Background
Methods
Results
The prevalence of diabetes in Sub-Saharan Africa
Type 2 diabetes
Country | Author | Site | Sample size (Participation rate %) | Age range | Method | Prevalence (%) (95% CI) | Un-diagnosed diabetes (%) | Prevalence IGT (%) (95% CI) | Prevalence IFG (%) (95% CI) | % Obese (BMI ≥30) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | F | M+F | Males | Females | |||||||||
Cameroon
| Mbanya 1999[22] | Urban & Rural | Urban: 295 (> 90) Rural: 384 (> 90) | 24-74 | OGTT/FBG (WHO 85, ADA 97) | Urban: 1.0* (0.1-3.6) Rural: 1.1* (0.1-4.0) | Urban: 2.8* (0.9-6.6) Rural: 0.5* (0-3.0) |
Urban: 2.0*
Rural: 0.8*
| - | Urban (M: 1.6* (0.3-4.6) F: 4.6* (0.8-13)) Rural: (M: 6.4 (3.3-11.3) F: 3.1* (1.1-6.8)) | - | - | |
Sobngwi 2002[23] | Urban & Rural | Urban: 1183 (96) Rural: 1282 (98) | ≥15 | FBG (WHO 98) |
Urban: 6.2* (3.7-8.9)
Rural: 4.7* (2.5-6.9) |
Urban: 4.7* (2.6-6.8)
Rural: 2.9* (1.5-4.4) | - | - | - | Urban: (M: 4.4 (2.6-4.3) F: 10.4 (7.8-13)) Rural: (M: 4.9 (2.4-7.4) F: 4.7 (2.8-6.6)) | Urban: 5.4* Rural: 0.5* | Urban: 17.1* Rural: 3.0* | |
MOH Cambod 2004 [24] | Urban | 10,824 | ≥15 | OGTT | 6.40* | 5.70* |
6.06* | 80 | - | - | 7.51* | 21.25* | |
Ghana
| Amoah 2002 [25] | Urban | 4733 (75) | ≥25 | OGTT (WHO 98, ADA 97) | 7.7* | 5.5* |
6.4* | 69.9 | 10.7* | 6.0* | - | - |
Guinea
| Balde 2007 [26] | Urban & Rural | 1537 (77) | ≥35 | FBG (WHO 99) | - | - |
Urban: 6.7* (5.1-8.3)
Rural: 5.3* (3.6-7.0) | Urban: 59 Rural: 100 | - | Urban: 10.3 (8.3-12.3) Rural: 17.7 (14.7-20.6) | - | - |
Kenya
| Christensen 2009 [27] | Urban & rural | Urban: 281 (98.2) Rural: 1178 (98.2) | ≥17 | FBG/OGTT (WHO 99) | Urban & Rural: 4.5* (2.0-10.2) | Urban & Rural: 4.2* (1.409.4) |
Urban: 12.2* (5.4-23.2)
Rural: 2.2* (0.8-5.2)
Combined: 4.2*
(2.0-7.7) | Urban: 21 Rural: 48 | Urban: 13.2* (4.6-26.5) Rural: 8.6* (5.1-14.0) Combined: 12.0* (9.2-15.2) | - | - | - |
Mathenge 2010 [28] | Urban & Rural | Urban: 1437 Rural: 2959 | ≥50 | RBG | - | - |
Urban: 10
Rural: 5
| Urban: 23 Rural: 41 | - | - | Urban: 20 Rural: 10 | ||
Nigeria
| Okesina 1999 [121] | Rural | 500 | > 40 | FBG |
2.6
| - | - | |||||
Nyenwe 2003 [29] | Urban | 502 (67.1) | ≥40 | OGTT (WHO 99) | 9.1* | 6.3* |
7.9* | 41 | - | - | - | - | |
Oladapo 2010 [30] | Rural | 2000 | 18-64 | FBG | 2.1 | 2.8 |
2.5
| 27 | - | - | 3.9 | ||
South Africa
| Erasmus 2001 [122] | Urban | 374 (workers) | > 20 | OGTT | - | - |
4.5* | - | - | |||
Alberts 2005 [32] | Rural | 2106 | > 30 | FBG |
-
| - |
8.8
| 30 | 7.4 | ||||
Motala 2008 [33] | Rural | 1025 (78.9) | > 15 | OGTT (WHO 98) | 3.5* | 3.9* |
3.9* | 84.8 | 4.8* | 41.5* | - | - | |
Tanzania
