 (94.5) | - | - | - | - |
Possible case of depression | 108 (23.5) | 351 (76.5) |
5.31 (3.56-7.91)
|
<0.001
|
4.44 (2.93-6.76)
|
<0.001
|
Sex (n = 118)
| ||||||
Male | 40 (9.8) | 369 (90.2) | - | - | - | - |
Female | 104 (14.7) | 605 (85.3) |
1.59 (1.08-2.34)
|
0.020
|
1.73 (1.13-2.62)
|
0.012
|
Grade (n = 118))
| ||||||
10 | 44 (11.8) | 330 (88.2) | - | - | - | - |
11 | 62 (16.5) | 314 (83.5) | 1.48 (0.98-2.45) | 0.064 | 1.44 (0.92-2.29) | 0.112 |
12 | 38 (10.3) | 330 (89.7) | 0.86 (0.55-1.37) | 0.532 | 0.77 (0.46-1.27) | 0.300 |
Drinking alcohol (n = 1116)
| ||||||
None drinker | 97 (11.3) | 758 (88.7) | - | - | - | - |
Drinker | 47 (18.0) | 214 (82.0) |
1.72 (1.17-2.51)
|
0.005
|
1.56 (1.02-2.38)
|
0.038
|
Serious quarrel with teachers or other staff at school in the past 12 months (n = 1115)
| ||||||
Never | 103 (11.1) | 828 (88.9) | - | - | - | - |
Sometimes and often | 41 (22.3) | 143 (77.7) |
2.30 (1.54-3.45)
|
<0.001
|
1.88 (1.20-2.95)
|
0.006
|
Being abused by parents or other adults in the household (n = 1115)
| ||||||
No | 106 (10.5) | 903 (89.5) | - | - | - | - |
Yes | 37 (34.9) | 69 (65.1) |
4.57 (2.92-7.14)
|
<0.001
|
3.33 (2.04-5.44)
|
<0.001
|
Having tutor after school (n = 1111)
| ||||||
No | 123 (13.7) | 778 (86.3) | - | - | - | - |
Yes | 20 (9.5) | 190 (90.5) | 1.50 (0.91-2.47) | 0.108 |
1.77 (1.04-3.01)
|
0.036
|
Attempted suicide
|
44 (3.9)
|
1095 (96.1)
| ||||
Anxiety (n = 1139)
| ||||||
Low anxiety | 21 (2.4) | 859 (97.6) | - | - | - | - |
High anxiety | 23 (8.9) | 236 (91.1) |
3.97 (2.17-7.33)
|
<0.001
|
2.68 (1.42-5.08)
|
0.002
|
Depression (n = 1141)
| ||||||
Low depressive risk | 11 (1.6) | 661 (98.4) | - | - | - | - |
Possible case of depression | 33 (7.0) | 436 (93.0) |
4.55 (2.27-9.10)
|
<0.001
|
3.39 (1.65-6.98)
|
0.001
|
Drinker
| ||||||
Drinking alcohol (n = 1141)
| ||||||
None drinker | 223 (2.6) | 854 (97.4) | - | - | - | - |
Drinker | 21 (8.0) | 243 (92.0) |
3.21 (1.75-5.88)
|
<0.001
|
2.95 (1.58-5.49)
|
0.001
|