Histoplasmosis is one of the invasive fungal infections and presents with symptoms mainly in the lungs. Disseminated histoplasmosis (DH) is rare and its lesions in the gastrointestinal tract are even uncommon. The concomitant involvement of the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract has never been described in the immunocompetent individuals.
Case presentation
A 44-year-old immunocompetent Chinese man presented with fever, hepatosplenomegaly, fungal esophagitis and protuberant lesions with central depression and erosion along the mucous membrane of the colon. The patient was diagnosed as disseminated histoplasmosis by gastrointestinal endoscopy.
Conclusions
Histoplasmosis should be taken caution in patients with fever and hepatosplenomegaly. Actions should be taken to avoid its disseminated infection associated high mortality.
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Abkürzungen
18F-FDG PET/CT
18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography with computed tomography
AFP
Alpha-fetoprotein
CA199
Carbohydrate antigen 19–9
CA-724
Carbohydrate antigen 724
CEA
Carcinoembryonic antigen
CRP
C-reactive protein
CYFRA21-1
Cytokeratin 19 fragments
DBil
Direct bilirubin
DH
Disseminated histoplasmosis
FERR
Serum ferritin
FPSA
Free prostate specific antigen
HBV
Hepatitis B virus
HCV
Hepatitis C virus
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus
NSE
Neuron-specific enolase
PAS stain
Periodic Acid-Schiff stain
PCT
Procalcitonin
RBC
Red blood cell
TBil
Total bilirubin
TPSA
Total prostate specific antigen
T-SPOT
Enzyme-linked immunospot assay
UBil
Undirect bilirubin
WBC
White blood cell
Background
Histoplasmosis is one of the invasive fungal infections and presents with symptoms mainly in the lungs [1]. Disseminated histoplasmosis (DH) is rare and its lesions in the gastrointestinal tract are even uncommon [1‐3]. The concomitant involvement of the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract has never been described in the immunocompetent individuals. Here, a case of disseminated histoplasmosis in the non-endemic area was presented in an immunocompetent patient diagnosed by gastrointestinal endoscopy.
Case presentation
A 44-year-old Chinese man admitted to Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University in April 3rd 2018 and presented with intermittent high-grade fever (Tmax of 39.5 °C) with chills and rigor since January 2018. Before his admission to this hospital, he was treated with outpatient intermittent cephalosporin therapy, however no obvious curative effect was observed. After admission, ultrasonography and CT both revealed hepatosplenomegaly, and bone marrow tests demonstrated macrophages which abnormally engulf red blood cells and platelets and thrombocytopenia. Then this patient received piperacillin/tazobactam 3.375 g/q8h for 5 days and no improvement was observed. Afterwards the antibiotics were upgraded to biapenem 0.3 g/qd combined with teicoplanin 0.2 g/qd for 5 days. During his stay in Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, the patient lost 8 kg of weight and no significant curative effect was achieved. Due to this condition, the patient was transferred to the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University.
Anzeige
On his admission to our hospital, vital signs showed temperature of 39.4 °C, heart rate of 110/min, respiration of 22/min and blood pressure of 110/68 mmHg. The patient showed no palpable lymph nodes on the neck, the liver was 12 cm below the right rib border and 8 cm below the xiphoid, spleen was 11 cm below the left rib border. Medical history suggested there was no underlying disease, no smoking, no alcohol or illicit drug abuse.
