Introduction
Methods
Ethical approval
Study area
Study Design and Population
Inclusion criteria
Collection of blood and determination of hemoglobin levels
Anthropometry
Parasitology analysis
Psychological examination
Statistical analyses
Results
Variable | Whole cohort (n = 136) | Uninfected (n = 106) | Infected (n = 30) | P- value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Foundations of Learning DQ Mean (SD) | 95.6 (18.9) | 97.6 (19.1) | 88.4 (16.8) |
0.0176
|
Language and Communication DQ Median (IQR) | 96.3 (20) | 98.9 (19.7) | 94.2 (21.1) | 0.5268 |
Eye-Hand `Coordination DQ Mean (SD) | 101.7 (15.1) | 102.7 (14.7) | 98.2 (16.1) | 0.1470 |
Personal-Social-Emotional DQ Median (IQR) | 107.7 (19) | 109.1 (19) | 105.5 (23) | 0.2324 |
Gross Motor Function DQ Mean (SD) | 107.7 (18.7) | 112 (16) | 109.5 (25) | 0.2667 |
Overall General Development DQ Mean (SD) | 102.2 (12.5) | 103.7 (11.9) | 97 (13.3) |
0.0085
|
Age (months) Median (IQR) | 51 (23) | 50 (25) | 52 (20) | 0.0803 |
BMI Z-score Median (IQR) | -0.63 (1.26) | -0.66 (-1.2) | -0.32 (-1.00) | 0.3808 |
Hemoglobin Median (IQR) | 12 (1.1) | 12.1 (1.1) | 12 (1) |
0.0270
|
S. haematobium infection mean eggs/10ml urine (SD) | 0 | 13.5(28.5) | ||
% | % | % | P value | |
Sex: | ||||
Male | 73 | 61.32 | 26.67 |
0.001
|
Female | 63 | 38.68 | 73.3 |
Foundations of Learning Domain
Language and Communication Domain
Eye and Hand Coordination Domain
Personal-Social-Emotional Domain
Gross Motor Function Domain
Overall General Development
Variable | FLDQ | LCDQ | PSEDQ | EHCDQ | GDDQ | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | ||
Gender | Male p value | 2.4 (0.6–9.2) 0.207 | 0.6 (0.1–2.4) 0.432 | 2.6 (0.4–17.7) 0.318 |
19.6 (1.1-356.2)
0.044
| 0.5 (0.6–3.6) 0.469 |
Nutritional status | p-value | 1 (0.5–1.8) 0.976 | 0.6 (0.3–1.2) 0.155 | 1.2 (0.4–3.2) 0.718 | 0.4 (0.2–1.1) 0.071 | 0.9 (0.4-2.0) 0.776 |
Hemoglobin | p-value | 0.9 (0.4–1.9) 0.753 |
0.3 (0.11–0.8)
0.014
| 2.5 (0.8–7.5) 0.114 | 1.5 (0.4–5.4) 0.500 | 0.3 (0.1–1.1) 0.068 |
Age | p-value |
0.9 (0.9-1.0)
0.003
|
0.9 (0.9-1.0)
0.023
| 0.9 (0.8-1.0) 0.061 |
0.9 (0.8-1.0)
0.03
| 0.9 (0.9-1.0) 0.996 |
S. haematobium Infection status | Infected p-value |
4.6 (1.2–17.2)
0.023
|
3.6 (1.0-13.1)
0.047
| 5.9 (0.9–41) 0.074 |
28.2 (2.0-414.6)
0,015
| 5.3 (0.7–36) 0.090 |