Background
Method
Search strategy
Eligibility criteria
Study selection
Data extraction
Study |
N
| Sample✝ | Gender (% female) | % OW/OBa | Ethnicity✝ | Location | Study type | Healthy strategies | Unhealthy strategies | Extreme strategies |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Calderon et al. (2004) [18] | 146 | 10th grade | 64 | 27 (Mb) | 8% Caucasian 27% Asian-American 4% African-American 48% Hispanic 0% Native-American 12% Other | California | CSc | Eating smaller portions | Skipping meals, fad or crash diet | Diet aids |
Childress et al. (1993) [24] | 3129 | 5th to 8th grade | 51 | N/A | 64% Caucasian 21% African-American 7% Other 8% N/A | South Carolina | CS | Exercise | Fasting | Vomiting, diuretics, diet pills, laxatives |
Davis & Lambert (2000) [25] | 1994 | 5th grade | 51 | 34 (M) | 100% Native-American | New Mexico | CS | Exercise, “eating a little less” | Strict diet | N/A |
French et al. (1995) [46] | 852 | 7th to 10th grade | 100 | N/A | 89% Caucasian 4% Mixed Race 3%Asian-American < 1%Native-American < 1%African-American < 1% Hispanic | Minnesota | Ld | Low-calorie diet | N/A | Vomiting, diet pills, laxatives, enemas |
Kilpatrick et al. (1999) [19] | 6504 | 7th to 12th grade | 53 | 22 (M) 31 (Pe) | 62% Caucasian 23% African-American 9% Hispanic 3% Asian-American 3% Native-American | USA† | CS | Exercise | N/A | Vomiting, diet pills, laxatives |
Koff & Rierdan (1991) [45] | 206 | 6th grade | 100 | 21 (P) | 100% Caucasian | Massachusetts | CS | Exercise, avoid fattening foods | Skipping meals, fasting | N/A |
Krowchuk et al. (1998) [23] | 2331 | 6th to 8th grade | 49 | 24 (P) | 64% Caucasian 28% African-American 2% Hispanic 1% Asian-American 2% Native-American 3% Other | North Carolina | CS | Exercise | N/A | Vomiting or using laxatives, diet pills |
McVey et al. (2005) [20] | 1458 | 6th to 8th grade | 54 | 19 (M) 28 (P) | 38% Caucasian 26% South Asian 17% Asian-American 13% African-Canadian 14% Other | Ontario, CA | CS | Exercise | Skipping meals | Vomiting, diet pills, laxatives or diuretics |
Page et al. (1993) [49] | 1915 | 10th to 12th grade | 51 | N/A | 73% Caucasian 25% African-American 2% Other | Mississippi | CS | Exercise | Fasting, very restrictive diet, crash diet | Vomiting, diet pills, water pills, laxatives |
Phelps et al. (1993) [40] | 367f | 7th to 8th grade and 9th to 12th grade | 100 | N/A | N/A | New York | CS | N/A | N/A | Vomiting, diet pills, laxatives |
Rafiroiu et al. (2000) [43] | 1439 | 3rd to 5th grade | 52 | N/A | 55% Caucasian | South Carolina | CS | N/A | N/A | Vomiting, diet pills |
Serdula et al. (1993) [39] | 11,467 | 9th to 12th grade | 51 | 25 (P) | 55% Caucasian 20% African-American 20% Hispanic 6% Other | USA‡ | CS | Exercise | Skipping meals | Vomiting, diet pills |
Shisslak et al. (1998) [48] | 523 | Elementary and middle school children | 100 | N/A | 48% Caucasian 26% Hispanic 17% Asian-American 5% African-American 2% Native-American 2% Other | California, Arizona | CS | Exercise, eat less fat/sweets | Skipping meals, fasting | Vomiting, diet pills, laxatives |
Shisslak et al. (2006) [44] | 1164 | 6th to 9th grade | 100 | 19% overweight, 19% at risk overweight (M) | 43% Caucasian 40% Hispanic 17% African-American | California, Arizona | CS | Exercise, cut back on food, eaten less sweets or fatty foods | Skipping meals, fasting | Vomiting, diet pills, laxatives |
Stevens et al. (1999) [41] | 304 | 4th grade | 54 | 12 (P) | 100% Native-American | Arizona, New Mexico, South Dakota | CS | Exercise, change what/how ate | Skipping meals, fasting | N/A |
Story et al. (1994) [47] | 13,454 | 7th to 12th grade | N/A | 31 (P) | 100% Native-American | South Dakota, New Mexico, Alaska, Minnesota, Montana, Tennessee, Utah, Arizona | CS | N/A | N/A | Vomiting, diet pills, laxatives, diuretics |
