Background
Methods
Sampling and respondents
Measures
Personal and home environment variables
Parental education and ethnic background
Statistics
Results
Participant characteristics
Differences according to parental education
N = 6018 | ||
---|---|---|
Correlate | ORa
| 95%CI |
Soft drink
| ||
Unfavorable attitude |
0.64***
|
(0.55; 0.75)
|
Incorrect health beliefs | 0.94 | (0.81; 1.09) |
High preference/liking | 0.89 | (0.77; 1.02) |
Unfavorable parental subjective norm |
0.72***
|
(0.59; 0.87)
|
Low parent modeling |
0.75***
|
(0.64; 0.87)
|
Parental practices | ||
Rules
|
0.86*
|
(0.76; 0.97)
|
High allowance
|
0.75***
|
(0.65; 0.86)
|
Bought on request
| 0.95 | (0.83; 1.08) |
High accessibility
|
0.80**
|
(0.70; 0.91)
|
High home availability |
0.73***
|
(0.65; 0.83)
|
Breakfast
| ||
Unfavorable attitudeb
| 0.77 | (0.41; 1.47) |
Health beliefs | ||
Incorrect (eating breakfast)
|
0.71***
|
(0.59; 0.86)
|
Incorrect (not eating breakfast)
| 1.08 | (0.96; 1.23) |
Low preferences/liking | 0.96 | (0.73; 1.25) |
Unfavorable parental subjective normb
| 0.70 | (0.31; 1.57) |
Low parent modeling | 0.85 | (0.68; 1.07) |
Low co-participation |
0.77***
|
(0.68; 0.88)
|
Low levels of active encouragement/parental support | 0.93 | (0.79; 1.09) |
Parental practices | ||
Rules
|
0.84**
|
(0.74; 0.94)
|
Bought on request
|
0.86**
|
(0.76; 0.96)
|
Low home availabilityb
| 1.03 | (0.65; 1.65) |
Physical activity/sports
| ||
Unfavorable attitudeb
| 0.37 | (0.08; 1.70) |
Incorrect health beliefs |
0.72***
|
(0.61; 0.85)
|
Low preferences/likingb
| 0.73 | (0.42; 1.26) |
Unfavorable parental subjective normb
| 0.75 | (0.35; 1.61) |
Low parent modeling |
0.69***
|
(0.60; 0.80)
|
Low co-participation |
0.85*
|
(0.74; 0.96)
|
Low levels of active encouragement/parental support | 0.95 | (0.76; 1.20) |
Parental practices | ||
Rules
|
0.86*
|
(0.75; 0.97)
|
Low general allowance
b
|
0.60*
|
(0.41; 0.89)
|
Low specific allowance
b
|
0.70*
|
(0.49; 1.00)
|
Low home availability |
0.64***
|
(0.56; 0.74)
|
TV Viewing
| ||
Unfavorable attitude | 0.85 | (0.72; 1.00) |
Incorrect health beliefs |
0.69***
|
(0.61; 0.78)
|
High preferences/liking | 1.06 | (0.93; 1.21) |
Unfavorable parental subjective norm |
0.65***
|
(0.52; 0.81)
|
High parent modeling |
0.75***
|
(0.67; 0.85)
|
High co-participation |
0.66***
|
(0.56; 0.76)
|
Parental practices | ||
Rules
|
0.76***
|
(0.67; 0.85)
|
High general allowance
|
0.63***
|
(0.56; 0.72)
|
High specific allowance
|
0.70***
|
(0.62; 0.79)
|
High home availability |
0.41***
|
(0.36; 0.47)
|
Differences according to ethnic background