Laboratory examinations on admission revealed hemoglobin of 112 g/L, red blood cell (RBC) counts 4.41 × 10^12/L, platelet counts 56 × 10^9/L and white blood cell (WBC) counts 3.62 × 10^9/L, liver enzymes γ-GGT 98.4 U/L, ALP 329 U/L, TBil 35.4 μmol/L, DBil 14.0 μmol/L, UBil 21.4 μmol/L, inflammatory markers (PCT 0.26 ng/mL, CRP 34.0 mg/L, FERR 1101.8 ng/mL), G test of 238.1 pg/mL, GM test of 0.375, immunoglobulin levels comprised IgG 11.7 g/L, IgA 1.23 g/L, IgM 2.9 g/L, normal complement levels with C3 0.71 g/L, C4 0.167 g/L. Lymphocyte subsets comprised 67% total T cell, 29% Helper T cell, 33% Suppressor T cell, CD4+/CD8+ 0.89, total T cell count 323 cells/μl, Helper T cell count 148 cells/μl, Suppressor T cell count 167 cells/μl, 3.7% early activated stage T cell, 6.91% middle activated stage T cell, 44.42% late activated stage T cell (see Additional file 1: Table S1).
No significant change was detected in terms of other blood tests including kidney function tests, tumor markers (AFP, CEA, CA199, CA-724, CYFRA21-1, NSE, TPSA, FPSA), autoantibodies, antibodies related to infectious diseases (HBV, HCV, HIV, CMV-DNA, EBV-DNA, T-SPOT).
Ultrasonography revealed hepatosplenomegaly. The whole body was scanned with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography with computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) and showed that the length of liver was 245.543 mm and length of spleen was 187.935 mm. The enlarged liver and spleen showed mild increased metabolic activity according to the results of 18F-FDG PET/CT. Diffused slight hyper-metabolism in whole body bone marrow and multiple lymph nodes around porta hepatis and retroperitoneum were also depicted. As a 0.8 cm polyp-like lesion was detected in the small intestine with increased metabolism in the FDG PET/CT images, further gastrointestinal endoscopy was arranged (see Fig. 1a). PET/CT showed no significant central nervous system involvement and no lesion in lung, therefore a lumbar puncture and percutaneous lung puncture biopsy were not conducted.
×
Anzeige
Gastroscopy showed consecutive sheets of white bean curd-like substance attached to the esophageal mucosa, referring fungal esophagitis (see Fig. 1b). Colonoscopy showed protuberant lesions with central depression and erosion along the mucous membrane of the colon (Fig. 1c). Biopsy specimens of the colon identified numerous yeast-like structures containing increased numbers of histiocytes staining positive for PAS stain, indicating granulomatous inflammation induced by mycotic infection (see Fig. 2a, b and c).
×
Blood Routine, Biochemical Test, FERR were repeated during hospitalization and revealed progressive pancytopenia (see Additional file 1: Table S2). Hematoxylin and eosin stained bone marrow demonstrated oval or round organisms with amaranth nuclei and capsule-like unstained halos around these organisms observed in the cytoplasm of phagocytes. These observations were highly recommended of histoplasmosis capsulatum (see Fig. 2d).
The clinical manifestation, medical history, physical examinations and the related examinations confirmed his diagnosis of disseminated histoplasmosis involved in the digestive tract.
The patient started to receive intravenous amphotericin B deoxycholate at an initial dose of 7 mg/d in Day 1, 30 mg/d in Day 2, 50 mg/d in Day 3 and then every 5 mg/day was added till the dose reached 110 mg/d (approximately 1.5 mg/kg) [4]. In Day 25, the follow-up CT scan showed the size of liver and spleen narrowed (see Additional file 2: Figure S1). Gastrointestinal endoscopy showed esophageal and colon mucosa was normal as well (Additional file 2: Figure S2). Residual fungal cell walls were seen in both liver tissues and colon mucosa pathology specimens (see Additional file 2: Figures S3 and S4). H. capsulatum cannot be detected in the bone marrow aspirate (see Additional file 2: Figure S5). In Day 26, a total dose of amphotericin B deoxycholate reached 2400 mg, then it was replaced with itraconazole 200 mg bid orally. Two days after amphotericin B deoxycholate treatment, his temperature returned to normal. The liver narrowed to 7 cm below the right rib border and 4 cm below the xiphoid, the spleen was 6 cm below the left rib border in Day 36. The liver narrowed to 3 cm below the right rib border and the spleen was 3 cm below the left rib border in Day 44. In addition, the results of Blood Routine returned to normal (see Additional file 1: Table S1).
