Background
Methods
Study setting and participants
Study procedure and data collection
Dimensions of quality of life | Example | References |
---|---|---|
Physical dimension | The incidence of diseases, halitosis, speech and taste impairment, reduced growth, the risk of malnutrition, sleep and smile disturbance, impairment in learning, failure to do daily homework, disorder in the game | |
Psychological dimension | Reduction of self-esteem and self-confidence, incidence of anxiety, stress, depression, feeling restless and chaotic, dissatisfaction with mental imagery and general appearance, lack of sense of well-being and emotional health, humiliation feeling, shame and embarrassment | |
Social dimension | Disruption of communication and social interactions, lack of social participation (like recreational programs), social rejection and labeling, absence from school and work, disruptions in career and academic performance, impact on the quality of family life | |
Economic dimension | Impact on the economic situation of the family, impose economic costs |
Behavioral factors | Non-behavioral factors |
---|---|
Do not do fluoride therapy | Person and tooth resistance (genetic factors, congenital or acquired) |
Use of fluoride-free toothpaste | Fluoride in drinking water |
No use of dental floss | Age and gender |
Do not brush | Economic status and social class |
Over-consumption of sugar, sweets, and carbohydrates | Dimensions of the family |
Lack of regular referral (six months) to the dentist to receive preventive services | Parent’s job and education |
Overeating and weight gain | blood type |
Reduce milk and dairy consumption | Level of salivation and concentration |
Eating snacks and unhealthy snack foods -chewing Gum, Chips, Puffs, Lavashes and Salt and Nutritional Snacks- junk food | Chronic and systemic diseases |
Residence | |
Consistency of food | |
Health literacy |
Factor | Structure | Number of questions | Response scale | How to respond | The scope of questions | CVR | CVI | Cronbach’s alpha | Internal correlation coefficient |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
*Demographic characteristics | 11 | – | Self-Reporting | – | – | – | – | ||
Knowledge | 24 | multiple choice | Self-Reporting | 0–24 | 0.95 | 0.96 | – | 0.84 | |
Predisposing Factors | Attitude | 7 | Three-part Likert | Self-Reporting | 7–21 | 0.94 | 0.97 | 0.72 | |
Perceived susceptibility | 3 | Three-part Likert | Self-Reporting | 3–9 | 1 | 0.93 | 0.68 | ||
Perceived severity | 10 | Three-part Likert | Self-Reporting | 10–30 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.90 | ||
Perceived benefits | 11 | Three-part Likert | Self-Reporting | 11–33 | 1 | 0.99 | 0.78 | ||
Subjective norms | 3 | Three-part Likert | Self-Reporting | 3–9 | 1 | 1 | 0.73 | ||
Observational learning | 3 | Three-part Likert | Self-Reporting | 3–9 | 1 | 1 | 0.85 | ||
The motivation to comply | 3 | Three-part Likert | Self-Reporting | 3–9 | 1 | 1 | 0.88 | ||
Enabling Factors | Perceived barriers | 6 | Three-part Likert | Self-Reporting | 6–18 | 1 | 1 | 0.80 | |
Self-efficacy | 5 | Yes - to some extent - no | Self-Reporting | 5–15 | 1 | 1 | 0.78 | ||
Perceived behavioral control | 6 | Yes - to some extent - no | Self-Reporting | 6–18 | 0.96 | 0.98 | 0.79 | ||
Behavioral preferences | 5 | Three-part Likert | Self-Reporting | – | 1 | 1 | – | ||
Brushing skill | 12 | Yes No | Checklist- Observation | 0–12 | – | – | 0.82 | ||
Reinforcing Factors | Social reinforcement | 5 | Three-part Likert | Self-Reporting | 5–15 | 1 | 1 | 0.85 | |
Social support | 4 | Three-part Likert | Self-Reporting | 4–12 | 1 | 1 | 0.76 | ||