Language spoken at home (N = 6000) | Country of birth of biological parents (N = 5977) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||||
Correlate | ORa
| 95%CI | ORa
| 95%CI | ORa
| 95%CI | ORa
| 95%CI |
Soft drink
| ||||||||
Unfavorable attitude |
0.73*
|
(0.56; 0.96)
| 0.80 | (0.61; 1.05) |
0.69***
|
(0.57; 0.84)
|
0.73***
|
(0.60; 0.88)
|
Incorrect health beliefs | 1.19 | (0.89; 1.59) | 1.21 | (0.90; 1.61) | 1.11 | (0.92; 1.35) | 1.12 | (0.92; 1.36) |
High preference/liking | 1.02 | (0.80; 1.31) | 1.03 | (0.80; 1.33) | 1.04 | (0.88; 1.23) | 1.06 | (0.90; 1.26) |
Unfavorable parental subjective norm | 0.80 | (0.56; 1.15) | 0.86 | (0.60; 1.24) | 0.82 | (0.64; 1.05) | 0.86 | (0.67; 1.10) |
Low parent modeling | 1.10 | (0.79; 1.52) | 1.16 | (0.84; 1.61) | 0.89 | (0.72; 1.09) | 0.92 | (0.75; 1.13) |
Parental practices | ||||||||
Rules
| 0.98 | (0.78; 1.22) | 1.01 | (0.80; 1.26) | 1.14 | (0.98; 1.32) |
1.16*
|
(1.00; 1.35)
|
High allowance
| 0.80 | (0.62; 1.02) | 0.84 | (0.66; 1.07) | 0.98 | (0.82; 1.17) | 1.02 | (0.85; 1.21) |
Bought on request
| 0.83 | (0.65; 1.05) | 0.84 | (0.66; 1.07) | 0.89 | (0.76; 1.05) | 0.90 | (0.76; 1.06) |
High accessibility
| 1.04 | (0.80; 1.34) | 1.09 | (0.84; 1.41) | 1.17 | (0.98; 1.39) |
1.21*
|
(1.01; 1.45)
|
High home availability | 0.99 | (0.78; 1.25) | 1.05 | (0.83; 1.32) | 1.06 | (0.91; 1.24) | 1.11 | (0.95; 1.29) |
Breakfast
| ||||||||
Unfavorable attitudeb
| 1.58 | (0.35; 7.19) | 1.68 | (0.37; 7.73) | 1.00 | (0.44; 2.27) | 1.04 | (0.45; 2.39) |
Health beliefs | ||||||||
Incorrect (eating breakfast)
|
0.62**
|
(0.44; 0.86)
|
0.66*
|
(0.47; 0.92)
|
0.75*
|
(0.59; 0.96)
| 0.79 | (0.62; 1.00) |
Incorrect (not eating breakfast)
| 1.21 | (0.96; 1.52) | 1.19 | (0.95; 1.50) | 1.03 | (0.88; 1.20) | 1.02 | (0.87; 1.19) |
Low preferences/liking | 0.84 | (0.52; 1.36) | 0.85 | (0.52; 1.38) | 1.06 | (0.75; 1.49) | 1.07 | (0.75; 1.51) |
Unfavorable parental subjective normb
| 0.61 | (0.17; 2.26) | 0.66 | (0.18; 2.47) | 0.51 | (0.21; 1.23) | 0.53 | (0.21; 1.30) |
Low parent modeling | 1.13 | (0.74; 1.73) | 1.17 | (0.76; 1.80) | 1.27 | (0.95; 1.70) | 1.31 | (0.97; 1.76) |
Low co-participation | 0.94 | (0.74; 1.20) | 0.99 | (0.78; 1.27) | 0.92 | (0.79; 1.08) | 0.96 | (0.81; 1.12) |
Low levels of active encouragement/parental support | 0.99 | (0.74; 1.34) | 1.01 | (0.75; 1.36) | 0.86 | (0.70; 1.04) | 0.87 | (0.71; 1.05) |
Parental practices | ||||||||
Rules
|
0.76*
|
(0.60; 0.97)
|
0.79*
|
(0.62; 1.00)
| 0.86 | (0.74; 1.00) | 0.88 | (0.76; 1.03) |
Bought on request
|
0.66***
|
(0.53; 0.82)
|
0.67***
|
(0.54; 0.84)
| 0.87 | (0.75; 1.01) | 0.89 | (0.77; 1.03) |
Low home availabilityb
| 0.51 | (0.26; 1.01) |
0.50*
|