Discussion and conclusion
According to the literature, only nine DH cases in the digestive tract of immunocompetent patients have been reported, among which none of the cases reported concomitant involvement of esophagus and colon (see Table 1) [2, 5‐9]. This is a rare and typical DH case encroaching on esophagus, colon, liver, spleen and bone marrow in an immunocompetent individual. In this case, underlying chronic disease or underlying immunodeficiency was not observed. Results of laboratory examinations, bone marrow aspirate, PET/CT, gastrointestinal endoscopy and pathological examinations were collected before and after intervention. Significant improvement was observed with the application of amphotericin B deoxycholate. However, the transjugular liver puncture cannot be performed due to the limited technical support and the percutaneous liver puncture was not carried out due to his extremely low platelet level.
Table 1
Disseminated histoplasmosis involved in digestive tract in immunocompetent individuals
The diagnosis of this case was based on the observation of H. capsulatum in both colon mucosa pathology and bone marrow aspirate. Colon biopsy specimens showed granuloma formation. According to the previous study, only 8% of histoplasmosis showed fully developed granuloma, suggesting that this patient is an immunocompetent host. Furthermore, 18F-FDG PET/CT also suggested hematological disease in this case rather than infectious disease. 18F-FDG accumulated not only in malignant tumors but also in both infectious and non-infectious inflammatory lesions. There were overlaps between FDG uptake of malignant lesions and certain infectious processes due to the presence of macrophages. Tuberculosis and histoplasmosis infections lead to active granulomatous processes and may mimic malignant lesion with accumulated FDG uptake [10, 11]. Therefore, it is difficult to identify malignant tumors from infectious inflammatory lesions. It is the reason that this case was diagnosed with pathological examinations instead of 18F-FDG PET/CT. In addition, PCR and specific antigen test cannot be performed since there was limited technical support in our hospital. However, it is strongly suggested to perform PCR and specific antigen test in the future to further support the diagnosis of this disease [12].
This patient lived in a non-endemic area and visited Vietnam 8 years ago. Immunocompetent adults who exposed to the infectious organisms, the important risk factor for DH, may progress slower than immunocompromised or immunosuppressed individuals [13]. To the best of our knowledge, one of the studies reported that DH was diagnosed after 40 years [14]. Therefore, the natural history of this disease may be caused by the accumulation of fungal organisms in different organs or tissues, and it can be trigged by the variation of the immune micro-environment.
Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this Case Report and any accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor of this journal.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Die Therapie von Echinokokkosen sollte immer in spezialisierten Zentren erfolgen. Eine symptomlose Echinokokkose kann – egal ob von Hunde- oder Fuchsbandwurm ausgelöst – konservativ erfolgen. Wenn eine Op. nötig ist, kann es sinnvoll sein, vorher Zysten zu leeren und zu desinfizieren.
Seit November 2023 gibt es evidenzbasierte Empfehlungen zum perioperativen Management bei gastrointestinalen Tumoren (POMGAT) auf S3-Niveau. Vieles wird schon entsprechend der Empfehlungen durchgeführt. Wo es im Alltag noch hapert, zeigt eine Umfrage in einem Klinikverbund.
Mit dem demographischen Wandel versorgt auch die Chirurgie immer mehr betagte Menschen. Von Entwicklungen wie Fast-Track können auch ältere Menschen profitieren und bei proximaler Humerusfraktur können selbst manche 100-Jährige noch sicher operiert werden.
Worauf kommt es beim Management von Personen mit infektiöser Endokarditis an? Eine Kardiologin und ein Kardiologe fassen die zehn wichtigsten Punkte der neuen ESC-Leitlinie zusammen.
Update Innere Medizin
Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.