Story et al. (2001) [21] | 1441 | 2nd to 3rd grade | 48 | 42 (M) | 100% Native-American | Arizona, New Mexico, South Dakota | CS | Exercise, changed what/how much ate | Skipping meals, fasting | N/A |
Yost et al. (2010) [38] | 1040 | Females aged 13–18 | 100 | 15.5% overweight, 11.8% obese (as per BMI percentile) | 69% Caucasian 19% African-American 2% Native-American 3% Asian-American 12% Hispanic | USA†† | CS | Exercise | N/A | N/A |
Zullig et al. (2006) [42] | 4175 | 9th to 12th grade | 54 | 54 (P) | 54% Caucasian 46% African-American | South Carolina | CS | N/A | Fasting | Vomiting or laxatives, diet pills |
Quality and risk of Bias assessments
Results
Study characteristics: Full sample
Quality and risk of Bias assessments
Calderon et al. [18] | Childress et al. [24] | Davis & Lambert [25] | French et al. [46] | Kilpatrick et al. [19] | Koff & Rierdan [45] | Krowchuk et al. [23] | McVey et al. [20] | Page et al. [49] | Phelps et al. [40] | Rafiroiu et al. [43] | Serdula et al. [39] | Shisslak et al. [48] | Shisslak et al. [44] | Stevens et al. [41] | Story et al. [47] | Story et al. [21] | Yost et al. [38] | Zullig et al. [42] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Were the aims/objectives of the study clear? | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
2. Was the study design appropriate for the stated aim(s)? | Y | N/Aa | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
3. Was the sample size justified? | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N |
4. Was the target/reference population clearly defined? (Is it clear who the research was about?) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
5. Was the sample frame taken from an appropriate population base so that it closely represented the target/reference population under investigation? | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
6. Was the selection process likely to select subjects/participants that were representative of the target/reference population under investigation? | Y | Y | N | N | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
7. Were measures undertaken to address and categorize non-responders? | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N |
8. Were the weight intentions and weight strategies measured appropriate to the aims of the study? | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
9. Were the weight intentions and weight strategies measured correctly using instruments/measurements that had been trialed, piloted or published previously? | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | N | Y | N | Y | N | Y | Y | N | Y | N | N | Y | N | Y |
10. Is it clear what was used to determined statistical significance and/or precision estimates? (eg, p values, CIs) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | N | N | Y | N/A | Y | N/A | Y | Y | N | Y | Y |
11. Were the methods (including statistical methods) sufficiently described to enable them to be repeated? | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
12. Were the basic data adequately described? | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
13. Does the response rate raise concerns about non-response bias? | N | Y | N/A | N | N | N/A | N | Y | N/A | N/A | N/A | N | N/A | N/A | N | N/A | N/A | N/A | N |
14. If appropriate, was information about non-responders described? | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N |
15. Were the results internally consistent? (whether the numbers added up’, and ‘whether missing numbers were acknowledged or described’) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
16. Were the results for the analyses described in the methods, presented? | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N/A | Y | Y | Y | N/A | Y | Y | N/A | N/A | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
17. Were the authors’ discussions and conclusions justified by the results? | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