| Aspray 2000 [34] | Urban & Rural | Urban: 770 Rural: 928 | > 15 | FBG (WHO 98) |
Urban: 5.9*
Rural: 1.7* |
Urban: 5.7*
Rural: 1.1* | - | - | - | Urban: (M: 3.6* W:4.7*) Rural: (M: 0.8* W: 1.1*) | Urban: 7.3* Rural: 0.2* | Urban: 19.8* Rural: 4.2* |
Uganda
| Maher 2010 [35] | Rural | 6678 | ≥13 | RPG |
-
|
-
|
0.6*
(0.4-0.7)
| 74 | - | - | 0.5 | 3.9 |
Zimbabwe
| MOH STEPS 2005 [36] | Pop Rep | 3081 | ≥25 | FBG |
-
|
-
|
10
| - | M: 5.3 (3.3-8) F: 5.2 (4.1-6.7) | - | 3.9 | 10.4 |
Type 1 diabetes
Country | Author | Sample | Age | Incidence per 100,000 persons (95% CI) | Prevalence per 100,000 persons |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ethiopia | Aleumu (2009) [39] | 1029 | - | 2.1 (2.0 - 2.2) | - |
Mozambique | Beran (2005) [40] | - | 0-19 | - | 3.5 |
Sudan | Elamin (1992) [38] | 42,981 | 7-14 | - | 9.5 |
Tanzania | Swai (1993) [41] | 86 | 0-19 | 1.5 (1.3 - 1.7) | - |
Zambia | Beran (2005) [40] | - | 0-19 | - | 12 |
Gestational diabetes mellitus
Country | Author | Site | Sample size | Method | Prevalence GDM among women giving birth (%) (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ethiopia | Seyoum (1999) [42] | Rural | 890 | OGTT | 3.7 (2.5 - 4.9) |
Ethiopia | Hailu (1994) [44] | Rural/Urban | 567 | OGTT | 9.2 |
South Africa | Mamabolo (2006) [43] | Rural | 262 | OGTT | 1.5 (0.4 - 3.8) |
Tanzania | Swai (1991) [45] | Rural | 189 | OGTT | 0 |
South Africa | Ranchod (1991) [46] | Urban | 1721 | OGTT | 3.8 |
Other Types of Diabetes
Outcomes of diabetes
Diabetes mortality
Country | Author (Year) | Diabetes Types | Sample (loss to follow up) | Mortality (%) | Mortality causes (deaths by cause/total deaths) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 year | 20 year | |||||
Ethiopia | Lester (1992) [49] | Type 1 | 431 | 4 | 37 | - |
South Africa | Gill (2005)[48] | Type 1 | 88 (39) | - | 33 | Renal failure (9/21) Hypoglycaemia (6/21) Ketoacidosis (2/21) Infection (2/21) Undetermined (2/21) |
Tanzania | McLarty (1990) [50] | IDDM1
| 272 | 40.5 | - | Leading causes: IDDM: 50% Ketoacidosis; NIDDM: 24% Cardiovascular & renal disease; Indeterminate: 48% infection. |
NIDDM2
| 825 | 19 | - | |||
Indeterminate type | 153 | 57 | - |
The prevalence of chronic diabetes complications among persons with diabetes
Complication | Location | Author (year) | Sample | Setting | Type of diabetes | Prevalence (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Neuropathy
| Cameroon | Ndip (2006) [52] | 300 | Hospital inpatient and outpatient clinics | N/A | 27.3% |
Nigeria | Odusan (2008) [53] | 108 | Hospital outpatient clinic | Type 2 | Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy: 34.2% | |