(0.25; 1.00)
| 0.69 | (0.41; 1.17) | 0.68 | (0.40; 1.17) |
Physical activity/sports
| ||||||||
Unfavorable attitudec
| - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Incorrect health beliefs |
0.56***
|
(0.43; 0.74)
|
0.60***
|
(0.46; 0.79)
|
0.74**
|
(0.61; 0.90)
|
0.78*
|
(0.64; 0.95)
|
Low preferences/likingb
| 0.46 | (0.20; 1.02) | 0.49 | (0.22; 1.11) | 0.77 | (0.40; 1.49) | 0.81 | (0.42; 1.57) |
Unfavorable parental subjective normb
| 2.17 | (0.27; 17.47) | 2.36 | (0.29; 19.28) | 1.28 | (0.45; 3.70) | 1.35 | (0.46; 3.92) |
Low parent modeling |
0.70*
|
(0.54; 0.90)
|
0.74*
|
(0.57; 0.96)
|
0.73***
|
(0.61; 0.86)
|
0.76**
|
(0.64; 0.91)
|
Low co-participation | 0.98 | (0.76; 1.26) | 1.02 | (0.79; 1.31) | 1.02 | (0.86; 1.20) | 1.04 | (0.95; 1.14) |
Low levels of active encouragement/parental support | 0.78 | (0.53; 1.14) | 0.79 | (0.54; 1.15) | 0.80 | (0.61; 1.04) | 0.80 | (0.61; 1.05) |
Parental practices | ||||||||
Rules
| 0.93 | (0.73; 1.18) | 0.96 | (0.75; 1.22) | 0.97 | (0.83; 1.13) | 0.99 | (0.85; 1.15) |
Low general allowance
b
|
0.48*
|
(0.27; 0.88)
|
0.55*
|
(0.30; 1.00)
|
0.62*
|
(0.39; 0.97)
| 0.67 | (0.43; 1.06) |
Low specific allowance
b
| 0.60 | (0.34; 1.06) | 0.65 | (0.36; 1.15) | 0.77 | (0.50; 1.18) | 0.82 | (0.53; 1.26) |
Low home availability |
0.43***
|
(0.33; 0.56)
|
0.46*
|
(0.36; 0.60)
|
0.52***
|
(0.43; 0.62)
|
0.54***
|
(0.45; 0.64)
|
TV Viewing
| ||||||||
Unfavorable attitude |
0.43***
|
(0.32; 0.58)
|
0.44***
|
(0.33; 0.59)
|
0.72**
|
(0.58; 0.89)
|
0.73**
|
(0.59; 0.91)
|
Incorrect health beliefs |
0.57***
|
(0.46; 0.72)
|
0.61***
|
(0.49; 0.77)
|
0.60***
|
(0.51; 0.70)
|
0.62***
|
(0.53; 0.73)
|
High preferences/liking | 0.93 | (0.72; 1.18) | 0.91 | (0.71; 1.17) | 0.88 | (0.74; 1.04) | 0.87 | (0.74; 1.03) |
Unfavorable parental subjective norm |
0.51***
|
(0.35; 0.74)
|
0.55**
|
(0.38; 0.81)
|
0.72*
|
(0.55; 0.96)
| 0.77 | (0.58; 1.02) |
High parent modeling |
0.59***
|
(0.47; 0.73)
|
0.61***
|
(0.49; 0.77)
|
0.81**
|
(0.70; 0.94)
|
0.84*
|
(0.72; 0.97)
|
High co-participation |
0.68**
|
(0.51; 0.91)
|
0.73*
|
(0.55; 0.98)
| 0.96 | (0.80; 1.15) | 1.01 | (0.85; 1.22) |
Parental practices | ||||||||
Rules
| 0.80 | (0.64; 1.00) | 0.85 | (0.68; 1.05) | 0.93 | (0.80; 1.08) | 0.96 | (0.83; 1.12) |
High general allowance
|
0.64***
|
(0.50; 0.81)
|
0.69**
|
(0.54; 0.88)
|
0.74***
|
(0.63; 0.87)
|
0.78**
|
(0.66; 0.92)
|
High specific allowance
|
0.67***
|
(0.53; 0.84)
|
0.71**
|
(0.57; 0.90)
|
0.72***
|
(0.62; 0.84)
|
0.76***
|
(0.65; 0.88)
|
High home availability |
0.61***
|
(0.48; 0.78)
|
0.71**
|
(0.56; 0.91)
|
0.66***
|
(0.56; 0.77)
|
0.73***
|
(0.62; 0.86)
|