18. Were the limitations of the study discussed? | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
19. Were there any funding sources or conflicts of interest that may affect the authors’ interpretation of the results? | N/A | N/A | N/A | N | N/A | N | N/A | N | N/A | N/A | N | N/A | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N/A |
20. Was ethical approval or consent of participants attained? | N/A | Y | N/A | Y | N/A | Y | N/A | Y | N/A | N/A | Y | N/A | Y | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Y |
Weight loss intention | Healthy | Unhealthy | Extreme | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fa (%b) | Mc (%) | Total | F (%) | M (%) | Total | F (%) | M (%) | Total | F (%) | M (%) | Total | |
Full sample | 26–74 | 15–63 | 27–61 | 15–72 | 27–63 | 30–92 | 5–49 | 0–42 | 3–44 | 1–14 | 1–11 | 0–13 |
Measured Weight Status | ||||||||||||
Underweight | --d | – | 15–41 | 0–8 | – | 24–27 | – | – | – | 1–2 | – | – |
Normal-weight | – | – | 38–52 | 10–18 | – | 36–73 | – | – | – | 1–2 | – | – |
Overweight/obese | – | – | 70–82 | 27–33 | – | 47–75 | – | – | – | 1–3 | – | – |
Perceived weight status | ||||||||||||
Underweight | – | – | 2 | 30–38 | – | – | 0–2 | – | – | 0–7 | – | – |
Normal-weight | – | – | 17 | 54–73 | 72 | 73 | 3–68 | 46 | – | 4–44 | 2–4 | – |
Overweight/obese | – | – | 76 | 72–86 | 80 | 74 | 15–75 | 62 | – | 6–70 | 3–5 | – |
Grade Level | ||||||||||||
Elementary | 38–59 | 38–63 | 38–61 | 2–57 | 27–63 | 30–79 | 7–59 | 39–55 | 9–57 | 2–4 | – | 7 |
Middle | 31–66 | 25–31 | 27–66 | 27–71 | 27–56 | 34–92 | 4–24 | 6–12 | – | 1–10 | 1–5 | 2–7 |
High school | 43–47 | 15–37 | 30–60 | – | – | 30–60 | 17–49 | 10–42 | 9–41 | 1–15 | 1–11 | 2–13 |
Ethnicity | ||||||||||||
Caucasian | 47–58 | 16–25 | 32–46 | 55–75 | 26–78 | 34–76 | 4–73 | 3–57 | 8–69 | 2–11 | 3–5 | 1–8 |
African-American | 30–48 | 10–27 | 21–39 | 26–61 | 28–73 | 30–64 | 12–69 | 2–54 | 10–66 | 3–9 | 2–7 | 1–7 |
Native-American | 38–59 | 38–63 | 38–61 | 33–59 | 27–63 | 30–79 | 42–45 | 37–42 | 9–43 | 1–27 | 1–12 | 0–27 |
Hispanic | 39 | 14 | 28–36 | 66 | 75 | 69 | 75 | 60 | 71 | 7–8 | 1–3 | – |
Asian-American | – | – | 33 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Weight loss intentions
Studies finding sex difference | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Studies finding no sex differences | Females higher endorsement | Males higher endorsement | ||
Weight loss intentions | ||||
Full sample | Davis & Lambert [25]E,N Stevens et al. [41]E,N Story et al. [21]E,N | Calderon et al. [18] Childress et al. [24]M Kilpatrick et al. [19] Krowchuk et al. [23]M McVey et al. [20]M | ||
Grade level | ||||
Elementary-school | Stevens et al. [41]E,N Story et al. [21]E,N | |||
Middle-school | Childress et al. [24]M Krowchuk et al. [23]M McVey et al. [20]M | |||
High-school | Calderon et al. [18] Kilpatrick et al. [19] | |||
Type of strategy | Specific strategy | |||
Healthy | ||||
Exercise | McVey et al. [20]M Story et al. [21]E,N | Childress et al. [24]M Krowchuk et al. [23]M | Davis & Lambert [25]E,N Kilpatrick et al. [19] | |
Smaller portions | Calderon et al. [18]H | Davis & Lambert [25]E,N | ||
Changed what/how ate | Story et al. [21]E,N | |||
Unhealthy | ||||
Fasting | Calderon et al. [18]H Stevens et al. [41]E,N Story et al. [21]E,N | Childress et al., 1993 [24]M | ||
Skipping meals | Calderon et al. [18]H Stevens et al. [41]E,N Story et al. [21]E,N | McVey et al. [20]M | ||
Fad Diet | Calderon et al. [18]H | |||
Extreme | ||||
Diet pills | Calderon et al. [18]H McVey et al. [20]M | Childress et al. [24]M Krowchuk et al. [23]M Story et al. [47]N | ||
Diuretics | Childress et al. [24]M | Story et al. [47]N | ||
Laxatives | Childress et al. [24]M | Story et al. [47]N | ||
Laxatives or diuretics | McVey et al. [20]M | |||
Vomiting | Childress et al. [24]M | Story et al. [47]N | McVey et al. [20]M | |
Vomiting or laxatives | Krowchuk et al. [23]M |