Background
Methods
Participants and design
Instruments and measurements
Procedure and ethical considerations
Data analysis
Results
Demographic characteristics
Variables | Hepatitis B infection | Hepatitis C infection | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Negative | Positive | Negative | Positive | |
N (%) | N (%) | |||
Gender |
χ
2 = 2.16 |
χ
2 = 0.01 | ||
Female | 332 (89.0) | 41 (11.0) | 320 (85.8) | 53 (14.2) |
Male | 404 (85.5) | 68 (14.4) | 406 (86.0) | 66 (14.0) |
Age (years) Mean ± SD | 51.5 ± 14.7 |
χ
2 = 11.76** | 62.5 ± 15.7 |
χ
2 = 24.63*** |
~ 39 | 184 (87.2) | 27 (12.8) | 198 (93.8) | 13 (6.2) |
40 ~ 64 | 307 (83.2) | 62 (16.8) | 321 (87.0) | 48 (13.0) |
≥ 65 | 245 (92.5) | 20 (7.5) | 207 (78.1) | 58 (21.9)a
|
Disability classification |
χ
2 = 1.21 |
χ
2 = 7.16* | ||
Physical | 243 (88.0) | 33 (12.0) | 231 (83.7) | 45 (16.3) |
Intellectual | 193 (85.0) | 34 (15.0) | 207 (91.2) | 20 (8.8) |
Multiple disabilities | 300 (87.7) | 42 (12.3) | 288 (84.2) | 54 (15.8) |
Education |
χ
2 = 0.84 |
χ
2 = 16.36*** | ||
≤ Primary school | 378 (88.1) | 51 (11.9) | 348 (81.1) | 81 (18.9) |
≥ Middle school | 356 (86.0) | 58 (14.0) | 376 (90.8) | 38 (9.2) |
Occupation |
χ
2 = 0.11 |
χ
2 = 5.09* | ||
With job | 207 (87.7) | 29 (12.3) | 213 (90.3) | 23 (9.7) |
Without job | 529 (86.9) | 80 (13.1) | 513 (84.2) | 96 (15.8) |
Marital statusa
|
χ
2 = 6.48* |
χ
2 = 13.56*** | ||
Single | 269 (85.4) | 46 (14.6) | 288 (91.4) | 27 (8.6) |
Married | 371 (89.8) | 42 (10.2) | 344 (83.3) | 69 (16.7) |
Others | 94 (81.7) | 21 (18.3) | 92 (80.0) | 23 (20.0) |
Living arrangement |
χ
2 = 0.06 |
χ
2 = 0.22 | ||
With families | 580 (87.0) | 87 (13.0) | 575 (86.2) | 92 (13.8) |
Other | 156 (87.6) | 22 (12.4) | 151 (84.8) | 27 (15.2) |
Unhealthy behaviors between hepatitis B or C virus carriers
Variables | Hepatitis B infection | Hepatitis C infection | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Negative | Positive | Negative | Positive | |
N (%) | N (%) | |||
Alcohol usea
|
χ
2 = 4.88 |
χ
2 = 0.41 | ||
Never | 625 (85.1) | 85 (78.0) | 608 (84.0) | 102 (85.7) |
Current user | 61 (8.3) | 16 (14.7) | 68 (9.4) | 9 (7.6) |
Cessation | 48 (6.5) | 8 (7.3) | 48 (6.6) | 8 (6.7) |
Cigarette smoke |
χ
2 = 3.56 |
χ
2 = 0.43 | ||
Never | 555 (75.4) | 75 (68.8) | 544 (74.9) | 86 (72.3) |
Current smokers | 99 (13.5) | 22 (20.2) | 103 (14.2) | 18 (15.1) |
Cessation | 82 (11.1) | 12 (11.0) | 79 (10.9) | 15 (12.6) |
Adopting regular exercisea
|
χ
2 = 1.86 |
χ
2 = 0.40 | ||
Irregular | 387 (52.7) | 65 (59.6) | 392 (54.0) | 60 (50.8) |
Regular | 348 (47.3) | 44 (40.4) | 334 (46.0) | 58 (49.2) |
Water (1500 mL/day)a
|
χ
2 = 0.21 |
χ
2 = 0.26 | ||
Sufficient | 245 (33.4) | 34 (31.2) | 242 (33.5) | 37 (31.1) |
Insufficient | 488 (66.6) | 75 (68.8) | 481 (66.5) | 82 (68.9) |
Fruit (2 servings/day) |
χ
2 = 0.01 |
χ
2 = 0.77 | ||
Sufficient | 139 (18.9) | 21 (19.3) | 134 (18.5) | 26 (21.8) |
Insufficient | 597 (81.1) | 88 (80.7) | 592 (81.5) | 93 (78.2) |
Vegetable (3 servings/day) |
χ
2 = 0.01 |
χ
2 = 0.02 | ||
Sufficient | 239 (32.5) | 36 (33.0) | 237 (32.6) | 38 (31.9) |
Insufficient | 497 (67.5) | 73 (67.0) | 489 (67.4) | 81 (68.1) |
Awareness of viral infection |
χ
2 = 44.7*** |
χ
2 = 49.97*** | ||
Yes | 26 (3.5) | 21 (19.3) | 24 (3.3) | 23 (19.3) |
No | 710 (96.5) | 88 (80.7) | 702 (96.7) | 96 (80.7) |
Receiving antiviral treatment |
χ
2 = 21.31*** |
χ
2 = 30.56*** | ||
Yes | 12 (1.6) | 10 (9.2) | 10 (1.4) | 12 (10.1) |
No | 724 (98.4) | 99 (90.8) | 716 (98.6) | 107 (89.9) |
Physiological biomarkers and health status among hepatitis carriers
Variables | Hepatitis B infection | Hepatitis C infection | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Negative | Positive | Negative | Positive | |
N (%) | N (%) | |||
SGPT (mu/mL) |
χ
2 = 1.66 |
χ
2 = 53.72*** | ||
< 40 | 635 (86.3) | 89 (81.7) | 648 (89.3) | 76 (63.9) |
≥ 40 | 101 (13.7) | 20 (18.3) | 78 (10.7) | 43 (36.1) |
Body mass index (kg/m2) |
χ
2 = 1.87 |
χ
2 = 0.38 | ||
Average/under | 292 (43.2) | 50 (50.5) | 299 (44.6) | 43 (41.3) |
Overweight/Obesity | 384 (56.8) | 49 (49.5) | 372 (55.4) | 61 (58.7) |
SBP (mmHg) |
χ
2 = 1.98 |
χ
2 = 6.29* | ||
< 140 | 470 (64.4) | 77 (71.3) | 482 (66.9) | 65 (55.1) |
≥ 140 | 260 (35.6) | 31 (28.7) | 238 (33.1) | 53 (44.9) |
DBP (mmHg) |
χ
2 = 0.54 |
χ
2 = 0.03 | ||
< 90 | 558 (76.4) | 86 (79.6) | 554 (76.9) | 90 (76.3) |
≥ 90 | 172 (23.6) | 22 (20.4) | 166 (23.1) | 28 (23.7) |
FBG (mg/dL) |
χ
2 = 0.66 |
χ
2 = 2.56 | ||
< 109 | 575 (78.2) | 89 (81.7) | 577 (79.6) | 87 (73.1) |
≥ 110 | 160 (21.8) | 20 (18.3) | 148 (20.4) | 32 (26.9) |
Variables | Unstandardized | Beta | t value |
p
| 95 % CIa
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | SE | |||||
Constant | 19.85 | 1.67 | 11.89 | <0.001 | 16.58 ~ 23.13 | |
HCV (1 = positive) | 15.28 | 2.59 | 0.20 | 5.90 | <0.001 | 10.19 ~ 20.37 |
HBV (1 = positive) | 9.30 | 2.68 | 0.12 | 3.47 | 0.001 | 4.04 ~ 14.56 |
Fasting blood glucose (1 > 110 mg) | 7.26 | 2.24 | 0.11 | 3.25 | 0.001 | 2.87 ~ 11.65 |
BMI (1 = overweight/obesity) | 5.71 | 1.89 | 0.10 | 3.02 | 0.003 | 2.00 ~ 9.42 |
Age (1 > 65) | −4.40 | 1.98 | −0.08 | −2.22 | 0.027 | −8.29 ~ −0.51 |
Alcohol (1 = current drinker) | 6.15 | 2.78 | 0.08 | 2.21 | 0.028 | 0.68 ~ 11.61 |
Smoking (1 = current smoker) | 1.91 | 2.35 | 0.03 | 0.81 | 0.418 | −2.71 ~ 6.53 |