Background
Methods
Chemicals
Sample preparation
HPLC analyses
HPLC-ESI-MS conditions
GC/MS analysis
Preparation of standard curves
Determination of total phenolics, flavonoids and total solid content
Antioxidant properties
DPPH radical scavenging activity
Determination of ABTS radical scavenging
Determination of the Tyrosinase inhibitory activity
Antimicrobial properties
Antibacterial and antifungal assays
Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) or minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC)
Date analysis
Results and discussion
The contents of volatile substance
Compound | RT | Formula structure | Weight | RFCS |
---|---|---|---|---|
Linalool | 12.163 | C10H18O | 154.25 | n.d |
Phenylethyl alcohol | 12.921 | C8H10O | 122.16 | 40.48 ± 2.24 |
Citronellol | 20.393 | C10H20O | 156.27 | 7.83 ± 0.77 |
Phenylethyl acetate | 21.923 | C10H12O2 | 164.2 | 11.20 ± 0.89 |
Citronellol acetate | 29.029 | C12H22O2 | 198.3 | n.d |
α-bisabolol | 49.909 | C15H26O | 222.36 | 0.08 ± 0.01 |
Total content | 48.21 ± 2.76 |
Total phenolic, flavonoid and soild contents
Peak | Ginsenoside | Retention time | Calibration curve | R2 | RFCS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | hyperoside | 16.981 | y = 14,955x-5214 | 0.9989 | 0.18 ± 0.01 |
2 | kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside | 17.737 | y = 7102x + 3256 | 0.9984 | 0.12 ± 0.01 |
3 | rutin | 19.01 | y = 41,285x-43,792 | 0.9979 | 0.23 ± 0.01 |
4 | luteolin | 22.01 | y = 31,527x-5241 | 0.9991 | n.d |
total phenolic content | 0.31 ± 0.01 | ||||
total flavonoid content | 0.43 ± 0.01 | ||||
total solid content | 1.45 ± 0.04 |
Antioxidant capacity
DPPH radicalscavenging activity | Tyrosinase inhibition | ABTS radicalscavenging activity | |
---|---|---|---|
RFCS | 1120 ± 42 b | 570 ± 21 ab | 1430 ± 49 b |
Linalool | > 10,000 a | 730 ± 44 a | > 10,000 a |
Phenylethyl alcohol | > 10,000 a | 315 ± 13 b | > 10,000 a |
Citronellol | > 10000a | 825 ± 31 a | > 10,000 a |
α-bisabolol | > 10,000 a | 635 ± 22 a | > 10,000 a |
Hyperoside | 0.695 ± 0.021 c | 0.762 ± 0.018 d | 0.526 ± 0.014 c |
Kaempferol-3-O-Rutinoside | 0.808 ± 0.024 c | 0.908 ± 0.021 d | 0.719 ± 0.016 c |
Rutin | 0.715 ± 0.017 c | 0.856 ± 0.014 d | 0.621 ± 0.024 c |
Luteolin | 0.507 ± 0.015 c | 0.613 ± 0.016 d | 0.436 ± 0.026 c |
Positive control | 0.449 ± 0.013 c | 80 ± 17 c | 0.324 ± 0.019 c |
Tyrosinase inhibitory activities
Antimicrobial activities
Compound |
L. ivanovii
|
S. enteritidis enteritidis
|
S. aureus
|
E. coli
|
C. albicans
|
P. acnes
|
F. nucleatum
| |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MFC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | |
RFCS | 500 | > 1000 | 500 | > 1000 | 125 | 1000 | 500 | 1000 | 1000 | > 1000 | 125 | 500 | 64 | 250 |
Linalool | 500 | > 1000 | 500 | > 1000 | 250 | 1000 | 250 | 1000 | 250 | 1000 | 250 | 1000 | 250 | 1000 |
Phenylethyl alcohol | 250 | 500 | 125 | 500 | 125 | 250 | 250 | 1000 | 250 | 500 | 125 | 500 | 8 | 32 |
Citronellol | 250 | 500 | 250 | 1000 | 125 | 500 | 250 | 500 | 250 | 500 | 125 | 500 | 250 | 1000 |
α-bisabolol | 8 | 32 | 500 | > 1000 | 250 | 1000 | 500 | 1000 | 1000 | > 1000 | 125 | 500 | 8 | 32 |
Hyperoside | 250 | 500 | 250 | 500 | 250 | 1000 | 250 | 1000 | 250 | 1000 | 250 | 1000 | 250 | 500 |
Kaempferol-3-O-rutinosid | 500 | 1000 | 500 | > 1000 | 250 | 1000 | 500 | > 1000 | 250 | 1000 | 500 | 1000 | 500 | > 1000 |
Rutin | 500 | 1000 | 125 | 500 | 250 | 500 | 250 | 1000 | 500 | 1000 | 125 | 250 | 62 | 500 |
Luteolin | 500 | 1000 | 250 | 1000 | 500 | > 1000 | 250 | 1000 | 250 | 500 | 250 | 500 | 125 | 500 |
Miconazole Nitrate | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 16 | 8 | – | – | – | – | – |
Hydrochloride tetracycline | < 0.1 | < 0.1 | 8 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | – | – | 16 | 8 | 16 | 2 | 2 |