Behavior | 21 | Yes- No | **check list- | 0–21 | – | – | – | ||
Behavioral intention | 4 | Yes- No | Self-Reporting | 0–4 | 0.95 | 1 | 0.82 |
Statistical analyses
Results
Factor | Structure | Group | Before of intervention | After of intervention | P-Value* |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
M ± SD | M ± SD | ||||
Predisposing Factors | Knowledge (0–24) | Intervention | 10.48 ± 3.37 | 18.93 ± 2.77 | < 0.001 |
Control | 10.40 ± 2.98 | 11.66 ± 3.54 | < 0.001 | ||
P-Value** | 0.091 | < 0.001 | |||
Attitude (7–21) | Intervention | 18.70 ± 2.00 | 19.82 ± 1.99 | < 0.001 | |
Control | 18.80 ± 2.01 | 19.01 ± 1.81 | 0.14 | ||
P-Value** | 0.93 | < 0.001 | |||
Perceived Susceptibility (3–9) | Intervention | 7.41 ± 1.45 | 7.87 ± 1.40 | < 0.001 | |
Control | 7.45 ± 1.49 | 7.81 ± 1.27 | 0.005 | ||
P-Value** | 0.74 | 0.04 | |||
Perceived Severity (10–30) | Intervention | 24.11 ± 3.89 | 28.36 ± 3.39 | < 0.001 | |
Control | 23.00 ± 4.22 | 23.44 ± 4.05 | 0.30 | ||
P-Value** | 0.05 | < 0.001 | |||
Perceived Benefit (11–33) | Intervention | 29.08 ± 3.35 | 31.95 ± 1.96 | < 0.001 | |
Control | 29.51 ± 3.24 | 29.41 ± 3.21 | 0.51 | ||
P-Value** | 0.26 | < 0.001 | |||
Subjective Norms (3–9) | Intervention | 8.26 ± 1.07 | 8.65 ± 0.83 | < 0.001 | |
Control | 8.22 ± 1.19 | 8.19 ± 1.20 | 0.30 | ||
P-Value** | 0.63 | < 0.001 | |||
Motivation to Comply (3–9) | Intervention | 7.71 ± 1.45 | 8.44 ± 1.13 | < 0.001 | |
Control | 7.46 ± 1.53 | 7.29 ± 1.62 | 0.23 | ||
P-Value** | 0.11 | < 0.001 | |||
Observational Learning (3–9) | Intervention | 7.13 ± 1.89 | 8.07 ± 1.63 | < 0.001 | |
Control | 7.25 ± 1.57 | 6.72 ± 1.86 | 0.007 | ||
P-Value** | 0.94 | < 0.001 | |||
Enabling Factors | Perceived Barrier (6–18) | Intervention | 8.61 ± 2.29 | 7.45 ± 2.33 | < 0.001 |
Control | 8.20 ± 1.94 | 8.30 ± 2.82 | 0.81 | ||
P-Value** | 0.25 | < 0.001 | |||
Self-Efficacy (5–15) | Intervention | 13.29 ± 2.29 | 14.36 ± 1.23 | < 0.001 | |
Control | 13.18 ± 2.22 | 13.17 ± 2.09 | 0.74 | ||
P-Value** | 0.49 | < 0.001 | |||
Perceived Behavioral Control (6–18) | Intervention | 14.14 ± 2.76 | 16.37 ± 2.16 | < 0.001 | |
Control | 14.35 ± 2.83 | 14.42 ± 2.93 | 0.92 | ||
P-Value** | 0.49 | < 0.001 | |||
Tooth Brushing Skill (0–12) | Intervention | 5.72 ± 2.27 | 10.72 ± 1.75 | < 0.001 | |
Control | 6.44 ± 2.77 | 5.59 ± 2.15 | 0.01 | ||
P-Value** | 0.01 | < 0.001 | |||
Ancova | – | < 0.001 | |||
Reinforcing Factors | Social Support (4–12) | Intervention | 9.99 ± 2.12 | 11.00 ± 1.61 | < 0.001 |
Control | 9.54 ± 2.06 | 9.44 ± 2.35 | 0.72 | ||
P-Value** | 0.02 | < 0.001 | |||
Ancova | – | < 0.001 | |||
Social Reinforcement (5–15) | Intervention | 12.15 ± 2.76 | 13.88 ± 1.85 | < 0.001 | |
Control | 12.14 ± 2.47 | 11.75 ± 2.92 | 0.14 | ||
P-Value** | 0.07 | < 0.001 | |||
Behavior | Intention Behavior (0–4) | Intervention | 3.19 ± 1.27 | 3.73 ± 0.68 | < 0.001 |
Control | 3.74 ± 0.67 | 3.33 ± 1.10 | 0.62 | ||
P-Value** | 0.02 | < 0.001 | |||
Ancova | – | < 0.001 |
Daily toothbrush behavior | Group | Before intervention | After intervention | P-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Percentage | Number | Percentage | |||
Less than once | Intervention | 27 | 22.1 | 1 | 0.82 | < 0.001 |
Control | 16 | 12.5 | 14 | 11.02 | 0.09 | |
P-Value | 0.03 | < 0.001 | ||||
One to two times | Intervention | 16 | 13.1 | 3 | 2.4 | < 0.001 |
Control | 30 | 23.4 | 27 | 21.2 | 0.08 | |
P-Value | 0,04 | < 0.001 | ||||
Twice and more | Intervention | 79 | 64.7 | 117 | 96.6 | < 0.001 |
Control | 0.03 | 64 | 86 | 67.6 | 0.08 | |
P-Value | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |