Background
Methods
Relevance of double health insurance coverage
Estimation techniques
Data description and exposure variables
2001 | 2000 | 1999 | 1998 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name | Definition | Mean | Std. Dev. | Mean | Std. Dev. | Mean | Std. Dev. | Mean | Std. Dev. |
Personal Characteristics | |||||||||
FEMALE | 1 if female, 0 otherwise | 0.5202 | 0.4996 | 0.5193 | 0.4996 | 0.5198 | 0.4996 | 0.5181 | 0.4997 |
AGE | Individual’s age | 46.2874 | 19.6670 | 45.9765 | 19.6249 | 45.6354 | 19.5239 | 45.2911 | 19.4838 |
Education | |||||||||
EDUC1 | 1 if less than secondary level (ISCED 0–2), 0 otherwise | 0.4273 | 0.4947 | 0.4378 | 0.4961 | 0.4399 | 0.4964 | 0.4417 | 0.4966 |
EDUC2 | 1 if third level education (ISCED 5–7) | 0.1319 | 0.3384 | 0.1278 | 0.3339 | 0.1211 | 0.3263 | 0.1161 | 0.3203 |
Marital Status | |||||||||
SINGLE | 1 if single, 0 otherwise | 0.3001 | 0.4583 | 0.3032 | 0.4596 | 0.3071 | 0.4613 | 0.3088 | 0.4620 |
SEPARATED | 1 if separated, 0 otherwise | 0.0144 | 0.1190 | 0.0152 | 0.1223 | 0.0150 | 0.1214 | 0.0150 | 0.1216 |
DIVORCED | 1 if divorced, 0 otherwise | 0.0097 | 0.0980 | 0.0095 | 0.0970 | 0.0085 | 0.0921 | 0.0081 | 0.0894 |
WIDOW | 1 if widowed, 0 otherwise | 0.0893 | 0.2851 | 0.0891 | 0.2848 | 0.0857 | 0.2799 | 0.0867 | 0.2814 |
MARRIED | 1 if married, 0 otherwise | 0.5866 | 0.4925 | 0.5831 | 0.4931 | 0.5837 | 0.4930 | 0.5814 | 0.4933 |
Personal Earnings | |||||||||
LOGWAGE | Natural logarithm of the individual’s earnings | 8.5711 | 1.5986 | 8.4468 | 1.7219 | 8.4794 | 1.5669 | 8.3946 | 1.5878 |
Employment | |||||||||
UNEMPLOYMENT | 1 if unemployed, 0 otherwise | 0.0605 | 0.2385 | 0.0640 | 0.2447 | 0.0709 | 0.2567 | 0.0855 | 0.2796 |
Health Status | |||||||||
SMOKE | 1 if individual is a smoker, 0 otherwise | 0.3232 | 0.4677 | 0.3245 | 0.4682 | 0.3370 | 0.4727 | 0.3475 | 0.4762 |
NUMBER_VISITS1 | Number of visits to general practitioner | 4.0828 | 6.9875 | 3.5232 | 5.6475 | 3.6494 | 6.1505 | 3.8179 | 6.6565 |
NUMBER_VISITS2 | Number of visits to specialist doctors in the previous year | 1.7091 | 4.0508 | 1.5690 | 3.4261 | 1.5577 | 3.7921 | 1.6237 | 3.7099 |
HOSPITAL | 1 if individual has been hospitalized in the previous year, 0 otherwise | 0.0871 | 0.2819 | 0.0792 | 0.2700 | 0.0789 | 0.2696 | 0.0828 | 0.2756 |
FAIR_HEALTH | 1 if individual’s self-assessed health is fair, 0 otherwise | 0.2178 | 0.4127 | 0.2018 | 0.4014 | 0.2057 | 0.4043 | 0.2082 | 0.4060 |
BAD_HEALTH | 1 if individual’s self-assessed health is bad or very bad, 0 otherwise | 0.1056 | 0.3074 | 0.1099 | 0.3128 | 0.1024 | 0.3032 | 0.1164 | 0.3207 |
CHRONIC | 1 if individual is an chronic sick, 0 otherwise | 0.2301 | 0.4209 | 0.2144 | 0.4104 | 0.2196 | 0.4140 | 0.2369 | 0.4252 |
PRIVATE_INSURANCE | 1 if individual has private insurance, 0 otherwise | 0.1157 | 0.3199 | 0.0970 | 0.2960 | 0.0980 | 0.2973 | 0.1003 | 0.3004 |
Variable | Variable description | EU-SILC (2011) | EU-SILC (2012) | SNHS (2011/2012) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
MALE | 1 if male, 0 otherwise | 0.48 | 0.50 | 0.48 | 0.50 | 0.46 | 0.5 |
AGE | Individual’s age (years) | 49.66 | 18.7 | 50.04 | 18.76 | 51.6 | 19.09 |
SINGLE | 1 if single, 0 otherwise | 0.29 | 0.45 | 0.30 | 0.46 | 0.28 | 0.45 |
SEPARATED_DIVORCED | 1 if separated or divorced | 0.05 | 0.21 | 0.05 | 0.21 | 0.06 | 0.25 |
WIDOW | 1 if widow, 0 otherwise | 0.08 | 0.28 | 0.09 | 0.28 | 0.13 | 0.34 |
MARRIED | 1 if married, 0 otherwise | 0.58 | 0.49 | 0.57 | 0.50 | 0.52 | 0.50 |
EARNINGS | Individual’s earnings | 6445.47 | 9962.39 | 6147.71 | 9746.15 | – | – |
SMOKE | 1 if smoker, 0 otherwise | – | – | – | – | 0.25 | 0.43 |
DRINK | 1 if consumes alcohol regularly, 0 otherwise | – | – | – | – | 0.49 | 0.50 |
OBESE | 1 if obese, 0 otherwise | – | – | – | – | 0.39 | 0.49 |
CHRONIC | 1 if chronic condition, 0 otherwise | 0.25 | 0.44 | 0.28 | 0.45 | 0.47 | 0.50 |
LIMIT | 1 if, individual has a limitation, 0 otherwise | 0.23 | 0.42 | 0.23 | 0.42 | 0.22 | 0.42 |
GOOD_HEALTH | 1 if good or very good SAH, 0 otherwise | 0.73 | 0.44 | 0.72 | 0.45 | 0.68 | 0.47 |
BAD_HEALTH | 1 if bad or very bad SAH, 0 otherwise | 0.08 | 0.27 | 0.09 | 0.28 | 0.09 | 0.29 |
NUMBER_VISITS_GENERAL | Number of visits to general practitioner in last 4 weeks | – | – | – | – | 1.31 | 0.87 |
NUMBER_VISITS_SPECIALIST | Number of visits to specialist doctor in last 4 weeks | – | – | – | – | 1.33 | 1.08 |
PRIVATE_INSURANCE_INDIVIDUAL | 1 if individual has private insurance taken out by him, 0 otherwise | – | – | – | – | 0.09 | 0.29 |
PRIVATE_INSURANCE_COMPANY | 1 if individual has private insurance taken out by his company, 0 otherwise | – | – | – | – | 0.02 | 0.15 |
Private insurance taken out by the individual | Functional dependence | General practitioner | Specialist |
Percentage | Percentage | ||
Yes | Public Health | 67.21 | 41.79 |
Medical society | 11.89 | 21.21 | |
Private Consultation | 18.24 | 35.55 | |
Others | 2.66 | 1.46 | |
No | Public Health | 95.98 | 88.82 |
Medical society | 1.31 | 3.1 | |
Private Consultation | 1.92 | 6.86 | |
Others | 0.78 | 1.22 | |
Private insurance taken out by the company | Functional dependence | General practitioner | Specialist |
Percentage | Percentage | ||
Yes | Public Health | 76.99 | 41.30 |
Medical society | 7.96 | 19.57 | |
Private Consultation | 11.50 | 27.17 | |
Others | 3.54 | 11.96 | |
No | Public Health | 94.13 | 83.22 |
Medical society | 2.00 | 5.31 | |
Private Consultation | 3.00 | 10.52 | |
Others | 0.87 | 0.95 | |
No Private insurance | Functional dependence | General practitioner | Specialist |
Percentage | Percentage | ||
Public Health | 100 | 74,90 | |
Medical society | 0 | 0,91 | |
Private Consultation | 0 | 23,78 | |
Others | 0 | 0,41 |
Results
2001 | 2000 | |||||||||
Coef. | Std. Err. | z | P > |z| | dF/dx | Coef. | Std. Err. | z | P > |z| | dF/dx | |
AGE | 0.0053 | 0.0014 | 3.7900 | 0.0000 | 0.0009 | 0.0069 | 0.0015 | 4.6500 | 0.0000 | 0.0010 |
FEMALE | 0.0048 | 0.0373 | 0.1300 | 0.8970 | 0.0008 | 0.0620 | 0.0394 | 1.5700 | 0.1160 | 0.0093 |
UNEMPLOYMENT | −0.4790 | 0.0967 | −4.9600 | 0.0000 | −0.0622 | −0.3185 | 0.0919 | −3.4600 | 0.0010 | −0.0389 |
WAGE | 0.0235 | 0.0122 | 1.9200 | 0.0550 | 0.0040 | 0.0353 | 0.0125 | 2.8200 | 0.0050 | 0.0053 |
EDUC1 | −0.6691 | 0.0547 | −12.2400 | 0.0000 | −0.1094 | −0.6647 | 0.0570 | −11.6600 | 0.0000 | −0.0958 |
EDUC2 | 0.4817 | 0.0451 | 10.6700 | 0.0000 | 0.1022 | 0.4790 | 0.0473 | 10.1200 | 0.0000 | 0.0902 |
FAIR_HEALTH | −0.0769 | 0.0517 | −1.4900 | 0.1370 | −0.0129 | −0.1284 | 0.0568 | −2.2600 | 0.0240 | −0.0182 |
BAD_HEALTH | −0.3872 | 0.0899 | −4.3100 | 0.0000 | −0.0546 | −0.3551 | 0.0905 | −3.9300 | 0.0000 | −0.0438 |
CHRONIC | 0.0234 | 0.0553 | 0.4200 | 0.6730 | 0.0041 | 0.1204 | 0.0582 | 2.0700 | 0.0390 | 0.0188 |
HOSPITAL | 0.1440 | 0.0648 | 2.2200 | 0.0260 | 0.0267 | 0.1489 | 0.0693 | 2.1500 | 0.0320 | 0.0242 |
SMOKE | −0.0509 | 0.0386 | −1.3200 | 0.1880 | −0.0087 | 0.0041 | 0.0403 | 0.1000 | 0.9180 | 0.0006 |
MARRIED | 0.1444 | 0.0381 | 3.7900 | 0.0000 | 0.0245 | 0.1716 | 0.0401 | 4.2800 | 0.0000 | 0.0252 |
_cons | −1.5293 | 0.1110 | −13.7800 | 0.0000 | −1.8762 | 0.1144 | −16.4000 | 0.0000 | ||
Numb. of obs | 9507.0000 | 9558.0000 | ||||||||
Log likelihood | −3134.2760 | −2798.6910 | ||||||||
Pseudo R2 | 0.0927 | 0.0904 | ||||||||
1999 | 1998 | |||||||||
Coef. | Std. Err. | z | P > |z| | dF/dx | Coef. | Std. Err. | z | P > |z| | dF/dx | |
AGE | 0.0065 | 0.0014 | 4.5200 | 0.0000 | 0.0010 | 0.0079 | 0.0014 | 5.6600 | 0.0000 | 0.0013 |
FEMALE | 0.0598 | 0.0388 | 1.5400 | 0.1230 | 0.0093 | 0.0364 | 0.0374 | 0.9700 | 0.3300 | 0.0060 |
UNEMPLOYMENT | −0.3352 | 0.0892 | −3.7600 | 0.0000 | −0.0423 | −0.2565 | 0.0750 | −3.4200 | 0.0010 | −0.0363 |
WAGE | 0.0433 | 0.0135 | 3.1900 | 0.0010 | 0.0067 | 0.0145 | 0.0121 | 1.2000 | 0.2300 | 0.0024 |
EDUC1 | −0.6338 | 0.0560 | −11.3300 | 0.0000 | −0.0950 | −0.6165 | 0.0529 | −11.6400 | 0.0000 | −0.0983 |
EDUC2 | 0.4106 | 0.0478 | 8.5900 | 0.0000 | 0.0775 | 0.4479 | 0.0473 | 9.4700 | 0.0000 | 0.0907 |
FAIR_HEALTH | −0.1227 | 0.0552 | −2.2200 | 0.0260 | −0.0181 | −0.1618 | 0.0524 | −3.0900 | 0.0020 | −0.0249 |
BAD_HEALTH | −0.4180 | 0.0925 | −4.5200 | 0.0000 | −0.0516 | −0.3484 | 0.0821 | −4.2400 | 0.0000 | −0.0478 |
CHRONIC | 0.0597 | 0.0574 | 1.0400 | 0.2980 | 0.0094 | 0.0406 | 0.0539 | 0.7500 | 0.4520 | 0.0067 |
HOSPITAL | 0.2436 | 0.0666 | 3.6600 | 0.0000 | 0.0432 | 0.0447 | 0.0660 | 0.6800 | 0.4980 | 0.0075 |
SMOKE | −0.0487 | 0.0398 | −1.2200 | 0.2210 | −0.0075 | −0.0216 | 0.0382 | −0.5700 | 0.5710 | −0.0035 |
MARRIED | 0.1271 | 0.0393 | 3.2300 | 0.0010 | 0.0194 | 0.0910 | 0.0381 | 2.3900 | 0.0170 | 0.0148 |
_cons | −1.8484 | 0.1200 | −15.4000 | 0.0000 | −1.5825 | 0.1056 | −14.9900 | 0.0000 | ||
Numb. of obs | 9619.0000 | 9934.0000 | ||||||||
Log likelihood | −2899.6812 | −3116.5375 | ||||||||
Pseudo R2 | 0.0830 | 0.0744 |
2001 | Visits to general practitioner | Visits to specialists | ||||||
ATE
1
| Std. Err. | Z | P > |z| | ATE
1
| Std. Err. | t | P > |z | |
m = 1 | −0.2779 | 0.2279 | −1.22 | 0.223 | 0.7933 | 0.2070 | 3.83 | 0.000 |
m = 4 | −0.3132 | 0.1668 | −1.88 | 0.060 | 0.7710 | 0.1569 | 4.91 | 0.000 |
m = 4 and bias-adjustment | −0.3207 | 0.1668 | −1.92 | 0.055 | 0.7738 | 0.1569 | 4.93 | 0.000 |
m = 4 and allowing for heterokedasticity | −0.3207 | 0.1618 | −1.98 | 0.048 | 0.7738 | 0.1696 | 4.56 | 0.000 |
n
| 9557 | 9558 | ||||||
2000 | Visits to general practitioner | Visits to specialists | ||||||
ATE
1
| Std. Err. | Z | P > |z| | ATE
1
| Std. Err. | t | P > |z | |
m = 1 | −0.1418 | 0.1977 | −0.72 | 0.473 | 0.6691 | 0.1597 | 4.19 | 0.000 |
m = 4 | −0.2907 | 0.1651 | −1.76 | 0.078 | 0.5844 | 0.1314 | 4.45 | 0.000 |
m = 4 and bias-adjustment | −0.2917 | 0.1650 | −1.77 | 0.077 | 0.5850 | 0.1314 | 4.45 | 0.000 |
m = 4 and allowing for heterokedasticity | −0.2917 | 0.1499 | −1.50 | 0.052 | 0.5850 | 0.1383 | 4.23 | 0.000 |
n
| 9745 | |||||||
1999 | Visits to general practitioner | Visits to specialists | ||||||
ATE
1
| Std. Err. | Z | P > |z| | ATE
1
| Std. Err. | t | P > |z | |
m = 1 | −0.1235 | 0.2272 | −0.54 | 0.587 | 1.0283 | 0.1743 | 5.90 | 0.000 |
m = 4 | −0.1573 | 0.1795 | −0.88 | 0.381 | 0.9280 | 0.1418 | 6.55 | 0.000 |
m = 4 and bias-adjustment | −0.1685 | 0.1793 | −0.94 | 0.347 | 0.9274 | 0.1418 | 6.54 | 0.000 |
m = 4 and allowing for heterokedasticity | −0.1685 | 0.1821 | −0.93 | 0.355 | 0.9274 | 0.1294 | 7.17 | 0.000 |
n
| 10,008 | 10,006 | ||||||
1998 | Visits to general practitioner | Visits to specialists | ||||||
ATE
1
| Std. Err. | Z | P > |z| | ATE
1
| Std. Err. | t | P > |z | |
m = 1 | −0.6379 | 0.2257 | −2.83 | 0.005 | 0.6900 | 0.1694 | 4.07 | 0.000 |
m = 4 | −0.5274 | 0.1794 | −2.94 | 0.003 | 0.7624 | 0.1367 | 5.58 | 0.000 |
m = 4 and bias-adjustment | −0.5398 | 0.1792 | −3.01 | 0.003 | 0.7633 | 0.1368 | 5.58 | 0.000 |
m = 4 and allowing for heterokedasticity | −0.5398 | 0.1794 | −3.01 | 0.003 | 0.7633 | 0.1224 | 6.24 | 0.000 |
n
| 10,249 | 10,253 |
2011 | ||||||||||
Visits to General Practitioner | Visits to specialists | |||||||||
Type of private insurance | N. treat. | N. contr. |
ATE
1
| Std. Err. | t | N. treat. | N. contr. |
ATE
1
| Std. Err. | t |
Taken out by the individual | 1993 | 3122 | 0.131 | 0.022 | 6.035 | 1993 | 1394 | 0.109 | 0.021 | 5.149 |
Taken out by the company | 508 | 1239 | 0.069 | 0.031 | 2.224 | 508 | 637 | 0.067 | 0.036 | 1.851 |
Undifferentiated | 2501 | 3163 | 0.121 | 0.019 | 6.232 | 2501 | 1402 | 0.101 | 0.020 | 5.073 |
2012 | ||||||||||
Visits to General Practitioner | Visits to specialists | |||||||||
Type of private insurance | N. treat. | N. contr. |
ATE
1
| Std. Err. | t | N. treat. | N. contr. |
ATE
1
| Std. Err. | t |
Taken out by the individual | 1993 | 3106 | 0.130 | 0.022 | 5.988 | 1993 | 1390 | 0.112 | 0.021 | 5.341 |
Taken out by the company | 508 | 1231 | 0.078 | 0.031 | 2.485 | 508 | 632 | 0.070 | 0.036 | 1.916 |
Undifferentiated | 2501 | 3166 | 0.126 | 0.019 | 6.503 | 2501 | 1405 | 0.080 | 0.021 | 3.790 |