Sudan | Ahmed (2000) [54] | 120 | Hospital outpatient clinic | Type 1 & 2 | Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy: 40% Peripheral: 66% | |
Foot ulcers
| Cameroon | Ndip (2006) [52] | 300 | Hospital inpatient and outpatient clinics | N/A | 13% |
Kengne (2010) [55] | 1841 | Hospital inpatients | N/A | 13% | ||
Nigeria | Ogbera (2006) [56] | 1500 | Hospital inpatients & outpatient clinic | Mixed | 9.5% | |
Tanzania | Gulam-Abbas (2002) [57] | 627 | Hospital inpatients | Mixed | 15% | |
Retinopathy
| Botswana | Mengesha (2006) [58] | 401 | Outpatient clinics | Mixed | 9.2% |
Cameroon | Sobgnwi (1999) [59] | 64 | Hospital outpatient clinic | Mixed, non-proteinuric | 37.5% | |
Ethiopia | Seyoum (2001) [60] | 340 | Hospital outpatient clinic | Type 1 & 2 | 37.8% | |
Ghana & Nigeria | Rotimi (2003) [61] | 840 | Hospital outpatient clinics | Type 2 | 17.9% | |
Nigeria | Omolase 2010 [62] | 100 | Hospital outpatient clinic | Mixed | 15% | |
Kenya | Mwendwa (2005) [63] | 100 | Hospital outpatient clinic | Type 2 | 7% | |
Kenya | Mwale (2007) [64] | 96 | Hospital outpatient clinic | Type 2 | 22% | |
South Africa | Motala (2001) [65] | T1: 47 T2: 172 | Hospital outpatient clinic | Type 1 & 2 | Type 1: 53.2%, Type 2: 64.5% | |
South Africa | Read & Cook (2007) [66] | 248 | Hospital outpatient clinic | Type 2 | 32.3% | |
South Africa | Mash (2007) [67] | 400 | Outpatient clinics | Mixed | 63% | |
Tanzania | Majaliwa (2007)[68] | 99 | Hospital outpatient clinic | Type 1 | 22.68% | |
Nigeria | Unuigbe (2001) 124 | 66 | Hospital outpatient clinic | Type 1 & 2 | 23% | |
Microalbuminuria
| Cameroon | Sobgnwi (1999) [59] | 63 | Hospital outpatient clinic | Mixed, non-proteinuric | 53.1% |
Ghana | Eghan (2007) [71] | 109 | Hospital outpatient clinic | Mixed | 43.1% | |
Kenya | Wanjohi (2002) [51] | 100 | Hospital outpatient clinic | Type 2 | Albuminuria: 26% | |
Kenya | Mwendwa (2005) [63] | 100 | Hospital outpatient clinic | Type 2 | 25% | |
Nigeria | Unuigbe (2001) [69] | 66 | Hospital outpatient clinic | Type 1 & 2 | 50% | |
Nigeria | Agaba (2004) [72] | 65 | Hospital outpatient clinic | Type 2 | 49.2% | |
Nigeria | Adetunji (2006) [73] | 50 | Hospital outpatient clinic | Type 2 > 5 yrs, non-proteinuric | 83% | |
Tanzania | Lutale (2007) [74] | T1: 91 T2: 153 | Hospital outpatient clinic | Mixed | Type 1: 12%, Type 2: 9.8% | |
Tanzania | Majaliwa (2007)[68] | 99 | Hospital outpatient clinic | Type 1 | 29.3% | |
Coronary Heart Disease
| South Africa | Kalk (2007) [70] | 744 | Hospital outpatient clinic | Type 2 | White: 23%, Black: 4% |